Nutrition 340 - Chapter 6 smartbook

What are the functions of phospholipids in the body? Multiple select question. aid in fat digestion and absorption needed for normal functioning of nerve cells form enzymes for digestion form lipid bilayer of cell membranes

- aid in fat digestion and absorption - needed for normal functioning of nerve cells - form lipid bilayer of cell membranes

To meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendation for fat intake, an individual should ______.

- balance intake of low fat and high fat foods - emphasize foods such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils

Cholesterol cannot be synthesized by the body.

False

What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine? Multiple select question. - glycerol - monoglycerides - lactic acid - fatty acids

- glycerol - monoglycerides - fatty acids

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include ______.

- heart disease - stroke

Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include ______. Multiple select question. - increasing age - family history (genetics) - premenopausal female - male sex

- increasing age - family history (genetics_ - male sex

What occurs when plaque on an artery ruptures? - life-threatening blood clots may form - the lumen of the artery becomes larger - repairing the rupture involves clot formation - during repair, the lining of the artery becomes smoother

- life threatening blood clots may form - repairing the rupture involves clot formation

Fat digestion occurs when ______.

- lipase breaks triglycerides down to monoglycerides - bile from the gallbladder is present

What are the by-products of phospholipid digestion?

- monoglycerides - glycerol - fatty acids

Choose the statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols.

- plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties - plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol

Choose the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development. - reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories - ensuring that monounsaturated fat intake is at least 25% of total Calories - limit trans fat intake - replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats

- reducing comsumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total calories - limit trans fat intake - replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats

Arterial plaque cause clots to form by

- roughening the smooth arterial surface and slowing blood flow - rupturing plaque causing a clot formation to repair rupture

Pair the fatty acid chain length with its correct path of absorption.

- short and medium-chain fatty acids = travel as a water-soluble molecules through the portal vein to the liver - long-chain fatty acids = reformed into triglycerides in the intestinal absorptive cell and travel through the lymphatic system.

Which of the following can enter the bloodstream directly after being absorbed?

- short-chain fatty acids - medium-chain fatty acids

Steatorrhea is prevented by

- small more frequesnt meals - aoviding high-fat meals

Which of the following are functions of cholesterol? - Synthesis of certain hormones - Synthesis of certain carbohydrates - Incorporation into cell structures - Synthesis of certain bile acids

- synthesis of certain hormones - incorporation into cell structures - synthesis of certain bile acids

Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include ______.

- tobacco use - excess body fat - hypertension - type 2 diabetes

Which types of lipids are synthesized by the body? Multiple select question. - triglycerides - omega-3 fatty acids - phospholipids - cholesterol

- triglycerides - phospholipids - cholesterol

Although considered the "silent disease," hypertension can increase the risk of ______. Multiple select question. - stroke - kidney disease - heart failure - malnutrition

-stroke - kidney disease - heart failure

List in order from 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine.

1. Fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2. Cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3. Pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules.

List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.

1. absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2. triglycerides are reassembled 3. triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons 4. chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

Using the diagram, outline the progression from a normal artery to an atherosclerotic one by ranking the steps 1 through 4.

1. artery has smooth lining 2. cells within the wall deposit cholesterol and other substances to repair damage and inflammation 3. plaque roughens the surface of the artery and slows flow, making clots more likely to form 4. clots and plaque block the artery completely

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for lipids according to the Food and Nutrition Board?

20 to 35% of total calories

Omega _______ fatty acids decrease blood clotting and inflammation while omega _______ fatty acids increase blood clotting and inflammation.

3, 6

Americans consuming a typical Western diet regularly meet the AMDRs for the essential fatty acids.

true

What is an emulsifier?

a compound that can suspend fat in water

What increases the formation of clots in an artery because it slows blood flow to an area? Multiple choice question. - stress hormones - arterial plaque - myocardial infarction - liver

arterial plaque

______ is a symptom or by-product of ______.

arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream

as part of lipoproteins

The underlying cause of most cases of heart disease is

atherosclerosis

The cholesterol carried by LDL is often called "______" cholesterol because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues that contribute to atherosclerotic plaques.

bad

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake Multiple choice question.

between 20 and 35% total calories

An LDL level of 154 would be classified by the American Heart Association as ______.

borderline high

Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to ______. Multiple choice question.

decrease

Chylomicrons are too large to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream and must pass through the larger openings of __________ which are lymphatic system vessels in each villus.

lacteal

In a healthy person, the liver synthesizes ____ cholesterol when dietary cholesterol intake is higher. Multiple choice question.

less

essential fatty acid with its AMDR

linoleic acid = 5-10% total daily kcal alpha-linolenic acid = 0.6-1.2 of total daily kcal

The salivary ________ enzyme activated in the stomach acts primarily on triglycerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths.

lipase

Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments are the end products of __________ digestion.

lipid/fat

Lipoproteins are water-soluble structures that transport ______ through the bloodstream. Multiple choice question.

lipids

Digesting _________ is a more complicated process than digesting _________ because the majority of this type of nutrient in foods are not water soluble and the digestive process involves considerable amounts of water.

lipids, carbs

________ is a general term for water-soluble structures that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream.

lipoprotein

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream? Multiple choice question.

lipoprotein lipase

Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?

lipoprotein lipase

______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.

lipoproteins

Statins interfere with the ______'s metabolism of cholesterol, effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well.

liver

Where are the small cholesterol-rich remnants of chylomicrons cleared from the bloodstream and used to synthesize new lipids and other lipoproteins?

liver

Where does the process of enterohepatic circulation begin?

liver

Glycerol and fatty acids are both by-products of ________ digestion.

phospholipid

Lecithin is a common example of a(n) _____ which is naturally found in plant and animal foods.

phospholipid

________ are the major structural components of cell membranes.

phospholipids

What is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease? - Physical activity - Age - Gender - Genetic predisposition

physical activity

Major modifiable risk factors, such as diabetes and excess body fat, can be positively impacted by Multiple select question.

physical activity dietary changes

Some types of plant oils, especially tropical oils such as coconut and palm oils, contain high amounts of ________ fats. Multiple choice question.

saturated

Hypertenion is often referred to as a _____ ______because people with the condition frequently feel healthy and do not have obvious symptoms that indicate trouble.

silent disease

Glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides are all end products of lipid digestion that occurs in the ______.

small intestine

The _______ _______ is the primary site of lipid digestion

small intestine

The primary site of lipid digestion is the _____.

small intestine

Choose the best answers to the statements below and place in the correct order.The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the _____. Bile acids produced in the _____ and stored in the _____ aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying lipids. The _____ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat.

small intestine liver gallbladder pancreas

What can reduce the absorption of bile salts in enterohepatic circulation?

soluble fiber

_______ a commonly prescribed class of drug, interfere with the liver's metabolism of cholesterol, effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

statins

Eating smaller more frequent meals and avoiding high-fat meals will help prevent

steatorrhea

Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant ______ which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.

sterols

Even though it is a small amount, lipid digestion begins in the _____.

stomach

Phospholipids are only found in fat cells.

False - they serve as an essential part of all body cells

Rank in order the steps of enterohepatic circulation of bile beginning with the liver making bile from cholesterol.

1. Liver makes bile from cholesterol 2. Gallbladder s tores bile until needed then secretes nile into the small intestine 3. Small intestine recieved bile from hallbladder to facilitate lipid digestion 4. Ileum absorbs bile salts from bile. Soluble fiber reduces absorption of bile salts 5. Bile salts return to liver and are recycled to make bile.

Multiple Choice Question Which statement is true? Multiple choice question. - Digesting lipids is a more complicated process than digesting carbohydrates. - Digesting carbohydrates is a more complicated process than digesting lipids.

Digesting lipids is a more complicated process than digesting carbohydrates.

Choose the lipoprotein that carries the most protein. Multiple choice question.

HDL

Which type of lipoprotein transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal? - HDL - Oxidized LDL - Foam cells - LDL

HDL

Match the lipoprotein with its specific role.

HDL = transport cholesterol from body cells for disposal LDL = transports cholesterol to cells for their use oxidized LDL = transports cholesterol into arterial lining foam cells = holds oxidzed LDL within the arterial wall

What type of lipoprotein carries cholesterol from the body tissue back to the liver for recycling? Multiple choice question. - LDL cholesterol - HDL cholesterol

HDL cholesterol

Lipid digestion begins once food reaches the stomach.

True

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

chicken, ice cream, eggs

The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called _____.

cholecytokinin

___________ is a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes. Multiple choice question.

cholecytokinin

Although _______ is not metabolized for energy, cells use the lipid to synthesize a variety of substances, including vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

cholesterol

Soluble fiber in the GI tract binds with bile, which prevents the bile salts from being reabsorbed, resulting in new bile being made from:

cholesterol

_________ is found only in foods that contain animal products.

cholesterol

Match the blood lipid level on the left with the American Heart Association's classification on the right.

cholesterol < 200 mg/dL = desirable LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dL = optimal HDL cholesterol >/+ 60 mg/dL = high triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL = borderline high

Match the lipoprotein with its correct major components.

chylomicron = transports the most triglycerides HDL = transports the least triglycerides LDL = transports the most cholesterol

Pair the by-products from chylomicron digestion to their correct final destinations in the body. Instructions

free fatty acids = absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reforminto triglyceride for storage or use glycerol = circulates back to the liver chylomicron remant = removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make new lipids and lipoproteins

The digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule is called ______.

pancreatic lipase

___________ ____________ is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule.

pancreatic lipase