NUTR 290 - Exam 1 (Part 1)

What is amylose and amlylopectin?

A type of plant polysaccharide Explanation: Amylose and amylopectin are 2 types of storage forms of starch in plant. Amylose is a linear glucose chains made up of alpha 1.4 glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin is a highly branched arrangement of glucose containing both alpha 1.4 and alpha 1.6 glycosidic bonds

Which of the following proteins play a role in facilitating movement in the body?

Actin and myosin Explanation: Actin and myosin are used to contract and relax a muscles to facilitate movement. Collagen is a protein in skin, bones, teeth, tendons and nails that can help to facilitate movement.

Organ failure, pancreatic cancer, alcoholism, protein malabsorption diseases can lead to _________________ related malnutrition.

Chronic Explanation: Chronic disease related malnutrition is a long term malnutrition that can occur with organ failure, pancreatic cancer, alcoholism, protein malabsorption diseases, rheumatoid arthritis.

A severs chronic starvation related malnutrition that leads to extreme wasting of muscle and adipose tissue is known as ________________.

Marasmus Explanation: Marasmus is a severe, chronic starvation related protein energy malnutrition that leads to extreme wasting of muscle and adipose tissue.

Which of the following carbohydrates will promote the growth and activity of non pathogenic, healthy bacteria?

Oligosaccharides Explanation: Oligosaccharides, fructans and resistant starch are examples of nondigestible dietary substances that promote the growth of healthy bacteria.

What is the significance of the electron transport chain?

Production of ATP through series of oxidation reduction reactions Explanation: The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is a series of oxidation reduction reactions via 4 complexes of proteins that transfers electrons to eventually form ATP,

What is not a role of the hexose monophosphate shunt/pentose phosphate pathway?

Production of NADH/FADH Explanation: The main roles of the pentose phosphate pathway are the production of pentose phosphate for DNA and RNA synthesis and production of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis.

Which macronutrient has the lowest percentage availability for use by cells of the body?

Protein Explanation: Protein has the Lowest coefficient of digestibility (92%) as compared to alcohol (100%), carbohydrates (98%) and fat (95%).

What hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic juices and inhibits gastric motility?

Secretin Explanation: Secretin is stimulated in the small intestine and stimulates the release of pancreatic juices, inhibits gastric motility and inhibits the secretion of gastric juices.

What organ is the site of microbial fermentation and produces vitamins and lipids?

Large intestine Explanation: The large intestine is involved in the site of microbial fermentation, production of vitamin K, B vitamin, short chain fatty acids, absorption of water and electrolytes, reabsorption of GI secretions, and storage and elimination of solid waste.

Stomach empties faster when you consume

Liquid diet Explanation: Liquids empty quicker than solids in the stomach. Fat, and soluble fiber slow gastric emptying.

Which organ receives a majority of the nutrients after it leaves the small intestine and also produces bile?

Liver Explanation: Liver receives a majority of nutrients after it leaves the small intestine and is involved in the production of bile.

Which complex carbohydrate will be used as first source of energy for the body?

Liver glycogen Explanation: Liver glycogen provides the first source of energy for glucose from the body's storage. Muscle glycogen uses it glycogen reserve to meet the needs of the muscle. Its structure is a highly branched arrangement of glucose.

What is the cause of Diverticular Disease?

Low fiber diet Explanation: Low Fiber diet can increase intra abdominal pressure during excretion and weakening of the colon wall leading to the development of diverticula

What 1 way valve regulates the flow of contents from the esophagus into the stomach?

Lower esophageal sphincter Explanation: lower esophageal sphincter also known as the gastroesophageal sphincter regulates the flow of contents from the esophagus into the stomach

How can fiber reduce the risk of colon cancer?

- insoluble fiber bond to carcinogens - short chain fatty acids produced during fermentation decreases intestinal pH - decrease in bile acid concentrations Explanation: Fiber can acts a fermentable substrate for colonic bacteria and produces short chain fatty acids, which are protective against cancer. Also fiber can add to increase fecal bulk and bind to carcinogens and bind to bile.

What are the RDA for carbohydrates?

130g/day Explanation: The Recommended Dietary Allowance is 130g/day for carbohydrates and recommended fiber intake is 21-38 g/day. (14g/1000calories)

What protein helps to regulate fluid balance in the body?

Albumin Explanation: Albumin is the protein that regulates fluid balance in the body by drawing the interstitial fluid into the blood vessels.

What is the assumption behind the recommendation for RDA for protein 0.8g/kg?

Assumes people are consuming adequate calories for protein sparing Explanation: The RDA of 0.8g/kg was set for adults with the assumption that adequate calories are being consumed for to spare protein. If adequate calories are not consumed, then protein will be broken down (proteolysis) and used as a source of energy, rather than being used for synthesizing proteins in the body such as hormones, enzymes, albumin, lipoproteins etc.

Dietary fiber can be indigestible because it contains ______________ bonds.

Beta-glycosidic Explanation: Fiber contains beta glycosidic bonds resistant to digestive enzymes

How does fiber help in the prevention and treatment of Cardiovascular disease?

Bind to dietary fat, cholesterol, and bile Explanation: Fiber can help to bind to dietary fat, and cholesterol and increased excretion of bile acids. There is reduced recirculation and recycling of cholesterol due to the decrease in bile acids.

Which of the following is not a role in of hydrochloric acid in protein digestion? - break up peptide bonds between amino acids - convert pepsinogen to pepsin - disrupt secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Break up peptide bonds between amino acids Explanation: Hydrochloric acid plays a role in protein digestion to convert pepsinogen to pepsin, and disrupt secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. Pepsin is responsible for breaking peptide bonds to separate amino acids.

What is glycogenolysis?

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose Explanation: Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. It is a catabolic process stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine.

If the movement of molecules in the body requires ATP and a transport protein, the transport system is known as

Carrier meditated Explanation: Carrier mediated active transport requires ATP and transport protein to move solutes from low to high solute concentration. This mechanism is used for monosaccharides, AA, and peptide transport.

What are the 3 steps of protein synthesis in the correct order?

Cell signaling, transcription, translation Explanation: The 3 steps of protein synthesis are cell signaling, transcription, translation. Cell signaling initiates the process the start protein synthesis. Transcription is the process where DNA strand is copied and mRNA is synthesized. Translation is process where amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds by tRNA using information from the mRNA.

What is glycemic response?

Changes in blood glucose following ingestion of food Explanation: Glycemic response is the change in blood glucose following ingestion of food. This can be affected by type of CHO, fat or protein in the diet as well as processing of foods.

Which hormone is stimulated in response to fat and partially digested protein?

Cholecytokinin (CCK) Explanation: CCK is the hormone stimulated in response to fat and partially digested protein and stimulates the release of bile.

In order for amino acids to be converted to glucose, it must first go through the following process

Deamination Explanation: In order for gluconeogenesis to occur, the amino acid must go through deamination to remove the NH3 amino group from an amino acid.

The chemical reaction that joins molecules together is called

Condensation Explanation: Condensation is the process that joins molecules together and a water molecule is released.

If the human body is unable to synthesize enough of one or more nonessential amino acids in sufficient quantities, then it is considered a ________________ amino acid

Conditionally essential Explanation: Conditionally essential amino acids are required in the diet when the body is unable to synthesize enough of one or more nonessential amino acids in sufficient quantities, until the body can make them in adequate amounts.

For a food to be considered a high quality protein source, it must be ________________ and be ___________________.

Contain adequate amounts of all essential amino acids; bioavailable Explanation: High quality protein sources must contain adequate amounts of all essential amino acids and be bioavailable. These sources come from animal products.

The irreversible folding of a protein's 3 dimensional structure is a process called ___________________. This process destroys the protein's biological activity.

Denaturation Explanation: Denaturation is the irreversible folding of a protein's 3 dimensional structure and can destroys the protein's biological activity. This denaturation can be done by agitation, heat, acids or mercury.

What is the cause of Type 1 Diabetes?

Destruction of beta cells in the pancreas Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes is caused by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas which prevents adequate production of insulin. Destruction of beta cells can related to an autoimmune disorder. The lack of insulin binding to insulin receptors means the glucose transporters won't receive the signal to translocate to the cell membrane. Glucose will not be able to enter into the cells.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of carbohydrates include all of the following except: - pancreatic amylase - disaccharidases - salivary amylase - dextrin

Dextrin Explanation: Salivary and pancreatic amylase as well as dextrinase and disaccharidases are use to hydrolyze carbohydrates in digestion

What enzymes are located along the brush border of the small intestine and are involved in carbohydrate digestion?

Dissaccharidases Explanation: Disaccharidases (lactase, sucrase, maltase) are involved in completing carbohydrate digestion and are located along the brush border of the small intestine lining.

The impairment of swallowing during the voluntary phase is known as

Dysphagia Explanation: Dysphagia is the impairment of swallowing during the voluntary phase of swallowing when the tongue pushes the food/drink to the back of the pharynx.

The cycle of bile synthesis in the liver, bile storage in gallbladder, bile release into the duodenum, and reabsorption in the ileum to go to the liver is known as

Enterohepatic circulation Explanation: Enterohepatic circulation is process of recycling bile in which The cycle of bile synthesis in the liver, bile storage in gallbladder, bile release into the duodenum, and reabsorption in the ileum to go to the liver.

________________ are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Enzymes Explanation: Enzymes are proteins that help to catalyze chemical reactions for metabolism and digestion.

Excess protein intake has been associated with adverse health outcomes due to the following reasons except: - excess carbohydrates - excess saturated fats - excess total fat - excess cholesterol

Excess carbohydrates Explanation: Protein excess is not causally associated with adverse health outcomes. High protein intakes often accompanied by high intakes of fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Intake of red meat and processed meats has shown to increased risk of colorectal cancer.

T/F: Soluble fiber can alleviate constipation, whereas insoluble fiber cannot.

False Explanation: Insoluble fiber can increase fecal bulk, stimulating peristalsis for a quicker GI transit time

During times of excess glucose and energy, excess amino acids will be converted to

Fatty acids Explanation: During times of excess glucose and energy, excess amino acids will be converted to fatty acids and stored in adipose tissue

Ketones are formed from _______________ when there is a relative absence of __________________.

Fatty acids, glucose Explanation: Ketogenesis occurs in the liver. Ketones can be formed from fatty acids when glucose is lacking such as uncontrolled diabetes or starvation. The heart, brain, kidneys and skeletal muscle can adapt to using ketones as an energy source.

What are some common symptoms of Type 1 and 2 Diabetes?

Frequent urination and excess thirst Explanation: Some common symptoms of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes is fatigue, frequent urination, and excess thirst due to lack of glucose entering into the cells and excreted out into the urine.

What causes the release of hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factors, and pepsinogen in response to the presence of food in the stomach?

Gastrin Explanation: Gastrin is the hormone from the stomach that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and pepsinogen in response to the presence of food in the stomach

What part of the wheat kernel contains vitamins/minerals?

Germ Explanation: Germ contains the vitamins/minerals, endosperm contains the starch and bran contains the fiber.

What hormone promotes the breakdown of triglycerides and synthesis of ketone bodies?

Glucagon Explanation: Glucagon promotes the breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids, allows for ketone body production, promotes the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose and allow for synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate sources (process called gluconeogenesis).

The monosaccharides found in food are

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

What amino acid is conditionally essential during times of extreme physical stress, such as burns, trauma, and wound healing?

Glutamine Explanation: Glutamine is the amino acid is conditionally essential during times of extreme physical stress such as burns, trauma and wound healing. It is a preferred energy sources for enterocytes and immune cells during times of stress.

Which step in energy metabolism involves substrate level phosphorylation and is anaerobic?

Glycolysis Explanation: Glycolysis is the only step in the energy metabolism that does not require oxygen. It involves oxidation of glucose to pyruvate and involves substrate level phosphorylation to make some ATP.

What are some consequences of gestational diabetes?

High birth weight baby Explanation: Gestational diabetes can increase fetus exposure to elevated blood glucose which increases insulin production by the fetus. This leads to increased glucose uptake and deposits of extra fat. As a result, this can lead to high birth weight in the baby and increased risk for type 2 diabetes later in life for baby and mother

What GI secretions help to facilitate communication, regulate GI motility, and release GI secretions?

Hormones Explanation: GI hormones such as gastrin, secretin, CCK help to facilitate communication, regulate GI motility and release GI secretions

What is the difference between a complete and incomplete protein source?

If it provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids Explanation: The difference between a complete and incomplete protein source is whether it provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids. A complete protein contains adequate amounts of all essential amino acids while an incomplete protein has a low amount of 1 more essential amino acids.

What hormone promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen and body fat?

Insulin Explanation: Insulin is released from the beta cells in the pancreas. It is an anabolic hormone that promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver and muscle, uptake of glucose into cells, and promotes fat and protein synthesis

What physiological changes occur in Type 2 Diabetes?

Insulin receptors are not able to respond or recognize insulin Explanation: In Type 2 Diabetes, insulin resistance occurs where the insulin receptors are not able to respond or recognize insulin. Thus glucose transporters don't receive the signal to move to the cell membrane to take up glucose.

What layer of the GI tract contains GI secretions such as enzymes and is found in the inner most layer?

Mucosa Explanation: The mucosa is the inner most layer of the GI tract that contains epithelial cells and produces GI secretions (such as enzymes) to aid in digestion.

What are the main products of the TCA/Krebs cycle?

NADH/FADH Explanation: Reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH are formed in the TCA cycle and can be used later in the electron transport chain.

What are the reasons for daily protein consumption?

Needed for essential amino acids and added nitrogen Explanation: Protein is needed in the diet to provide essential amino acids as well as a source of nitrogen. The nitrogen can be used to make nonessential amino acids and other non protein nitrogen compounds such as DNA/RNA.

Stress, illness, starvation, and dialysis can lead to less protein intake as compared to protein loss. This leads to state of _________________ nitrogen balance.

Negative Explanation: Negative nitrogen balance is the state where there is less protein intake as compared to protein loss. This occurs with stress, illness, starvation and dialysis.

The study of how genetics and nutrition interact to influence health

Nutrigenomics Explanation: Nutrigenomics is the study of how nutrition and genetics interact to influence health.

The science of how living organisms obtain and use food to support all of the processes required for their existence is known as

Nutrition Explanation: Nutrition is the science of how living organisms obtain and use food to support all of the processes required for their existence

In a typical cell, what is responsible for carrying out a majority of the cellular activity

Organelles Explanation: Organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi bodies, etc play important roles to carry out cellular activities.

What enzyme is involved in lipid digestion in the small intestine?

Pancreatic lipase Explanation: Pancreatic lipase is the enzyme involved in lipid digestion in the small intestine. Bile is not a enzyme but it does play a role in emulsification of lipids in the small intestine

The cells that release hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are known as

Parietal cells Explanation: parietal cells in the stomach release HCL and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption

What is the role of oligosaccharide?

Part of the cell membrane and breastmilk Explanation: Oligosaccharides are made up of 3-10 monosaccharides. It is part of the cell membrane and breastmilk. It can be found in dry beans, soy beans, peas and lentils and can be undigested in the body

_________________ foods contain live bacterial cultures that colonize in the large intestine and have health-promoting benefits

Probiotic Explanation: Probiotics are the 'professionals' that contain live bacterial cultures that colonize the large intestine and have health-promoting benefits.

In Phenylketonuria, an individual lacks the enzyme ______________ to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine which makes _______________ conditionally essential.

Phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine Explanation: PKU is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism. Individuals with PKU lack phenylalanine hydoxylase to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. Therefore tyrosine is not synthesized in the body and must be provided in the diet and becomes conditionally essential amino acid.

Within the structure of the protein organization, which level of structure represents the basic identity of the protein?

Primary Explanation: Primary structure of the protein represents the basic identity of protein because the number and sequence of amino acids are critical to the function of the protein,

___________________ is the term for combining of foods with incomplete proteins to provide adequate amounts of all essential amino acids.

Protein complementation Explanation: Protein complementation is the the term for combining of foods with incomplete proteins to provide adequate amounts of all essential amino acids. examples would be rice and beans, corn and beans.

Which measure of dietary protein quality measures the balance of essential amino acids in foods compared to ideal value in humans, which is then multiplied by digestibility?

Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score Explanation: The protein digestibility corrected amino acid score is a measure of dietary protein quality measures the balance of essential amino acids in food compared to ideal value in humans, which is then multiplied by digestibility. This method is utilized by the FDA to determine protein quality for humans.

During low glucose availability in times of energy need, the body will use protein for energy using the following processes:

Protein oxidation and gluconeogenesis Explanation: During low glucose availability in times of energy need, the body will use protein for energy using protein oxidation and gluconeogenesis.

What sphincter regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine?

Pyloric sphincter Explanation: Pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine. Upper Esophageal sphincter is located at the top portion of the esophagus and opens during a swallow allowing air and bolus to enter into esophagus. Lower Esophageal sphincter:located at the bottom portion of the esophagus; opens/closes at the entrance of the stomach; prevents reflux of chyme back up into esophagus. Ileocecal valve sphincter: sphincter that regulates flow of SI contents into LI; seperates the ileum of SI from the cecum of the LI

What part of the amino acid structure differs between each amino acid?

R group Explanation: R group is what differs between each amino acid. All of the other 3 parts (amino group, Carbon bonded to hydrogen and carboxylic acid) remain the same for all amino acids.

When one atom loses an electron and another atom simultaneously gains one, what reaction has taken place?

Redox Explanation: Oxidation-reduction (also known as redox reactions) is when one atom loses an electron and another atom simultaneously gain one electron.

What is the role of pancreas in protein digestion?

Release pancreatic proenzymes and bicarbonate Explanation: Pancreas release bicarbonate and pancreatic proenzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase) into the small intestine. These secretions are released in response to the release of hormones secretin and CCK.

During the fasted state, amino acids can be broken down for energy through proteolysis from the body's _____________________.

Skeletal muscle Explanation: During the fasted state, amino acids can be broken down for energy through proteolysis from the body's skeletal muscle.

Which tissues are 'insulin sensitive' and require insulin to take up glucose?

Skeletal muscle and adipose Explanation Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue require insulin to bind to insulin receptors, then allowing for the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane so that glucose can enter into the cell. However, muscle contractions can allow for the uptake of glucose into the muscle cell without insulin.

What organs receives pancreatic juices and bile to be used for digestion?

Small intestine Explanation: The Duodenum in the small intestine receives the pancreatic juice and bile from the gall bladder to be used for digestion.

What is the role of fructose in the body?

Source of energy Explanation: Fructose can be used as a source of energy. It can be converted to adipose more efficiently. HFCS is made up of 55% fructose, 42% glucose which has been shown to contribute to obesity and disease due to excess in calories/energy. Remember that glucose is the preferred fuel source by brain, RBC, nervous system and all cells of the body. It can be made from photosynthesis in plant and stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver. Galactose is component of cell membrane and use to synthesize lactose and convert to glucose.

What is gluconeogenesis?

Synthesis of glucose from non-CHO sources, such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids Explanation: Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non CHO sources such as lactate,pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids. It is the reversal of the glycolytic pathway and occurs with elevated levels of glucagon and epinephrine.

Interactions between the R groups of various amino acids within a protein are responsible for the formation of the _______________ structure of the protein.

Tertiary Explanation: Tertiary structure represents the Interactions between the R groups of various amino acids

What is the ultimate goal of carbohydrate digestion?

To yield glucose, fructose, and galactose Explanation: The ultimate goal of digestion is to breakdown large complex molecules into monosaccharides, glucose, galactose and fructose.

One of the process utilized by the body to synthesize nonessential amino acids involves the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to an alpha keto acid to form another amino acid. This process is called:

Transamination Explanation: Transamination is the processes utilized by the body to synthesize nonessential amino acids that involves the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to an alpha keto acid to form another amino acid.

T/F: Lactose intolerance leads to increased fermentation in the large intestine/colon.

True Explanation: Lactose intolerance is related to lactose enzyme not functional on the villi, which means lactose is undigested in the small intestine and travels to large intestine for increased fermentation. This fermentation leads to increased gas, bloating, abdominal cramping and diarrhea

The role of microvilli is to

absorb nutrients Explanation: The microvilli are located on the villi in the brush border. The Role of the microvilli is to increase surface area of the small intestine enhancing absorption. It is used to absorb nutrients

When the composition of chyme contains large particles,

gastric emptying will be slower Explanation: Small particles of Chyme empty quicker in the stomach. When chyme contains large particles, it will empty slower.