NUTR Ch. 6 Lipids

Infants and children younger than 2 years need to get how much of their total calories from fat to obtain enough fat for normal brain development? Multiple choice question.

50

If the first double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid occurs after the 6th carbon, it is called an omega-

6

A medium-chain fatty acid is ________ carbons in length.

6-10

What is a triglyceride?

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

The recommendation for fat intake that is 20-35% of total calories consumed is the _______.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To provide energy To insulate and protect the body

Which steps lead to the development of intermediate-density lipoproteins?

VLDLs become more dense as triglycerides are released. LPL transfers the triglycerides in VLDLs to body cells. VLDLs from the liver enter the circulatory system.

What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?

What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?

Roles of apolipoproteins include ______.

activating a lipid-transfer enzyme assisting enzymes assisting in the binding of lipoproteins to receptors

What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?

an alcohol containing three carbons

Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids?

because we must eat them from food because our bodies are unable to synthesize them

A good example of an emulsifier is ______.

bile and lecithin

Omega-6 fatty acids have independent ______ lowering properties beyond the simple removal of saturated fat.

cholesterol

in the receptor pathway for ________ uptake, LDL is removed from the blood by cells with the LDL receptor called B-100. Multiple choice question.

cholesterol

Which lipoprotein carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells?

chylomicron

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids.

essential

One usually refers to lipids simply as ____ and _____.

fats, oils

Esterification is the process of attaching ______ to glycerol.

fatty acids

A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids, forming a triglyceride molecule.

glycerol

The process of , adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats

hydrogeneration

The release of fatty acids from glycerol is known as _________. Multiple choice question.

hydrolysis

Which kind of fatty acid has at least 12 carbon atoms?

long-chain

Long chains of carbon atoms take the longest to digest and are transported via the ______ system.

lympatic

The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks?

make sex hormones form cell membranes make bile

according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020, cholesterol intake should be ______.

minimized while maintaining a healthy diet

What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process?

mlleice

During the process of hydrogenation, as the amount of added hydrogen increases, the fatty acid becomes ________.

more solid more saturated

What is the recommendation for intake of saturated fat according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020?

no more than 10% of calories starting at age 2

What are the different names of fatty acids based on?

number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton

Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs?

omega

Which of the following defines the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

phosphate group and two fatty acids

Short-chain fatty acids are rapidly digested and transported via the ______ sys

portal

_____ are hormone-like compounds synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids.

prostaglanis

Which dietary strategies can help to lower both blood and LDL cholesterol?

replace saturated fat with carbohydrates replace saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat

the carbon chains of fatty acids vary in the _____ of the chain.

shape

In the ______, gastric lipase helps break triglycerides into monoglycerides, diglycerides, and free fatty acid

stomach

The layer of fat just below the surface is called ________ fat and is made mostly of triglycerides

subcutaneous

What is the function of an emulsifier?

suspends fats in water

Identify ways that the carbon chains of free fatty acids can differ.

the number of carbons in the chain the extent to which the chain is saturated with hydrogen

Hormone-like compounds synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids, include _____.

thromboxanes eicosanoids prostaglandins

About 95% of the fats stored in the body are in the form of ________.

triglycderides

A chylomicron is primarily composed of ___________.

triglycerides

Which type of lipid is most commonly found in both food and in the body? Multiple choice question.

triglycerides

fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _______.

unattached

which health issues are associated with excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake?

Impaired immune function Uncontrolled bleeding

What are some examples of foods with long-chain fatty acids?

Lamb Beef Pork

How much energy do triglycerides usually provide the body?

30-70

Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system. Multiple choice question.

10

After _______ hours of fasting, no chylomicrons should be present in the blood. It is best to have people fast for this length of time before having blood lipid profiles because the presence of chylomicrons can affect results.

12-14

How many calories of essential fatty acids should men consume daily?

170

How long does it usually take the body to remove chylomicrons from the blood?

2-10 hours

Children in which age range should make sure to keep total fat intake between 30-35% of calories?

2-3

What is the Adequate Intake for essential fatty acids?

2-4 tbsp.

A triglyceride molecule consists of ____ fatty acid(s) bonded to a glycerol, which serves as a backbone for the fatty acid(s).

3

________ along with phospholipids, forms cell membranes and allows fat-soluble substances to move into and out of the cell. It is also used to make bile and steroid hormones.

Cholesterol or Sterols

Select the statements about fat digestion in the stomach that are true.

Gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Gastric lipase breaks triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids. Fat floats on top of the watery contents.

What is the key role of HDL?

Helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body

What are some examples of medium-chain fatty acids?

Palm kernel oil Coconut oil

What are the three types of lipids?

Phospholipids Triglycerides Sterols

which type of fat becomes rancid because their double bonds are easily damaged by oxygen, heat, metals, or light?

Polyunsaturated fats

In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?

Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation Maintaining normal kidney function

what are some common "fat substitutes" used by companies to reduce the fat content of their foods?

Salatrim Gums

______ fats contain no carbon-carbon double bonds, whereas ______ fats contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

Saturated, unsaturated

What are some risks associated with high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake?

impaired immune system increased risk of cardiovascular disease

As triglycerides are released, VLDLs get more and more dense and become __

intermediate-density lipoproteins