Nutrition

Research shows that supplemental vitamin B-6 is most likely to aid those experiencing

nausea associated with pregnancy

Which vitamin can be obtained from foods such as meats and grains but can also be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan?

niacin

Vitamin D deficiency can result in poorly mineralized bone. The resulting disease is called

osteomalacia.

In children, bowed legs, an enlarged head, rib cage and knee joints, and a deformed pelvis are symptoms of

rickets.

The temperature danger zone for growth of pathogenic bacteria is ________.

41-135°F

Approximately _______ of iron used each day is recovered and recycled.

90%

Which of the following statements are true in relation to vitamin C? Check all that apply.

A deficiency of vitamin C can cause scurvy. Vitamin C absorption occurs in the small intestine. Meats and grains are a good source of vitamin C.

Why are older people at increased risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency compared to younger people?

As you age, your stomach produces less acid, which limits cleavage of vitamin B-12 from food. In addition, decreased production of intrinsic factor by the stomach limits vitamin B-12 absorption.

Iodine is a trace mineral necessary for thyroid function. Possible consequences of iodine deficiency include which of the following? Check all that apply.

Goiter, Delayed intellectual development, Stunted growth

Gabe was experiencing fatigue, despite sleeping eight hours per night. He went to the doctor and was diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. The doctor recommended he eat iron-fortified breakfast cereals. Which food would be the best accompaniment for his iron-fortified breakfast cereal and why?

Having a cup of orange juice or an orange with the iron-fortified breakfast cereal because vitamin C in the orange increases iron absorption

The B-vitamin content of a whole grain is dramatically decreased during the refining process. To counteract these losses, in the United States, food manufacturers are required to enrich or fortify breads and cereals from milled, refined grains with which B-vitamins? (Check all that apply):

Niacin, Riboflavin, Thiamin, Folic acid

Which of the following is a current food safety recommendation?

Scrub firm produce, such as melons, under running water with a brush before slicing it.

Lino has lactose intolerance. He has been researching non-dairy sources of calcium and learns that dark green leafy greens do contain calcium, but in some types of greens, the calcium is not absorbed because of the presence of oxalic acid. Of the following types of greens, which one will have the least amount of bioavailable calcium?

Spinach

Gabe is interested in ways to maximize the vitamin content in his fresh fruits and vegetables. All of the following are good practices to ensure maximum vitamin content preservation EXCEPT:

Store fresh produce out of plastic bags and on the counter exposed to light.

Lino recently saw a "high-potency" mineral supplement being advertised on a late-night infomercial. He compared the amount of minerals in the supplement with the percent Daily Values recommended for minerals and determined that the supplement contained megadoses of minerals. Why can taking megadoses of individual mineral supplements be potentially harmful?

Taking megadoses of individual mineral supplements can greatly diminish the absorption and metabolism of other minerals.

A strict vegan diet may lack

Vitamin B-12

Riboflavin coenzymes function in a variety of metabolic pathways, such as

All of these choices are accurate

The biochemical functions of vitamin A include

All of these choices are accurate

Which factor limits absorption of dietary calcium?

All of these choices are accurate

Worldwide, daily hunger is a reality for almost 1 billion people. Check all of the statements that apply to world hunger:

Almost all of those who suffer from food insecurity, hunger, or malnutrition are poor., Agricultural production is sufficient to provide enough energy for the world's 7 billion persons. Children under age 5 are the most susceptible to malnutrition.

Some nutrients have antioxidant properties that help protect against free radical damage in the cells. Check all of the nutrients that are considered to be antioxidants:

Beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C all have antioxidant properties.

Gabe was reading an article in a muscle magazine that said a particular world-champion body builder regularly eats a dozen raw egg whites per day. From his recent nutrition studies, Gabe surmised that the body builder is at risk for developing which vitamin deficiency and why?

Biotin deficiency because a protein in raw egg whites binds biotin and inhibits its absorption.

Which of the following are functions of vitamin B-6? Check all that apply.

Coenzyme in amino acid synthesis, Synthesis of neurotransmitters, Synthesis of hemoglobin and white blood cells

A cooking class instructor states that certain preparation and cooking methods can help preserve water-soluble vitamin content of vegetables. Which of the following practices is most likely to preserve the vitamin content of foods?

Cooking vegetables in minimal water for a brief period

A variety of factors can inhibit or enhance calcium absorption. Indicate whether each situation increases or decreases calcium absorption by dragging it to the appropriate column.

Decreases calcium- being over 70 years old, having a high fiber diet rich in phytic acid, oxalic acid in spinach Increases calcium absorption- having a healthy gi tract through which digestive contents can easily flow, eating vitamin D enriched food, pregnancy

Folate functions in metabolic reactions that involve the transfer of single carbon groups, including synthesis of DNA, amino acids, and neurotransmitters. Which of the following physical problems result from folate deficiency?

Megaloblastic anemia, Spina bifida

Which of the following B-vitamins is especially important as a coenzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis?

Niacin

As the calcium levels in the blood drop below normal, what hormone is released to increase the synthesis of calcitriol?

Parathyroid hormone

Which of the B-vitamins has an antioxidant role?

Riboflavin

Many vitamins were named in the order that they were discovered. Some vitamins were or are known by different names. Match the vitamin with another name for that same vitamin.

Riboflavin was formerly called vitamin B-2 and niacin was B-3. Pyridoxine is the general vitamin name of vitamin B-6 added to foods. Ascorbic acid is another name for vitamin C.

Although it is an essential nutrient, the body is able to synthesize niacin to meet some body needs from the amino acid tryptophan. This reaction requires which two other B-vitamins as coenzymes? Check all that apply.

Riboflavin, Vitamin B-6

Gabe's elderly neighbor told him that when he was growing up, the milkman would deliver glass bottles of milk to his family's doorstep and he wonders why you don't get milk in glass bottles anymore. Gabe explains to him that light destroys certain water-soluble vitamins in milk and milk is now stored in opaque containers to help preserve the B-vitamin:

Riboflavin.

Gabe is a nutrition student who is learning that a balanced diet involves consuming foods that have a variety of vitamins in them every day. Why is it advisable to consume vitamins every day?

The body has limited storage capacity for many vitamins, so they should be consumed daily in the diet.

Which of the following factors limit vitamin B-12 absorption and thereby may lead to vitamin B-12 deficiency? Check all that apply.

Use of certain diabetes medications, Decreased production of hydrochloric acid, Decreased production of intrinsic factor

Which of the following statements are true in relation to vitamin B-6? Check all that apply.

Vitamin B-6 plays a major role in amino acid metabolism, it can be toxic at high levels, and food sources include meats and grains.

Which vitamin deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia?

Vitamin E

The primary function of vitamin C in cellular metabolism is to

act as nonspecific reducing agent (electron donor

The enzyme superoxide dismutase contains both copper and zinc. The function of the enzyme is

as an important scavenger of free radicals, thus protecting the lipid components of the cell.

In children, a severe deficiency of vitamin A often results in

blindness

In addition to its role in bone development and maintenance, calcium is also required for

blood clotting, transmitting nerve impulses, and muscle contraction.

Over half of the body's magnesium is found in the

bones

The main active form of vitamin D in the body is

calcitriol.

Phytic acid binds minerals so that they cannot be absorbed. Phytic acid is found in

cereal grain fibers

Most B vitamins function as

coenzymes

An ample intake of potassium-rich foods may help protect against

hypertension

Which of the following factors increases iron absorption?

increased need for iron

The fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with lipids and distributed to body cells by

lipoproteins

Which of the following B vitamins is found in the widest variety of foods, i.e., different food groups such as vegetables, grains, meat?

pantothenic acid

Niacin is necessary in the diet to prevent the disease called

pellagra.

The major cation in the intracellular fluid is ________, whereas the major anion in the extracellular fluid is ________.

potassium, chloride

Thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin work together in important biochemical pathways that

release energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein

The current RDA for vitamin A is expressed in

retinol activity equivalents (RAE)

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy to move

sodium ions out of the cell.

Tracy had lunch with her friends. She had 3 ounces baked chicken, 1 small baked potato, 1/2 cup steamed broccoli, and 1/2 cup steamed carrots. What part of her meal provided the most vitamin K?

steamed broccoli

Excess amounts of most fat-soluble vitamins are

stored in the liver or adipose tissue

A major role of folate in cellular metabolism is the

synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases in RNA and DNA

Persons who smoke have an increased need for

vitamin C.

Sources of the heavy metal lead include ________.

water pipes and paint in older homes, certain pottery and crystal food containers, mineral and herbal supplements