Nutrition 1111 EXAM 1 study guide

How much energy is used to produce food? Animal products? Fruits/vegetables?

2.1 quadrillions btu used to make animal products. It takes approximately 7.3 units of fossil energy to produce one unit of food energy. It takes 107,482 Btu to produce a pound of beef but beef is the most inefficient - chicken is the most efficient. Needless to say, a lot of energy is used to produce food - more to produce meat products

How does food packaging affect the amount of energy needed for food production? What can be done to reduce this energy usage?

23% of food production is allocated to food packaging. Food packaging uses a lot of resources like energy, water, chemicals, petroleum, minerals, wood and fibers so it uses energy as well that adds on to the energy used for food production. To reduce it we could start packaging food with reusable packages instead of plastic that is one use only.

How much land is used for food production in the US? In the world?

895.3 million acres in the US. 13,003 million ha (hecta-acres) in the world.

Define a "food mile".

A food mile is a mile over which a food item is transported during the time from producer to consumer, as a unit of measurement of the fuel used to transport it.

What is a nutrient? List the six ingested nutrients and describe the structure and function of the two discussed thus far.

A nutrient is something your bodies needs to survive and grow. The six nutrients we ingest are water, carbohydrates proteins/amino acids, fat, inorganic elements (minerals), and vitamins. The first nutrient we discussed is water (H2O) is used for temperature regulation, absorption/secretion, hormones, osmosis, kidney function, diuretics, and a solvent. The second nutrient is carbohydrates (CH2O). Carbohydrates is starch (potatoes), cellulose (grass), or glycogen (animals). Carbohydrate functions include energy storage (starch and sugar). Structural function is cellulose.

Under this proposal regarding water, what is the FDA regulating? Which type of produce has been most frequently contaminated?

Agriculture water, water used to grow and sustain, to reduce the rate of contamination, conducting the assessments would help, type of produce are leafy vegetables like lettuce.

Name an example of a monosaccharide. What monosaccharides make up sucrose and lactose?

An example of a monosaccharide is glucose. Sucrose is made up of glucose anf fructose. Lactose is made up of glucose and galactose.

How do plants and animals store carbohydrates? What are the functions of these carbohydrates?

Animals store carbohydrates as glycogen in the liver and muscle tissue. And also, as fat, it is used for glucose and energy storage, Plans store the energy as starch and sugar, and for structural purposed cellulose. Photosynthesis - sun, H2O, CO2 = plant carbohydrates.

Describe non-point source pollution. What are some sources? What can be done to reduce this type of water pollution?

Broad diffused areas, examples: oil, sediment, pet waste. Dispose oil properly and pick up pet waste.

Which nutrients can be used for energy?

Carbohydrates are the number one use for energy, proteins and fats are the second most used for energy.

Compare and contrast the teeth of a carnivore, omnivore, and ruminant herbivore.

Carnivores have larger canines, herbivores have small incisors and canines, also have a hole in the center where there are no teeth, also have a dental pad on the top. Omnivores have the same sized teeth, and the molars are different because we need to chew.

Compare and contrast the dog and cat tracts.

Cat tract is obviously smaller than the dogs piece but they are structured very similarly. The cat has a smaller cecum than the dog.

1. Compare and contrast the relative size of the organs of the gastrointestinal tracts of the monogastric (omnivore, carnivore), ruminant and monogastric (hind-gut fermenter) viewed. Note any other differences you see.

Cats and dogs have a larger stomach than the sheep and the horse. But it's otherwise all proportional.

Describe 3 issues related to water scarcity and agricultural food production.

Climate change, due to an increase in the temperature and climate variability it is expected that the hydrological resources will be negativity altered and there will be added pressure on the availability of water resources in many parts of the world. Water waste, if water is being wasted like it currently is, in reservoirs and in the use of groundwater, it puts human health, animal health, plant health, and the environment at serious risk. Additionally the lower the water levels the higher the concentration of natural or human pollutants. Pollution, with an increase in pollution water becomes scarce as it becomes undrinkable permanently tainting natural water resources.

List the three sources of water within your body.

Drinking water, feed water, and metabolic water (fat, protein, carbohydrates).

The small intestine has three sections. Name and list the functions of each.

Duodenum, jejunum, and the ilium. The duodenum is the most used part of the SI for digestion, it is used for absorption and breaking things down. It has enzymes to break down carbs, fats, protein, and nucleotides. The jejunum and ilium are both used for net absorption.

What are the 10 essential amino acids required by animals? Which extra amino acid do cats require?

Essential amino acids: Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine***, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine***. Cats require taurine.

Define essential.

Essential: you need it but your body can't make it so you have to eat it

How much food is wasted? Where are the biggest losses?

Every year 119 billion pounds of food is wasted in the US. The biggest losses are in baked goods, produce, meat, seafood, prepared meals, and milk. These are all perishable items so they get thrown out more often than not because they go bad so quickly.

Where does fermentation take place in each of the different types of animals we discussed?

Fermentation takes place in the cecum of hind-gut fermenters. Fermentation in ruminants and monogastric takes place in the small intestine or the rumen if you're a ruminant.

Why would grazing animals used for meat consumption have a lower water footprint than animals housed in a feedlot?

Grazing animals usually don't have to drink as much water because they can get water aout of the grasses they're eating but they're eating less so they drink less. But when they're in the feedlots they're eating more which means they're drinking more.

Water is a solvent. Describe how this property affects digestion and absorption.

Helps break down food inside your body because its mixing with it. It helps it dissolve faster than if there wasn't water.

Describe "Virtual water".

Hidden or contained in a product, water that is used to boil pasta or to make clothing.

Name three factors that increase water intake.

High protein diet, ambient temperature, dry matter intake, and activity.

Do you think that we are eating sustainably?

I do not think that we are eating sustainably. Some people probably are but not nearly enough. Local organic food prices have gone up so much some people only have the choice of eating processed foods.

How do insulin and glucagon influence blood glucose levels? Where are these hormones produced?

Insulin: Blood glucose high (when you eat a meal)(causing glycogenesis).Energy storage, produced in the pancreas. Glucagon: blood glucose low (glycogenolysis), energy released. Produced in the pancreas as well.

Some argue that increasing vegetarianism will decrease water usage for food production. What do you think and why?

Intake or food that have higher water concentration so vegetarian has to drink less water and they aren't eating meat which has a lot of water put into making it.

What types/sources of water do farmers use for agricultural products?

Irrigation, comes from wells, lakes, groundwater etc.

Define Glycolysis

It breaks down glucose

Describe three ways that drought can affect animal agriculture.

It can negatively affect nutrition sources like water. Product yields will decrease due to heat stress, and there will be a decrease in feed availability which will lead to overgrazing.

What is the function of rumen papillae?

It increases the surface area and makes it easier for absorption.

According to Doreau et al. (2012), "Global water demand is expected to increase greatly in the future, by 50% between 1995 and 2025". Why? Which areas of the world are expected to have the greatest water scarcity? Why?

Its because of larger populations and the overall increase and industrial production of human, developing countries where population density is high

How much water is used for food production? (Recall from previous lab)

Livestock uses about 36 trillion gallons a year. 20-30% of freshwater consumption is due to animals, but 70% is for agriculture in general. Meat requires the most amount of water. Tea, wine, and beer require considerably less water. Most water usage goes towards agriculture. 322 L of water per kg of vegetables.

Explain some innovative ways farmers/researchers/municipalities are devising to increase water supply to farm animals or humans.

Machine that is made by ONEKA, wave powered water desalinator, takes salt out of salt water. Designated for anywhere by the shore where there are waves, and it stopped the lack of freshwater. That has shown to increase rainfall (cloud seeding). You fly a plane in the clouds and you leave a mist behind then it forms rainclouds.

How do marine mammals get the water their bodies require?

Marine animals get fresh water from their food (krill and fish), only carnivorous animals though

Which foods require the most water to produce? Which require the least?

Meat requires the most amount of water. Tea, wine, and beer require considerably less water.

What is mesentery?

Mesentery attached everything in place and keeps everything suspended so it connects to the abdominal organs so everything stays in position and theres blood and nerve attachment.

Define metabolism.

Metabolism is a chemical reaction that turns the bodies food into energy (happens after everything is digested).

What affects microbes in the digestive tract?

Microbes are affected by diet, genes of the host, age, and health status

Describe protein catabolism and synthesis within an animal.What is unique about protein metabolism?

NA

Describe protein structure. How does the process of denaturation and enzymatic digestion alter protein structure?

NA

Draw the general amino acid structure. Label the amino and carboxyl group.

NA

Do all animals require the same amount of drinking water? Why or why not?

No, all animals require different amounts of drinking water, it depends on the temperature of their environment, the amount of activities they do, high protein diet, dry matter intake, or physiological state/age.

What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract? Describe how they assist digestion.

One of the accessory organs of the digestive tract is the pancreas, it secretes enzymes into the duodenum (lipase, trypsin, and other protein enzymes) and its right next to the duodenum. Another accessory organ is the liver, it secretes bile which helps emulsify fats

Compare and contrast the energy footprint of organic vs. conventional food production.

Organic food production uses significantly less energy than conventional food production has. Organic uses natural techniques.

Define osmosis. Describe water toxicity.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water. Water toxicity is when you drink so much water your cells commit lysis

What other strategies could be utilized to reduce the water footprint of raising animals for meat or milk?

Pasture raising, rotational grazing, feed and forages that have a higher water content, feed that doesn't take a lot of water to grow the crops.

The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus. Describe the function of each of these secretions.

Pepsin is a protein digesting enzyme, mucus is used to help things go down smoother, it's like a coating on the inside of the stomach. And HCl is used to aid the process of breaking the food down in the stomach so it can go through the SI and LI

What is the energy footprint of pet food production? What are the effects of pet waste on sustainability?

Pet food production has a carbon footprint of 64 million tons, But it is made with byproducts that make them more sustainable. If pet waste isn't picked up and it rains it could go into the lakes and rivers and cause potential pathogens to spread. And when it's picked up in a plastic bag it just gets thrown in a landfill.

Define prehension, deglutition, peristalsis, digestion, fermentation, absorption and excretion

Prehension is bringing food into the mouth, deglutition is the act of swallowing, peristalsis is the smooth muscle contracting to help the food go down (involuntarily), digestion is breaking down or breaking bonds, fermentation is the chemical breakdown of food by bacteria , absorption is the process of taking nutrients from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the body, and excretion is the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body.

Compare and contrast rabbit and horse digestive anatomy.

Rabbit has a spiral cecum horse fits cecum where it can, their only differences are mostly size and efficiency. Also rabbit has an appendix and a horse does not.

Compare and contrast digestion in ruminants vs. hindgut fermenters.

Ruminants use the 4 R's for digestion (regurgitation, re-salivating, rechewing, and re-swallowing) their cecum is also smaller than the hind-gut fermenters. Ruminants also have 4 parts to their stomach (rumen, reticulum, abomasum, omasum). Hind-gut fermenters have a lower diet digestibility compared to ruminants but theirs is faster (amount of nutrients they're able to digest and absorb)

How does saliva aid in digestion in a ruminant vs. monogastric?

Saliva is used to break down carbohydrates. It has salivary amylase and sodium bicarbonate. Humans have lots of salivary amylase compared to cats. Ruminants have a lot of sodium bicarbonate

How are carbohydrates absorbed? What form can enter intestinal epithelial cells?

Small intestine absorbs (jejunum and ilium). Glucose transport proteins can enter intestinal epithelial cells

How does starch differ from cellulose? How are these the same?

Starch and cellulose are made from the same monomer, glucose hence they are very similar polymers. Cellulose is comparatively much stronger than starch.

How do glycogen, starch and cellulose differ? How are they the same?

Starch is in potatoes, cellulose is in grass, and glycogen is in animals.

Describe the enzymatic digestion of sucrose, lactose, starch and cellulose. Where does this happen? How?

Surcase (SI), lactase (SI), salivary or pancreatic amylase, and cellulases

Where is the Ogallala aquifer? Describe the important issues related to this aquifer and agriculture.

The Ogallala aquifer is in Texas in the High Plains region. New irrigation practices are affecting crop quality and lead to loss in agriculture and economy. Seeing as it is the biggest aquifer in the US there is increasing pressure on it to provide for the economy. Intensive irrigated agriculture is draining the aquifer faster than the rainfall can replenish it

What are the approximate water usages by humans vs. livestock animals? What types of things do these values take into account?

The average American family uses 300 gallons of water per day. Livestock uses about 36 trillion gallons a year. 20-30% of freshwater consumption is due to animals, but 70% is for agriculture in general.

Identify and describe the function of the crop, proventriculus, and gizzard in the chicken.

The crop wets the food (no chewing), the proventriculus denatures proteins and breaks them apart, and the gizzard grinds up food like internal teeth (muscle contraction)

Draw and label the parts of the digestive tract of the groups of animals we have discussed. List the functions of these parts.

The esophagus is the passage for the food when you swallow it, forms bolus and peristalsis help food go down. The stomach is used for breaking food and bonds down, it secretes HCl mucus and pepsin. In ruminants there are four parts of the stomach - abomasum, omasum, reticulum, and rumen. The small intestine creates the chyme, and it has three parts - the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ilium. The duodenum is the main part of the small intestine it is used for breaking down and absorption. The cecum is used for fermentation, mostly in hind gut fermenters (bigger in hind-gut fermenters). Large intestine is vitamin absorption and fermentation.

The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) was passed on January 4th, 2011. What is the goal of this act and what does it have to do with agricultural water and produce?

The goal of FSMA is to prevent food borne illness on crops sold to the public, new rule would change the preharvest, and would replace the old requirements.

Which organ balances the metabolism of carbohydrates?

The liver is the center of carbohydrate metabolism.

What organisms make up the microbiota? Describe the relationship between the microbiota and host.

The microbiota is small individual organisms that live in the microbiome, we have a symbiotic relationship, we get aid in food digestion, B vitamins, development of digestive tract, and immune function. The microbes get a home and the nutrients

Which countries in the world use the most water for agriculture? Which states in the United States use the most for agriculture?

The top three countries are Somalia, Afghanistan, and Nepal. The top states in the US are California, Iowa, and Nebraska.

Describe rumination and microbial digestion of feeds containing carbohydrates and protein.

There are different enzymes to break down carbohydrates and proteins throughout the body, in the mouth, stomach, SI, and LI.

Find an estimate of human water usage in the United States. Compare this number with other countries in the world. Who uses the least? The most? Why?

US 216 trillion per year, China uses 362 trillion gallon per year,

What are VFA's? What are they used for?

VFAs are volatile fatty acids, they are used for decomposing organics and generating gasses.

examples of... monogastric ruminant hind gut fermenter and how do you know?

cat - short stomach has one chamber sheep - four parts of the stomach horse - enlarged cecum

Compare and contrast consumptive vs. non-consumptive water usage.

consumptively diminishes source, non-doesn't or impair future water use. Hydropower generator or fishing are examples/

Which type of carbohydrates are absorbed? Where?

glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed across the membrane of the small intestine.

Define Gluconeogenesis

makes new glucose

Define Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis

makes new glycogen from glucose, and breaks down glycogen.

Define water footprint and, more specifically, blue, green and gray water footprints.

measured amount of water used for production. A Blue water footprint is the volume of surface and groundwater consumed as a result of human activities. A green water footprint is from precipitation that is stored in the root zone of the soil and evaporated, transpired, or incorporated by plants. A gray water footprint is the volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants based on natural background concentration and current water quality standards. Safe for manufacturing.

How do microbial populations change over the lifetime of an animal?

microbial populations are constantly changing as you're going, and different microbes will be in the majority as you progress through life.

Define oxidative phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation is the process where energy is harnessed through a series of protein complexes embedded I the inner membrane of mitochondria

Define TCA, Citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle

process that takes place during aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP