Nutrition C5

Plants make _______ by using the sun's energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms from carbon dioxide and water.

carbohydrates Through a process called photosynthesis, plants use the sun's energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms from carbon dioxide and water to make glucose. Plants can use glucose to make other carbohydrates including fiber, starch, and other sugars.

In a person with type 2 diabetes, the blood sugar level remains high after a meal because ________.

cells do not respond to insulin In a person with type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin, but the cells do not respond to the insulin due to insulin-resistance.

In the colon, soluble fiber ________.

is fermented by "friendly" bacteria that use the products of fermentation for energy "Friendly" intestinal bacteria that reside in the large intestine can ferment, or break down, soluble fiber not digested in the small intestine. The bacteria then metabolize the products of fermentation for energy.

Match the enzyme to its action in carbohydrate digestion. Amylase

Match the enzyme to its action in carbohydrate digestion. Begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth

Match the enzyme to its action in carbohydrate digestion. Sucrase

Match the enzyme to its action in carbohydrate digestion. Breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose

Match the enzyme to its action in carbohydrate digestion. Lactase

Match the enzyme to its action in carbohydrate digestion. Breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose

Description to the anatomical area involved in dietary carbohydrate digestion and absorption

Some starch is broken down by salivary amylase from the salivary gland. Activity of salivary amylase stops in the acidic environment of the stomach. Most carbohydrate absorption occurs in the small intestine. After sugars are absorbed into the intestinal bloodstream, they are transported to the liver via the portal vein. In the large intestine, some soluble fiber is fermented by bacteria. Very little dietary carbohydrate is excreted in feces.

Which of the following is NOT a complex carbohydrate?

Lactose Complex carbohydrates have three or more monosaccharides bonded together. Lactose is a disaccharide, with two monosaccharides bonded together.

Match the activity of dietary fiber that is related to its health benefit. Fiber increases satiety:

Match the activity of dietary fiber that is related to its health benefit. Helps promote weight loss

Match the activity of dietary fiber that is related to its health benefit. Soluble fiber slows digestion and minimizes dramatic swings in blood glucose:

Match the activity of dietary fiber that is related to its health benefit. Improves diabetes management

Match the activity of dietary fiber that is related to its health benefit. Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and increases regularity:

Match the activity of dietary fiber that is related to its health benefit. Promotes colon health

Match the activity of dietary fiber that is related to its health benefit. Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion:

Match the activity of dietary fiber that is related to its health benefit. Reduces cardiovascular disease risk

Match the enzyme to its action in carbohydrate digestion. Maltase

Match the enzyme to its action in carbohydrate digestion. Breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose

Match the the complex carbohydrate to its description. Oligosaccharide

Match the the complex carbohydrate to its description. Carbohydrate of 3-10 monosaccharides bonded together

Match the the complex carbohydrate to its description. Glycogen

Match the the complex carbohydrate to its description. Highly branched storage polysaccharide in animals

Match the the complex carbohydrate to its description. Fiber

Match the the complex carbohydrate to its description. Nondigestible plant material

Match the the complex carbohydrate to its description. Starch

Match the the complex carbohydrate to its description. Storage polysaccharide in plants; composed of amylose and amylopectin

Jasmine is trying to reduce her intake of refined carbohydrates, while she achieves a healthy eating pattern. Which of the following beverages is her best option?

100% unsweetened orange juice While a 12-ounce serving of 100% unsweetened orange juice supplies almost the same amount of sugars as 12 ounces of a sugar-sweetened soft drink, they are not refined sugars, and orange juice also supplies micronutrients and antioxidant phytochemicals to the diet. Fruit "drinks," "punches," "blends," "cocktails," or "ades" often contain added refined sugars.

Which of the following statements about carbohydrate digestion is FALSE?

Carbohydrate digestion occurs at the fastest rate in the acidic environment of the stomach. Starch digestion stops soon after the food enters the acidic environment of the stomach because the acid denatures enzymes necessary to break the carbohydrates into their component monosaccharides.

Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. She recognizes the importance of consuming adequate dietary calcium, but does not want to further aggravate her gastrointestinal system. Select all of the dietary practices that can help Lisa meet her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms. (Check all that apply.)

Eat hard cheeses and yogurtEat hard cheeses and yogurt. Drink low-lactose or lactase-treated milk, such as Lactaid®. Drink calcium-fortified soy milk. Take lactase pills before eating or drinking dairy foods. Drinking milk on an empty stomach can aggravate symptoms of lactose intolerance. Combining milk with other foods can reduce symptoms of lactose intolerance. Choosing low-lactose or lactose-free foods, such as soy milk, is a good way to obtain calcium without causing gastrointestinal distress. Taking a lactase pill before eating lactose-containing foods will assist the breakdown of lactose in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby alleviating symptoms of lactose intolerance.

Which of the following factors contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome? (Check all that apply.)

Genetic factors Excess abdominal fat Insulin resistance Cigarette smoking Lack of physical activity While all these factors play a role in the development of metabolic syndrome, a person can reduce their likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome by exercising, losing weight, and reducing their intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol, and simple sugars.

Which of the following can be used to control type 1 diabetes? (Check all that apply.)

Planning diets using carbohydrate counting. Insulin injections. Regular physical activity. Treatment for diabetes may include diet, exercise, insulin injections, and oral medications. Persons with diabetes can consume complex carbohydrates, but should monitor their intake to help regulate their blood glucose level.

Insulin ________.

allows cells to take in glucose Insulin is secreted in response to rising blood glucose levels. Insulin allows cells to take in glucose. By doing so, glucose can be used as a source of energy or stored.

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the by-products of partial breakdown of ________.

fat Without adequate carbohydrate, fats do not break down completely, but rather form ketone bodies. Production of ketone bodies causes ketosis, a dangerous condition that upsets the body's normal acid-base balance.

Regardless of the type of diabetes, the primary sign of the disease is ________, abnormally elevated blood glucose levels.

hyperglycemia Hyper- means excess and -glycemia means blood glucose, so hyperglycemia is the term for abnormally elevated blood glucose levels, the primary sign of diabetes mellitus. Over time, untreated or poorly controlled hyperglycemia damages nerves, organs, and blood vessels, leading to heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, and poor blood circulation that can lead to loss of limbs.

When a person's blood glucose level drops too low to provide enough energy for cells they have a condition called ________.

hypoglycemia Hypo- means low and -glycemia means blood glucose, so hypoglycemia is the term for abnormally low blood glucose levels. If the blood glucose level drops too low, the affected person can become confused, lose consciousness, and die.

In a person with type 1 diabetes, the blood sugar level remains high after a meal because ________.

no insulin is released In a person with type 1 diabetes, the pancreas is no longer producing insulin. Therefore, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because no insulin is being released.

Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the ________.

small intestine The small intestine is the main site for carbohydrate digestion and absorption.

Consumers of regular soft drinks are likely to have excessive energy intakes that contribute to weight gain.

TRUE The fructose in regular soft drinks may not reduce the urge to eat the way that solid food does. As a result, consumers of regular soft drinks are likely to overeat and have excessive energy intakes that contribute to weight gain.

Which of the following statements about carbohydrate consumption is FALSE?

Breakfast cereal is the primary source of added sugar in the diets of American children. Regular soft drinks are the primary source of added sugar in the diets of American children. School boards across the country are concerned about childhood obesity, leading them to ban empty-calorie foods, including soft drinks, from school vending machines.