Nutrition

Which of the following statements is true?

A person with a PhD who promotes drinking vinegar as the cure for lung cancer is practicing quackery. The RDN credential can be used by anyone who earns a college nutrition degree.

A researcher wants to identify lifestyle factors that increase the risk of stomach cancer in men. His study design involves enrolling 250 men who have stomach cancer and 250 men who are cancer-free but have similar characteristics and backgrounds as the men who have stomach cancer. The researcher collects and analyzes information about each participant's lifestyle. Based on this information, what kind of study is the researcher conducting?

Case-control

The ________ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications.

FDA

________ can be classified as a dietary supplement.

Ginkgo biloba

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.

PROSPECTIVE

Which of the following statements is true?

People who develop side effects after taking dietary supplements can report their experiences to the GAO. Dietary supplements may interact negatively with other substances a person takes.

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin D supplements on the adult human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin D to one group of human adults and pills that do not contain the vitamin or other active ingredients to another group of adults. The pills that do not contain vitamin D are

Placebos.

Which of the following statements is true?

The RDN credential is legally protected. and It is not unusual for similar studies, especially those involving human subjects, to have different findings.

A medical researcher reads an article in "Today's Health-Conscious Woman" magazine about the benefits of using the phytochemical capsaicin to treat knee pain. She asks 10 people with arthritic knees to rub a cream that contains the phytochemical on their knee joints for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, the researcher asks the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. After collecting responses from the people, the researcher reports the results of her study during a popular TV show that is hosted by a doctor. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups.

Which of the following statements is true?

The results of one study are usually enough to convince the majority of nutrition scientists to adopt new ideas about nutrition-related topics. A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings. Since 1995, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When a group of 6-year-old children increase their physical activity level to 60 minutes a day, the children's muscle mass increases

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

Women who smoke 5 or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy.

Generally, epidemiological studies ________.

cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships

Scientists study 200 adults who have type 2 diabetes and 200 adults who have similar characteristics but do not have the disease. For 18 months, the researchers collect lifestyle information on all the study participants. According to the study's findings, the adults with type 2 diabetes were 25% less physically active than their counterparts who did not have type 2 diabetes. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

case-control

Having a control group enables researchers to ________.

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group

According to the observations of a nutrition scientist, laboratory mice are healthier when their diet contains physiological levels of vitamin D than when their diet lacks the micronutrient. The scientist hypothesizes that mice will be less likely to develop cancer when they consume a diet that supplies megadoses of vitamin D. Based on this information, the scientist is ready to ________.

conduct a controlled laboratory experiment to test the vitamin D and cancer hypothesis in mice

Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups of 50 people. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record the their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

double-blind

A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children. Based on this information, the researchers should design a (an) ________ study.

epidemiological

Scientists in a Central American country are studying factors that may be associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income children. The children live in a region of the nation that has high levels of lead in drinking water. This study is an example of a(an) ________ study.

epidemiological

A group of registered dietitian nutritionists is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on school-age children's behavior. At first, the researchers will ________.

make observations

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said, ________.

not "According to the FDA, this product is classified a dietary supplement, because it contains vitamins"

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet. His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(an) ________.

not case report

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a ________ study.

not macrosomatic Experimental study prospective

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a(n) ________ study.

retrospective

During a television interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement. "Most Americans suffer from nutritional deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n) ________.

scare tactic

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing a dietary supplement containing a substance from dandelions for weight loss. Her endorsement is an example of a(n) ________.

testimonial

Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different human population groups are conducting a(n) ________ study.

epidemiological

Researchers at a major American university plan a 10-year study involving 25,000 adults who will follow their usual lifestyles while they participate in the study. One of the main goals of this particular scientific investigation is to determine lifestyle factors that contribute to stomach cancer. Which of the following activities is likely to be a component of their research efforts?

Submitting an article describing the results of the study to a peer-reviewed journal

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.

not introspective

Which of the following statements is true?

not Anyone who earns a nutrition degree from a 4-year college can refer to himself or herself as an RDN.

A magazine article about weight loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty information is an example of ________.

not Bias ot mislabeling

Which of the following statements is true?

not Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one well-respected team of nutrition researchers.

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets high in sodium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood?

not Experimental study

Which of the following statements is true?

not Since 1970, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions.

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets high in sodium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood?

not When a group of 6-year-old children increase their physical activity level to 60 minutes a day, the children's muscle mass increases.Experimental study

A nutrition researcher would like to determine whether healthy women who take fish oil supplements during pregnancy give birth to children who score higher on basic intelligence tests when they are 5 years of age. The scientist plans to compare the IQ test results of this group of children with the test results of a group of 5-year-old children with similar backgrounds whose mothers were healthy but did not take fish oil supplements when pregnant. This kind of research is a ________ study.

retrospective

Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a dietary supplement on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he is in the experimental group, because he is certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he did not receive the dietary supplement. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake—he is certain his muscle mass increased while he took the supplement. According to this information, Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of ________.

the placebo effect