Nutrition Case Studies
In addition to fatigue, ________ deficiencies are associated with anemia (large-cell type); degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis; sore tongue; loss of appetite; and constipation.
B12
Which of the following is true of vitamin B12 and the elderly?
Because of its greater bioavailability, it is recommended that elderly individuals get their B12 from B12−fortified foods.
Mrs. Treat notes that her heartburn got worse while she was at the family reunion. Why might that be?
Because trying to keep an eye on her grandchildren left her exhausted, Mrs. Treat went to lay down for a nap right after lunch.
Consider the breakfasts of Aviva (31 grams of carbohydrate, 11 grams of protein, and 8 grams of fat) and Anna (51 grams of carbohydrate, 21 grams of protein, and 14 grams of fat) once more. According to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges, what can be said of their intakes?
Both breakfasts are within the recommended range for fat.
What is the relationship between fat content and calories in Tom's food selections?
Calorie content increases as fat content increases, regardless of the protein source.
Mr. P. is loath to try nonnutritive sweeteners, but says he has recently heard about a sweetener that is derived from an herb. He is most likely referring to what?
Stevia
Clara admits she really enjoys sugary snacks and beverages and wonders if she might somehow be addicted to them, because she so often craves them. What might Mary have to say about this issue?
The experience of craving carbohydrates is likely to be associated with labeling foods as "good" or "bad".
Jenny used margarine on her roll but ate chocolate chip cookies made with butter. What is the current understanding of the relative risks and benefits of butter and margarine?
The hydrogenation process used in manufacturing margarine saturates some of the unsaturated fatty acids.
Sally's friend, Monique, was morbidly obese and had surgery to help her lose weight. What should Sally know about weight loss surgery?
The long-term safety and effectiveness of surgery depend, in large part, on compliance with dietary instructions.
How many ounces of 80 proof liquor are in a single serving?
1 ½ ounces
Worldwide, how many people are estimated to have iron-deficiency anemia?
1.5 to 2.0 billion
Belinda doesn't care for meat and rarely eats it. What percentage of dietary iron is absorbed from vegetarian diets?
10
Erin loves whole grains. Suppose she makes herself a snack from one serving of grains and one cup yogurt topped with a serving of fresh strawberries. How much protein is in her snack?
10 to 11 grams
What percentage of total energy intake should come from protein?
10 to 35%
Joan is taking a vitamin E supplement that provides 15 mg. What is the UL for vitamin E in mg⁄day?
1000
Given his diet and his recent fall, Roy's family is concerned about his calcium intake. What is the daily recommendation of calcium intake for men Roy's age?
1200 milligrams
Given her age, sex, and lifestyle, how many discretionary calories would Ms. Ehrenreich have each day?
121
Remembering that protein provides 4 kcalories per gram, what percentage of Erin's current total energy intake comes from protein?
13.3%
Based on her pre-pregnancy weight, if she is carrying a single baby, how much weight should Sadie gain during her pregnancy?
15 to 25 lbs
What is Ryan's body mass index?
19.9
If Mr. P. is typical, how much of the added sugar in his diet comes from sugar-sweetened beverages?
1⁄2
What proportion of pregnant women in the U.S. gain more weight than is recommended?
1⁄2
In the U.S., what proportion of the average daily water intake comes from water itself?
1⁄3
What proportion of women in the U.S. is obese?
1⁄3
Based on his BMI, in what range is Rick's body fat likely to be?
27-32%
Calculate Sadie's body mass index (BMI) based on her prepregnancy weight.
27.4
What is Rick's BMI?
29.4
Case Study 1B: Cultural Differences and Nutrition Aviva lives in New York City and works as a software developer. She is 25 years old, 5′5″ tall, and, at 160 pounds, she is overweight. Aviva's fast-paced day typically starts at 6 a.m. when she gets up for work. She is always in a rush in the mornings, and routinely grabs a quick breakfast of an instant drink or a breakfast bar and a cup of coffee with cream as she walks to the subway. Aviva works long hours at her job and has a heavy workload that keeps her tied to her desk. Around 1 p.m. every day, she takes a short break to grab lunch at the deli next door. She is in the habit of getting the same sandwich every day, generally a prepackaged corned beef or pastrami hoagie with the works: lettuce, tomato, onion, mayo, mustard, and melted cheese, accompanied by a small bag of jalapeno potato chips. Aviva usually orders a 32-oz. cola, and when she is feeling particularly stressed by a difficult work situation, she picks up a triple chocolate chunk cookie to eat at her desk. Chocolate chip cookies are Aviva's favorite comfort food and remind her of happy times on family movie nights. By the time Aviva leaves work, it is usually 8:00 p.m. or later. She walks to the subway station one block from her office and heads home. Once home, she frequently heats up her favorite frozen dinner, barbequed chicken and garlic mashed potatoes with a side of creamed corn. She finds the mashed potatoes to be comforting after a long and tense day at work. Most of Aviva's meals are takeout food or frozen meals from the grocery store. She is generally too tired to cook, and she likes the taste of convenient meals. Her freezer is always full of frozen pizzas, large-portion heat-and-serve meals, and frozen burritos. Each evening she enjoys an hour or two of television, and reads over some papers from work before fixing a hot fudge sundae for herself and heading to bed. One day her company holds a blood pressure screening for all of its employees and Aviva decides to participate. Aviva is shocked to find out that at age 25, she has elevated blood pressure. She start noticing that she has gained weight, and that she lacks some of the energy she had in college. Because of these issues and the fact that her father died of a heart attack two years ago at age 58, Aviva decides to make some changes in her life to live longer and healthier. In another part of the world, Anna is busy with her daily routine. Anna works in her family's produce store outside of Prague, in the Czech Republic. She is also 25 years old and 5′5″ tall. Anna weighs 150 pounds and like Aviva, Anna is overweight. Anna's day typically starts around 7 a.m. Her breakfast is leisurely and consists of a small Kaiser roll, a slice of ham, a small tomato, orange juice, and a cup of coffee with cream. Anna starts her day with a tomato and orange juice because she knows that fruits and vegetables are healthy choices, and because she always has a supply of tomatoes from the family produce shop. After breakfast, Anna heads downstairs to work. The family store is in the downstairs portion of their house. While at work, Anna's brother carries the large boxes of produce into the store and stocks the shelves. Anna sits in a chair at the register and rings up sales. The store closes at 1 p.m. for lunch. In the Czech Republic, foods are generally prepared and eaten in the home, and lunch is the largest meal of the day. Anna and her family members enjoy a mid-day meal together, usually consisting of potato soup, roast pork, boiled cabbage, and dumplings. Rye or pumpernickel bread with butter are often served as well. After lunch, the store reopens until 7 p.m., at which time Anna returns upstairs for dinner. For dinner, Anna often eats a small sandwich of sausage on a bun. With her evening meal, she often has a glass of beer. Anna is usually in bed by 10:30 p.m., and tries to get at least eight hours of sleep to be well-rested for the next day's work. However, three times a week she joins her friends at a local bar, where they each drink three or four tall beers and smoke cigarettes. Anna's mother has recently fallen ill. The doctor suspects that Anna's mother experienced a very mild heart attack and needs a period of rest and recuperation. Anna has a family history of heart disease; her grandmother died of a heart attack several years ago. Anna is worried about her mother, and she also realizes that she needs to make some lifestyle changes.
Case Study 1B: Cultural Differences and Nutrition Aviva lives in New York City and works as a software developer. She is 25 years old, 5′5″ tall, and, at 160 pounds, she is overweight. Aviva's fast-paced day typically starts at 6 a.m. when she gets up for work. She is always in a rush in the mornings, and routinely grabs a quick breakfast of an instant drink or a breakfast bar and a cup of coffee with cream as she walks to the subway. Aviva works long hours at her job and has a heavy workload that keeps her tied to her desk. Around 1 p.m. every day, she takes a short break to grab lunch at the deli next door. She is in the habit of getting the same sandwich every day, generally a prepackaged corned beef or pastrami hoagie with the works: lettuce, tomato, onion, mayo, mustard, and melted cheese, accompanied by a small bag of jalapeno potato chips. Aviva usually orders a 32-oz. cola, and when she is feeling particularly stressed by a difficult work situation, she picks up a triple chocolate chunk cookie to eat at her desk. Chocolate chip cookies are Aviva's favorite comfort food and remind her of happy times on family movie nights. By the time Aviva leaves work, it is usually 8:00 p.m. or later. She walks to the subway station one block from her office and heads home. Once home, she frequently heats up her favorite frozen dinner, barbequed chicken and garlic mashed potatoes with a side of creamed corn. She finds the mashed potatoes to be comforting after a long and tense day at work. Most of Aviva's meals are takeout food or frozen meals from the grocery store. She is generally too tired to cook, and she likes the taste of convenient meals. Her freezer is always full of frozen pizzas, large-portion heat-and-serve meals, and frozen burritos. Each evening she enjoys an hour or two of television, and reads over some papers from work before fixing a hot fudge sundae for herself and heading to bed. One day her company holds a blood pressure screening for all of its employees and Aviva decides to participate. Aviva is shocked to find out that at age 25, she has elevated blood pressure. She start noticing that she has gained weight, and that she lacks some of the energy she had in college. Because of these issues and the fact that her father died of a heart attack two years ago at age 58, Aviva decides to make some changes in her life to live longer and healthier. In another part of the world, Anna is busy with her daily routine. Anna works in her family's produce store outside of Prague, in the Czech Republic. She is also 25 years old and 5′5″ tall. Anna weighs 150 pounds and like Aviva, Anna is overweight. Anna's day typically starts around 7 a.m. Her breakfast is leisurely and consists of a small Kaiser roll, a slice of ham, a small tomato, orange juice, and a cup of coffee with cream. Anna starts her day with a tomato and orange juice because she knows that fruits and vegetables are healthy choices, and because she always has a supply of tomatoes from the family produce shop. After breakfast, Anna heads downstairs to work. The family store is in the downstairs portion of their house. While at work, Anna's brother carries the large boxes of produce into the store and stocks the shelves. Anna sits in a chair at the register and rings up sales. The store closes at 1 p.m. for lunch. In the Czech Republic, foods are generally prepared and eaten in the home, and lunch is the largest meal of the day. Anna and her family members enjoy a mid-day meal together, usually consisting of potato soup, roast pork, boiled cabbage, and dumplings. Rye or pumpernickel bread with butter are often served as well. After lunch, the store reopens until 7 p.m., at which time Anna returns upstairs for dinner. For dinner, Anna often eats a small sandwich of sausage on a bun. With her evening meal, she often has a glass of beer. Anna is usually in bed by 10:30 p.m., and tries to get at least eight hours of sleep to be well-rested for the next day's work. However, three times a week she joins her friends at a local bar, where they each drink three or four tall beers and smoke cigarettes. Anna's mother has recently fallen ill. The doctor suspects that Anna's mother experienced a very mild heart attack and needs a period of rest and recuperation. Anna has a family history of heart disease; her grandmother died of a heart attack several years ago. Anna is worried about her mother, and she also realizes that she needs to make some lifestyle changes.
Case Study 3b: Distressed Digestion This is Tyler's freshman year in college and he has been earning very good grades and performing well in his part-time job. However, Tyler's eating habits have been poor and he has gained a few pounds, and his expanded waist line is making his trousers fit pretty tightly. His daily routine holds clues to his recent weight gain. Tyler begins each morning at about 9:00 a.m., when he hurriedly dresses and rushes to class without eating breakfast. He does, however, drink a 20-oz. cola each morning for caffeine and sugar energy. All day he sits in classes or studies in the library. Around four in the afternoon, Tyler takes a break for some food. He usually heads to the food court and gets a large order of chicken wings with extra spicy hot sauce. He doesn't have much time, though, so he rushes through the meal, drinks another large cola, and is off to work. Tyler has a job as a waiter in a popular campus restaurant. When the restaurant closes, Tyler heads home in his car. He usually stops to get some dinner, even though it is usually around 11:30 p.m. He typically picks up a large pepperoni pizza that he consumes in one sitting. Sometimes he follows the pizza with handfuls of cookies that he eats while lying down on the couch and watching late night television, though lately he finds it difficult to fall asleep. Tyler has been experiencing heartburn and acid reflux at night. His stomach makes some atrocious noises and he's been feeling bloated. Tyler has tried getting up and taking antacids, but he still suffers indigestion. Recently a friend who noticed Tyler's odd stomach noises and hiccupping through class suggested Tyler do something about his diet. At first he ignored the advice, but now his stomach pains are getting so bad he is willing to try anything. After another painful night's sleep, Tyler wakes up early, goes to the bakery, and buys two bran muffins for breakfast, thinking this is the start of his new healthy diet. To Tyler's surprise, this only makes him feel worse. He suffers horrible cramps, and later that day is forced to run to the bathroom with diarrhea. The worst part for Tyler was when he was sitting in English class and flatulence hit. Poor Tyler turned bright red and decided it was time to take the rest of the day off and go home. When he got back to his room the phone rang. It was Tyler's grandma. He mentioned he wasn't feeling too well, and Grandma, who lived nearby, came over with chicken noodle soup made with carrots and celery and lots of broth. The two had a leisurely meal together, sitting and talking at the table for hours. Tyler enjoyed a wonderful bowl of soup and placed the leftovers in the refrigerator for later. Tyler then got a good night sleep, and woke up the next day feeling much better. Once again, his fast-paced lifestyle plunged him back into previous eating patterns. On the way to his first morning class Tyler was drinking a 20-oz. cola.
Case Study 3b: Distressed Digestion This is Tyler's freshman year in college and he has been earning very good grades and performing well in his part-time job. However, Tyler's eating habits have been poor and he has gained a few pounds, and his expanded waist line is making his trousers fit pretty tightly. His daily routine holds clues to his recent weight gain. Tyler begins each morning at about 9:00 a.m., when he hurriedly dresses and rushes to class without eating breakfast. He does, however, drink a 20-oz. cola each morning for caffeine and sugar energy. All day he sits in classes or studies in the library. Around four in the afternoon, Tyler takes a break for some food. He usually heads to the food court and gets a large order of chicken wings with extra spicy hot sauce. He doesn't have much time, though, so he rushes through the meal, drinks another large cola, and is off to work. Tyler has a job as a waiter in a popular campus restaurant. When the restaurant closes, Tyler heads home in his car. He usually stops to get some dinner, even though it is usually around 11:30 p.m. He typically picks up a large pepperoni pizza that he consumes in one sitting. Sometimes he follows the pizza with handfuls of cookies that he eats while lying down on the couch and watching late night television, though lately he finds it difficult to fall asleep. Tyler has been experiencing heartburn and acid reflux at night. His stomach makes some atrocious noises and he's been feeling bloated. Tyler has tried getting up and taking antacids, but he still suffers indigestion. Recently a friend who noticed Tyler's odd stomach noises and hiccupping through class suggested Tyler do something about his diet. At first he ignored the advice, but now his stomach pains are getting so bad he is willing to try anything. After another painful night's sleep, Tyler wakes up early, goes to the bakery, and buys two bran muffins for breakfast, thinking this is the start of his new healthy diet. To Tyler's surprise, this only makes him feel worse. He suffers horrible cramps, and later that day is forced to run to the bathroom with diarrhea. The worst part for Tyler was when he was sitting in English class and flatulence hit. Poor Tyler turned bright red and decided it was time to take the rest of the day off and go home. When he got back to his room the phone rang. It was Tyler's grandma. He mentioned he wasn't feeling too well, and Grandma, who lived nearby, came over with chicken noodle soup made with carrots and celery and lots of broth. The two had a leisurely meal together, sitting and talking at the table for hours. Tyler enjoyed a wonderful bowl of soup and placed the leftovers in the refrigerator for later. Tyler then got a good night sleep, and woke up the next day feeling much better. Once again, his fast-paced lifestyle plunged him back into previous eating patterns. On the way to his first morning class Tyler was drinking a 20-oz. cola.
What should Tom notice about the cholesterol content of these foods?
Cholesterol is only found in animal-based foods.
Why did eating bran muffins backfire on Tyler?
Fiber increases flatulence.
Based on what has been described, what is Tyler's most likely diagnosis?
Gastroesophageal reflux
Mrs. Treat's twin sister reports that one of their best friends from high school has recently been diagnosed with a peptic ulcer. What is one of the most common causes of ulcers?
H. pylori infection
Which of the following is most likely to have helped Tyler when he had chicken soup with his grandmother?
He ate slowly and relaxed with his grandmother.
If he continues drinking, how might alcohol affect Mr. Q.'s health?
He will have an increased risk of colon cancer.
Mr. Q. is concerned about his recent fatty liver diagnosis. Which of the following is true of fatty liver?
In the early stages, it is reversible with abstinence from alcohol.
What is the most accurate description of the contents of the emergency food package?
It is dominated by empty-calorie foods.
Sally also considers taking medication to help her lose weight. In reading about them, she notices that the side effects for one popular medication include GI cramping, gas, frequent bowel movements, diarrhea, and reduced absorption of fat soluble vitamins. What medication has that profile?
Orlistat
Age-associated loss of muscle mass, called ________, may have contributed to Roy's recent fall.
Sarcopenia
Based on her signs and symptoms, in what stage of iron-deficiency is Belinda?
Stage 2
After Mr. P. eats a high sugar meal, what happens first to the excess glucose in his blood?
The liver forms glycogen from it.
Of the following foods Jenny notices at the cafeteria salad bar, which is the best source of unsaturated fat?
avocado
Both Samuel's alcohol intake and his poor diet may contribute to a B6 deficiency. Which of the following foods is the best source of B6?
bananas
What is the most likely cause of Mrs. Treat's heartburn?
being overweight
What percentages of Maria's daily calories are provided by carbohydrates, protein, and fat?
carbohydrates: 46%; protein: 12%; and fat: 42%
When Tyler is with his buddies, belching is not that much of an issue, but he worries about how his date might react. What might Tyler do to reduce his risk of belching during a romantic dinner?
chew thoroughly
Consider Maria's typical evening meals and the factors that may influence her food habits. Which factor is likely to have the biggest impact on her choices?
convenience
Since she is on a blood thinner, Joan has been warned about her intake of foods rich in vitamin K. Which of the following food groups is rich in vitamin K?
dark green leafy vegetables
Mr. C. looks at the fruits, vegetables, toppings, and dressings on the salad bar and wonders which contain which nutrients. Which would provide him with the most potassium?
dried apricots
Which is typically one of the early symptoms of dehydration?
fatigue
Given his history of cancer, Samuel might be interesting in knowing that research suggests that ________ may reduce the risk of esophageal and colorectal cancer.
folate
Based on her history, which of the following is the most likely explanation for Mrs. Treat's sudden onset diarrhea?
foodborne illness
Of the foods Joan eats, which is the best source of vitamin D?
fortified milk
The food in the emergency food package that best exemplifies empty calories is ________.
fruit punch
What food group is over-represented in the food package?
grains
If a teen has at least one obese parent, what are the teen's chances of becoming an obese adult?
greater than 80%
Anna accompanies her mother to an appointment with a dietician, who indicates that her mother will begin their session with anthropometrics. What will this include?
height and weight
What brain structure is importantly involved in thirst and water satiety?
hypothalamus
While Tyler is bothered by his symptoms, he does not see them as being all that serious. However, what can result from repeated episodes of severe heartburn?
increased risk of esophageal cancer
Where does the final hydroxylation necessary for the activation of vitamin D occur?
kidney
The symptoms Mr. P. reports in conjunction with eating ice cream are most consistent with
lactose intolerance.
Given his diet and his complaints of a chronic sore throat and cracks at the corners of his mouth, Samuel may have riboflavin deficiency. Which of the following foods is the best source of riboflavin?
liver
Jenny's mother has been trying to prepare healthier meals for her family and has several "Mediterranean Diet" cookbooks. The Mediterranean Diet is characterized by
low levels of trans fats.
What would a reasonable goal be for Ryan?
maintain his current weight as he grows taller
If Mr. Q. drinks a quart of beer, how many servings of alcohol is he consuming?
nearly 3 servings
Mr. C. freely admits he enjoys food; lots of food, and mostly rich food, not necessarily "healthy" food. His lunch companion assures him that he can still enjoy food, but just needs to pick foods that deliver the most nutrients for the fewest kcalories. Such foods are termed
nutrient dense.
Using the criteria set forth in your text, how would Ryan's BMI be classified?
obese
Which of the foods has the highest unsaturated fat content per serving?
peanut butter
Which food is highest in saturated fat?
pepperoni
Mrs. Treat's cousin is opposed to the use of over-the-counter medications and takes Andria to task for her use of antacids. What might Mrs. Treat do to reduce her risk of heartburn?
refrain from the use of tobacco
Which food is lowest in saturated fat?
salmon
Which of the foods has the lowest unsaturated fat content per serving?
salmon
Along with water, what else has Michael lost through sweating?
sodium
Mr. C decides that the salad bar is probably too tempting, so he looks at the pizza selections. He notices that the "Vegetarian Delight" pizza is made with TVP "sausage." What is TVP made from?
soy
Michael is considering snack foods and wants to pick items that will improve his hydration. In terms the percentage of water they provide, which of the following would be the best choice?
strawberries
If Joan wants to increase her intake of Vitamin A, which of the following foods would be best?
sweet potatoes
Which of the following components of Travis' diet is most likely to contain trans fats?
the bun his sub is served on
What is Rick's weight category?
upper range of overweight
If Ms. Ehrenreich were to look at the nutrition label on the fruit punch, what would she be most likely to see listed first?
water
Which of the following will probably help reduce Tyler's heartburn the most?
wearing loose-fitting clothing
How much alcohol can the liver process per hour?
½ ounce
Clara confides that her doctor wants to take some blood tests to see if she is at risk for diabetes. What fasting blood glucose level is consistent with diabetes?
≥ 126 mg⁄dL
What is the DRI for fat as a function of total energy intake?
20 to 35%
Assume Aviva's breakfast consists of 31 grams of carbohydrate, 11 grams of protein, and 8 grams of fat. What is her total kcalorie intake?
240 kcal
Which scenario best illustrates the role of positive associations on food preferences?
Aviva's chocolate chunk cookie with lunch
Mr. Q. had blood alcohol concentrations well above the legal limit when he was arrested for his DUIs. At what blood alcohol concentration do unconsciousness, coma, and death become likely outcomes?
.40
What is the protein RDA per kilogram of healthy body weight?
0.8 g
If Clara wants to consume dairy products because of their nutritional benefits, which alternative will provide her with the LEAST lactose?
1 ounce of cheddar cheese
Mr. C. realizes that if he is going to eat from the salad bar, he will have to estimate portion sizes and he is not even sure what a serving size would be for the various fruits and vegetables. Suppose he is on a 1800 kcalorie diet; what would the serving size be for fresh fruit?
1 ½ cup
Clara's drinking sugar-sweetened sodas all day is of concern, because bacteria produce acid that may harm tooth enamel for ________ minutes after each exposure to sugar.
20 to 30
Mr. P. notes that his mother was recently diagnosed with diabetes and wonders if that might be in his future. A review of his medical records indicates a recent fasting blood glucose test was consistent with prediabetes. What range is consistent with prediabetes?
100-125 mg⁄dL
If Sally goes on a typical weight-loss diet for women, how many kcalories will it provide per day?
1200
As a sedentary 6 year-old boy, what is Ryan's estimated daily energy need?
1200 kcalories
When the book was being researched, Ms. Ehrenreich was in her mid-50s and had a sedentary lifestyle. What should her daily kcalorie intake have been?
1600
Using Table 1-2 from the text, calculate Maria's average daily kcalorie intake from carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Adding these figures together, what is her total daily caloric intake?
1720
What percentage of dietary iron is absorbed from mixed (i.e., those that also contain meat) diets?
18
Based on the considerations discussed in your text, what would a reasonable 6-month weight loss goal be for Sally?
18 pounds
Suppose Rick wanted to reduce his BMI to 27. What would his target weight be?
188
What is Rick's BMR at his current weight?
1961
Clara recalls that her grandmother was terribly lactose intolerant − so much so that she even had to check her prescription medications for their lactose content. What percentage of prescription drugs use lactose as a filler?
20
Given Roy's age and the fact that he spends virtually all of his time indoors, what should his daily vitamin D intake be?
20 micrograms
Suppose Rick engages in light-to-moderate intensity weight lifting. How many calories will he expend per hour of activity? Use his current weight in your calculations.
295
What is the recommended weekly weight gain after the first trimester for an overweight woman?
2⁄3 lb
Based on these signs of dehydration, what percentage of body fluid would you estimate Michael has lost?
3 to 4
What is the recommended weight gain during the first trimester for a normal weight woman?
3 ½ lbs
Assuming his energy intake and energy expenditure are in balance, how much fluid should Michael be taking in each day?
3.5 to 5.25 liters
What percentage of U.S. children and adolescents, ages 2 through 19, are overweight?
32
If Rick swims for 30 minutes at a speed of 45 yards per minute, how many calories will he expend? Use his current weight in your calculations.
357
In the U.S. how much time do 8 to 18 year-olds spend watching television each day, on average?
4.5 hours
Samuel is interested in taking a vitamin supplement. About what percentage of U.S. adults regularly take a vitamin-mineral supplement?
40%
Assume Anna's breakfast has 51 grams of carbohydrate, 21 grams of protein, and 14 grams of fat. What is her total kcalorie intake?
414 kcal
If Ms. Ehrenreich uses the ham as a protein source, how many ounces should she consume in a day, given her age, sex, and lifestyle?
5
One of Roy's daughters recalls the large meals her mother prepared for the family and how enthusiastically Roy ate. She offers to take Roy to her home so she can prepare similar dinners and Roy can enjoy family meals again. Roy counters by saying that, as people age, their energy needs decrease. On average, energy needs decline an estimated ________ percent per decade.
5
How much protein, per day, should Mr. C. consume on his 1800 kcalorie diet?
5 ounces
Suppose Belinda were to switch from buttered pasta with cheese to pasta with marinara sauce. If her mother were to prepare the pasta sauce in a cast iron pan, the iron content of a single serving would increase from 0.61 mg to _______.
5.77
Mr. P. indicates he is interested in restricting his carbohydrates in order to lose weight. What is the minimum carbohydrate intake necessary to spare body protein and prevent ketosis?
50 to 100 grams
Given her current BMI of 30.8, what should Sally's goal for her daily kcalorie deficit be?
500 to 750
Assuming a healthy weight for Erin is 141 pounds, what is her recommended daily protein requirement?
51 g
If a woman gains 30 pounds during pregnancy, how many of those pounds are necessary fat stores for her?
7
On average, an ounce of a protein food delivers how many grams of protein?
7
Because Joan is concerned about skin cancer, she uses a sunscreen when she is outside. At what SPF level will sunscreen start to interfere with vitamin D synthesis?
8
In the U.S., what percentage of persons 65 and older live in poverty?
9
Mr. C.'s friend points out that there is a very large salad bar with all sorts of foods and suggests that Mr. C. have that. Given his history, which of the following would be the most problematic for Mr. C. if he selects the salad bar?
Adequacy
The maximum rate of alcohol breakdown is determined by the amount of what?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
What can be said about Erin's protein intake?
Although it falls within the recommended range in terms of the percentage of total energy intake, it is less than recommended in terms of the absolute amount.
Which scenario best illustrates the impact of ethnic and regional influences on food choices?
Anna's lunchtime meal of soup, roasted meat, boiled cabbage and dumplings
Case Study 10A: Fatigue with a Vitamin-Poor Diet Samuel is a 63-year-old single man who works full time in a food processing plant. He has a history of esophageal cancer, which was treated successfully with anti-cancer drugs and surgery four years ago. His weight had been stable at 135 pounds until the past 6 months, in which he has experienced an involuntary weight loss of 10 pounds. He is 67 inches tall and his current BMI is 19.5. He complains of a poor appetite and being overly weak and tired. He also complains of cracks at the corners of his mouth and a chronic sore throat which concerns him, given his cancer history. His usual diet is fairly consistent. He states that he rarely eats breakfast because he starts work at 6 a.m. He eats two deli meat sandwiches, "usually pastrami or salami," and a soda at 10 a.m., and may eat a candy bar in the afternoon when he gets off work. He often prepares frozen dinners or pizza at home in the evening and routinely drinks "about 4 or 5 beers" before going to bed. Occasionally he will cook a roast and mashed potatoes. He occasionally will have milk with cereal but rarely eats vegetables or fruit. He would like to know which vitamin supplement will give him energy.
Case Study 10A: Fatigue with a Vitamin-Poor Diet Samuel is a 63-year-old single man who works full time in a food processing plant. He has a history of esophageal cancer, which was treated successfully with anti-cancer drugs and surgery four years ago. His weight had been stable at 135 pounds until the past 6 months, in which he has experienced an involuntary weight loss of 10 pounds. He is 67 inches tall and his current BMI is 19.5. He complains of a poor appetite and being overly weak and tired. He also complains of cracks at the corners of his mouth and a chronic sore throat which concerns him, given his cancer history. His usual diet is fairly consistent. He states that he rarely eats breakfast because he starts work at 6 a.m. He eats two deli meat sandwiches, "usually pastrami or salami," and a soda at 10 a.m., and may eat a candy bar in the afternoon when he gets off work. He often prepares frozen dinners or pizza at home in the evening and routinely drinks "about 4 or 5 beers" before going to bed. Occasionally he will cook a roast and mashed potatoes. He occasionally will have milk with cereal but rarely eats vegetables or fruit. He would like to know which vitamin supplement will give him energy.
Case Study 11A: Low Serum Vitamin D Joan is a 90-year-old Caucasian woman who has recently been diagnosed with osteoporosis after a recent fall that broke her hip. She is 64 inches tall and weighs 115 pounds. Lately she has been complaining about muscle pain in her legs. She eats a limited diet due to a chronic low appetite. A recent blood test shows Joan's serum vitamin D level is below normal. Her daily diet includes juice or fruit and toast with butter for breakfast; cottage cheese and fruit for lunch; and salad or frozen vegetable with meat or poultry for dinner. She dislikes most fish except canned tuna and she often drinks a glass of fortified milk before going to bed at night. Although she lives in New Mexico, she spends most days indoors. Joan has been taking a blood-thinning medication since she was discharged from the hospital. She takes a daily multivitamin that contains 400 IU vitamin D and 15 mg vitamin E.
Case Study 11A: Low Serum Vitamin D Joan is a 90-year-old Caucasian woman who has recently been diagnosed with osteoporosis after a recent fall that broke her hip. She is 64 inches tall and weighs 115 pounds. Lately she has been complaining about muscle pain in her legs. She eats a limited diet due to a chronic low appetite. A recent blood test shows Joan's serum vitamin D level is below normal. Her daily diet includes juice or fruit and toast with butter for breakfast; cottage cheese and fruit for lunch; and salad or frozen vegetable with meat or poultry for dinner. She dislikes most fish except canned tuna and she often drinks a glass of fortified milk before going to bed at night. Although she lives in New Mexico, she spends most days indoors. Joan has been taking a blood-thinning medication since she was discharged from the hospital. She takes a daily multivitamin that contains 400 IU vitamin D and 15 mg vitamin E.
Case Study 1A: Reducing Disease Risk Maria Gonzales is a 57-year-old operating room nurse who works full-time at a local hospital. She is 65 inches tall and weighs 160 pounds. She has a family history of diabetes and heart disease, and was recently diagnosed with high blood cholesterol. Maria has declined the cholesterol-lowering medication that her doctor prescribed, explaining that she would like to explore other methods for lowering her cholesterol first. After reading an article on the Internet a few weeks ago, Maria has been taking a tablespoon of coconut oil every day in the hopes that it will lower her cholesterol. She admits that she has little time or energy to exercise. Her diet history reveals that she often skips breakfast or buys a bagel with cream cheese and flavored coffee on her way to work. While at work, she drinks at least one more cup of coffee with cream and sugar before noon. Lunch is a salad with crackers and iced tea with sugar in the hospital cafeteria. When Maria arrive homes, she occasionally drinks one or two glasses of wine in the evening, especially after a stressful day. She lives alone and relies on frozen dinners or other convenience foods for dinner. An analysis of her diet reveals an average daily intake of 200 grams carbohydrate, 50 grams protein, and 80 grams of fat.
Case Study 1A: Reducing Disease Risk Maria Gonzales is a 57-year-old operating room nurse who works full-time at a local hospital. She is 65 inches tall and weighs 160 pounds. She has a family history of diabetes and heart disease, and was recently diagnosed with high blood cholesterol. Maria has declined the cholesterol-lowering medication that her doctor prescribed, explaining that she would like to explore other methods for lowering her cholesterol first. After reading an article on the Internet a few weeks ago, Maria has been taking a tablespoon of coconut oil every day in the hopes that it will lower her cholesterol. She admits that she has little time or energy to exercise. Her diet history reveals that she often skips breakfast or buys a bagel with cream cheese and flavored coffee on her way to work. While at work, she drinks at least one more cup of coffee with cream and sugar before noon. Lunch is a salad with crackers and iced tea with sugar in the hospital cafeteria. When Maria arrive homes, she occasionally drinks one or two glasses of wine in the evening, especially after a stressful day. She lives alone and relies on frozen dinners or other convenience foods for dinner. An analysis of her diet reveals an average daily intake of 200 grams carbohydrate, 50 grams protein, and 80 grams of fat.
Case Study 2A: DASH on the Menu at a Quick-Serve Restaurant Charles C. is a 65-year-old executive who is very overweight and has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. He has just completed a class on the principles of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and has set a goal to lower his intake of fat and sodium and to increase his intake of calcium and potassium-rich foods. Mr. C. has met a friend for lunch at his favorite restaurant that features pizza, salads, soups, and sandwiches.
Case Study 2A: DASH on the Menu at a Quick-Serve Restaurant Charles C. is a 65-year-old executive who is very overweight and has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. He has just completed a class on the principles of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and has set a goal to lower his intake of fat and sodium and to increase his intake of calcium and potassium-rich foods. Mr. C. has met a friend for lunch at his favorite restaurant that features pizza, salads, soups, and sandwiches.
Case Study 2B: Planning a Healthy Diet In her book, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, author Barbara Ehrenreich wanted to understand how a single mother might manage to live on low wages after the welfare reform bill was passed in 1996. Ehrenreich found a minimum-wage job and a place to live, and attempted to eat and survive for one month in three different cities in the United States. At one point she was desperate enough to go to a food pantry and received an emergency food package. The following are contents similar to those of the package she received: 21 cups of Corn Chex cereal 24 cups of Grape-Nuts cereal 2 cups of catsup ¼ cup butterscotch morsels 1 cup gumdrops 2 single-serving bags of jellybeans 2 sweet dark chocolate candy bars 1 dozen sugar cookies 6 hamburger buns Six 8-ounce cans of fruit punch (with 10% real juice) 1 loaf (16 slices/25 g each) of enriched Vienna bread 1 box (8 small) fruit roll-ups 1 loaf (18 slices) of enriched raisin bread 8 ounces of peanut butter 8 ounces of canned ham 1 package (6 servings/4 bars = 1 serving) of fig bars 2 Ritz cracker packages (4 servings/12 crackers per package) One 12-ounce can chicken and vegetable soup 2 ounces of a Kool-Aid-like drink mix (makes 8 cups)
Case Study 2B: Planning a Healthy Diet In her book, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, author Barbara Ehrenreich wanted to understand how a single mother might manage to live on low wages after the welfare reform bill was passed in 1996. Ehrenreich found a minimum-wage job and a place to live, and attempted to eat and survive for one month in three different cities in the United States. At one point she was desperate enough to go to a food pantry and received an emergency food package. The following are contents similar to those of the package she received: 21 cups of Corn Chex cereal 24 cups of Grape-Nuts cereal 2 cups of catsup ¼ cup butterscotch morsels 1 cup gumdrops 2 single-serving bags of jellybeans 2 sweet dark chocolate candy bars 1 dozen sugar cookies 6 hamburger buns Six 8-ounce cans of fruit punch (with 10% real juice) 1 loaf (16 slices/25 g each) of enriched Vienna bread 1 box (8 small) fruit roll-ups 1 loaf (18 slices) of enriched raisin bread 8 ounces of peanut butter 8 ounces of canned ham 1 package (6 servings/4 bars = 1 serving) of fig bars 2 Ritz cracker packages (4 servings/12 crackers per package) One 12-ounce can chicken and vegetable soup 2 ounces of a Kool-Aid-like drink mix (makes 8 cups)
Mrs. Treat's brother is not at the reunion because he is in the hospital with symptoms including a condition in which the intestinal walls develop bulges in weakened areas. What is his most likely diagnosis?
Diverticulosis
Case Study 3A: Managing GI Discomfort Andria Treat is a 68-year-old woman in reasonably good health. She is 64 inches tall and weighs 180 pounds. She takes a daily multi-vitamin supplement and over-the-counter antacids for heartburn. Her usual diet includes lean meat, chicken, fish, and fresh vegetables and seasonal fruit from her garden. She now reports having severe heartburn after a family reunion picnic over the Labor Day weekend, and over the past two days has experienced diarrhea and painful stomach cramps.
Case Study 3A: Managing GI Discomfort Andria Treat is a 68-year-old woman in reasonably good health. She is 64 inches tall and weighs 180 pounds. She takes a daily multi-vitamin supplement and over-the-counter antacids for heartburn. Her usual diet includes lean meat, chicken, fish, and fresh vegetables and seasonal fruit from her garden. She now reports having severe heartburn after a family reunion picnic over the Labor Day weekend, and over the past two days has experienced diarrhea and painful stomach cramps.
Case Study 4A: Sweeteners and kCalorie Control Frank P. is a 48-year-old landscape architect who is concerned about his recent weight gain. He is 69 inches tall and weighs 202 pounds. His usual weight is 190 pounds. Mr. P reports that—due to his busy schedule—he often skips breakfast or stops for a donut and coffee with sugar on his way to work in the morning. He frequently eats out with clients for lunch and eats dinner at home with his wife most evenings. His favorite nighttime snack is ice cream, but he has found that, as he has aged, the treat results in bloating, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. He reports sometimes feeling tired and hungry during his work day, which he says is relieved by eating a candy bar or drinking a canned cola beverage. He reports no dietary restrictions, although he states he avoids products which contain high-fructose corn syrup and prefers to use products sweetened with sugar.
Case Study 4A: Sweeteners and kCalorie Control Frank P. is a 48-year-old landscape architect who is concerned about his recent weight gain. He is 69 inches tall and weighs 202 pounds. His usual weight is 190 pounds. Mr. P reports that—due to his busy schedule—he often skips breakfast or stops for a donut and coffee with sugar on his way to work in the morning. He frequently eats out with clients for lunch and eats dinner at home with his wife most evenings. His favorite nighttime snack is ice cream, but he has found that, as he has aged, the treat results in bloating, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. He reports sometimes feeling tired and hungry during his work day, which he says is relieved by eating a candy bar or drinking a canned cola beverage. He reports no dietary restrictions, although he states he avoids products which contain high-fructose corn syrup and prefers to use products sweetened with sugar.
Case Study 4B: Simple Sugar and Complex Carbohydrate Clara is an African American college student. She is 64 inches and weighs 170 lbs. Clara's entire family is overweight and her father was diagnosed with diabetes last month. Her uncle has been suffering from diabetes since he was eight years old. Clara fears that if she does not change her diet she may develop diabetes as well. On an average day, Clara eats two jelly doughnuts for breakfast, has chicken nuggets with sweet and sour sauce and a large soda for lunch, and goes to the drive-through to grab a super-sized burger, fries, and a large cola. She usually snacks on jellybeans during the day and is always sipping on a cola. Clara is concerned about her diet and decides to ask her friend Mary, a nutrition major, for advice. Mary gives Clara some suggestions. First she tells Clara that, while her diet is very high fat, it is also very high in carbohydrate. "I should try that diet advertised on TV. If I cut all carbohydrate I can lose 50 pounds this month!" Clara announces. Mary rolls her eyes. Mary explains that complex carbohydrates are good, but too much simple sugar is not. Mary tells Clara that she should snack on fresh fruits instead of jellybeans, and eat more starch and fiber. Plain baked potatoes (instead of fries) and whole-grain cereals (instead of high-fat doughnuts) would be a lot healthier. Small changes like these could improve her diet dramatically. "Try not drinking so much soda," Mary suggests. "Bottled water or a glass of milk would be much more beneficial." "I can't drink milk!" Clara says. "Last time I had a glass of milk my stomach hurt for hours. I think I'm lactose intolerant since it runs in my family." Clara and Mary discuss lactose intolerance and Clara thanks Mary for the advice and goes home to plan her new healthy diet.
Case Study 4B: Simple Sugar and Complex Carbohydrate Clara is an African American college student. She is 64 inches and weighs 170 lbs. Clara's entire family is overweight and her father was diagnosed with diabetes last month. Her uncle has been suffering from diabetes since he was eight years old. Clara fears that if she does not change her diet she may develop diabetes as well. On an average day, Clara eats two jelly doughnuts for breakfast, has chicken nuggets with sweet and sour sauce and a large soda for lunch, and goes to the drive-through to grab a super-sized burger, fries, and a large cola. She usually snacks on jellybeans during the day and is always sipping on a cola. Clara is concerned about her diet and decides to ask her friend Mary, a nutrition major, for advice. Mary gives Clara some suggestions. First she tells Clara that, while her diet is very high fat, it is also very high in carbohydrate. "I should try that diet advertised on TV. If I cut all carbohydrate I can lose 50 pounds this month!" Clara announces. Mary rolls her eyes. Mary explains that complex carbohydrates are good, but too much simple sugar is not. Mary tells Clara that she should snack on fresh fruits instead of jellybeans, and eat more starch and fiber. Plain baked potatoes (instead of fries) and whole-grain cereals (instead of high-fat doughnuts) would be a lot healthier. Small changes like these could improve her diet dramatically. "Try not drinking so much soda," Mary suggests. "Bottled water or a glass of milk would be much more beneficial." "I can't drink milk!" Clara says. "Last time I had a glass of milk my stomach hurt for hours. I think I'm lactose intolerant since it runs in my family." Clara and Mary discuss lactose intolerance and Clara thanks Mary for the advice and goes home to plan her new healthy diet.
Case Study 5A: Heart-Healthy Sandwich Choices Tom H. is a 35-year-old single man who works in a warehouse and takes his lunch to work every day. He is 69 inches tall and weighs 190 pounds. A recent blood test revealed that Tom's total and LDL cholesterol levels are abnormally high. He has been instructed to reduce his intake of saturated fat and to eat more unsaturated fats. He is now at the grocery store looking for sandwich foods to pack in his lunches this week. He notes the following information on the Nutrition Facts labels: Canned salmon without bones or skin: 2 oz, Calories 60, total fat 0.5 grams, saturated fat 0 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 20 milligrams, protein 13 grams. Cheddar cheese: 1 oz, Calories 110, total fat 9 grams, saturated fat 5 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 30 milligrams, protein 7 grams. Lite Havarti cheese: 1 oz, Calories 80, total fat 4 grams, saturated fat 3 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 15 milligrams, protein 8 grams. Pepperoni: 10 slices, Calories 130, total fat 11 grams, saturated fat 4.5 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 30 milligrams, protein 7 gram. Peanut butter: 2 T, Calories 200, total fat 15 grams, saturated fat 3 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 0 milligrams, protein 9 grams. Egg: 1 whole, Calories 80, total fat 5 grams, saturated fat 1.5 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 200 milligrams, protein 7 grams. Sliced deli roast beef: 2 oz, Calories 80, total fat 2 grams, saturated fat 0.5 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 25 milligrams, protein 13 grams.
Case Study 5A: Heart-Healthy Sandwich Choices Tom H. is a 35-year-old single man who works in a warehouse and takes his lunch to work every day. He is 69 inches tall and weighs 190 pounds. A recent blood test revealed that Tom's total and LDL cholesterol levels are abnormally high. He has been instructed to reduce his intake of saturated fat and to eat more unsaturated fats. He is now at the grocery store looking for sandwich foods to pack in his lunches this week. He notes the following information on the Nutrition Facts labels: Canned salmon without bones or skin: 2 oz, Calories 60, total fat 0.5 grams, saturated fat 0 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 20 milligrams, protein 13 grams. Cheddar cheese: 1 oz, Calories 110, total fat 9 grams, saturated fat 5 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 30 milligrams, protein 7 grams. Lite Havarti cheese: 1 oz, Calories 80, total fat 4 grams, saturated fat 3 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 15 milligrams, protein 8 grams. Pepperoni: 10 slices, Calories 130, total fat 11 grams, saturated fat 4.5 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 30 milligrams, protein 7 gram. Peanut butter: 2 T, Calories 200, total fat 15 grams, saturated fat 3 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 0 milligrams, protein 9 grams. Egg: 1 whole, Calories 80, total fat 5 grams, saturated fat 1.5 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 200 milligrams, protein 7 grams. Sliced deli roast beef: 2 oz, Calories 80, total fat 2 grams, saturated fat 0.5 grams, trans fat 0 grams, cholesterol 25 milligrams, protein 13 grams.
Which of Maria's food habits is most influenced by her emotions?
Drinking wine in the evening
Even though eggs are a significant source of cholesterol, what other information on the nutrition label should Tom consider if he decides to buy eggs?
Eggs are a good source of protein.
Sally considers taking herbal supplements to help her lose weight, reasoning that because they are natural, they must be safe. What herbal stimulant sometimes taken for weight loss has been implicated in heart attacks and seizures and has been banned by the FDA?
Ephedrine
Case Study 5B: Not Too Much and Not Too Little: Understanding Fats in Foods Jenny and Travis are four months into their freshman year of college. The two have been friends since grade school, and find a great deal of comfort in being able to get together for dinner. Travis loves food, but rarely tries new things. At first, the unfamiliarity of the school dining hall was scary, but once he discovered that he could get a steak and cheese sub seven days a week he was content. For Jenny the adjustment was much more difficult. Jenny has been a semi-vegetarian for many years, and the vegetarian entrees cooked at the dorm are not particularly inspired. Although she eats fish, the cafeteria rarely serves fish that isn't breaded and deep-fried. Typically Jenny sticks to salads with low-fat dressing, low-fat yogurt, or a bowl of cereal with low-fat milk for dinner. "I'm starving!" she told Travis one night at dinner. "There is never anything I want to eat in the dorm and I'm losing a lot of weight. This winter the colder temperatures are bothering me more than usual and I have been so tired. I can't wait for this weekend. I'm going home to have a home-cooked meal." Jenny couldn't help but smile as Travis's eyes lit up at the mention of a home-cooked dinner. "You want to come?" she asked, knowing the answer would be a resounding, "Yes." When they arrived the house was filled with the wonderful aromas of home cooking. There were hot rolls, salad with olive oil and vinegar, grilled salmon, and fresh chocolate chip cookies for dessert. They sat down to dinner, and after just one bite Travis decided this was the best meal he had ever had. He didn't hesitate to ask for a second helping of everything. Jenny ate a big meal as well. As she spread some margarine on her roll, she couldn't help but smile at seeing her best friend enjoying his dinner. Then came dessert. Jenny's parents served chocolate chip cookies with some low-fat frozen yogurt, both of which were delicious. "Now, I made the cookies with real butter," Jenny's father reminded his wife, who had been cautiously watching her cholesterol. She was stuffed after a big meal anyway, so she skipped the cookies. Still, she enjoyed watching the kids devour their desserts. "I can't thank you enough," Travis remarked as they were leaving to go back to school. "Any time you want to come over for dinner, Travis, you are always welcome," Jenny's mother replied, and Travis fully intended to take her up on the offer.
Case Study 5B: Not Too Much and Not Too Little: Understanding Fats in Foods Jenny and Travis are four months into their freshman year of college. The two have been friends since grade school, and find a great deal of comfort in being able to get together for dinner. Travis loves food, but rarely tries new things. At first, the unfamiliarity of the school dining hall was scary, but once he discovered that he could get a steak and cheese sub seven days a week he was content. For Jenny the adjustment was much more difficult. Jenny has been a semi-vegetarian for many years, and the vegetarian entrees cooked at the dorm are not particularly inspired. Although she eats fish, the cafeteria rarely serves fish that isn't breaded and deep-fried. Typically Jenny sticks to salads with low-fat dressing, low-fat yogurt, or a bowl of cereal with low-fat milk for dinner. "I'm starving!" she told Travis one night at dinner. "There is never anything I want to eat in the dorm and I'm losing a lot of weight. This winter the colder temperatures are bothering me more than usual and I have been so tired. I can't wait for this weekend. I'm going home to have a home-cooked meal." Jenny couldn't help but smile as Travis's eyes lit up at the mention of a home-cooked dinner. "You want to come?" she asked, knowing the answer would be a resounding, "Yes." When they arrived the house was filled with the wonderful aromas of home cooking. There were hot rolls, salad with olive oil and vinegar, grilled salmon, and fresh chocolate chip cookies for dessert. They sat down to dinner, and after just one bite Travis decided this was the best meal he had ever had. He didn't hesitate to ask for a second helping of everything. Jenny ate a big meal as well. As she spread some margarine on her roll, she couldn't help but smile at seeing her best friend enjoying his dinner. Then came dessert. Jenny's parents served chocolate chip cookies with some low-fat frozen yogurt, both of which were delicious. "Now, I made the cookies with real butter," Jenny's father reminded his wife, who had been cautiously watching her cholesterol. She was stuffed after a big meal anyway, so she skipped the cookies. Still, she enjoyed watching the kids devour their desserts. "I can't thank you enough," Travis remarked as they were leaving to go back to school. "Any time you want to come over for dinner, Travis, you are always welcome," Jenny's mother replied, and Travis fully intended to take her up on the offer.
Case Study 6A: Protein Adequacy Erin is a 28-year-old professional woman who is 5 feet 8 inches tall and vigilantly maintains her weight at 118 pounds by following a lacto-ovo (non-fat milk and egg whites only) vegetarian diet that supplies approximately 1200 calories a day. With her understanding that protein should provide between 10 and 35 percent of her daily calories, she reasons that her daily intake of 40 grams of protein from milk, eggs, legumes, and nuts is adequate for her needs. She is concerned, however, that she has been sick more than usual and has experienced two stress fractures in her leg over the past three years while exercising.
Case Study 6A: Protein Adequacy Erin is a 28-year-old professional woman who is 5 feet 8 inches tall and vigilantly maintains her weight at 118 pounds by following a lacto-ovo (non-fat milk and egg whites only) vegetarian diet that supplies approximately 1200 calories a day. With her understanding that protein should provide between 10 and 35 percent of her daily calories, she reasons that her daily intake of 40 grams of protein from milk, eggs, legumes, and nuts is adequate for her needs. She is concerned, however, that she has been sick more than usual and has experienced two stress fractures in her leg over the past three years while exercising.
Case Study 7A: Excessive Alcohol Use Steve Q. is a 52-year-old male with a family history of alcoholism. He is 73 inches tall and weighs 238 pounds, with much of his excess weight around his middle. He considers himself a social drinker, although he has had two arrests for driving under the influence of alcohol. He has recently been diagnosed with diabetes and takes an oral medication to control his blood glucose. He also has high cholesterol and recently started taking a lipid-lowering medication. Recent tests have revealed Steve has fatty liver, which concerns him. He also reports having occasional low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) and feeling shaky and dizzy.
Case Study 7A: Excessive Alcohol Use Steve Q. is a 52-year-old male with a family history of alcoholism. He is 73 inches tall and weighs 238 pounds, with much of his excess weight around his middle. He considers himself a social drinker, although he has had two arrests for driving under the influence of alcohol. He has recently been diagnosed with diabetes and takes an oral medication to control his blood glucose. He also has high cholesterol and recently started taking a lipid-lowering medication. Recent tests have revealed Steve has fatty liver, which concerns him. He also reports having occasional low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) and feeling shaky and dizzy.
Case Study 8A: Improving Body Composition Rick is a healthy 17-year-old high school student who is 70 inches tall and weighs 205 pounds. He has decided to "get a six-pack" over the summer with a diet and exercise program. As part of his new plan, he has stopped drinking soda and is eating more salads in addition to his usual diet. Besides of these changes, he is unclear on how to proceed to reach his fitness goal. Rick's mother wants to make sure his approach will not interfere with his normal growth and development, and has asked him to seek reliable information to help him make a reasonable plan.
Case Study 8A: Improving Body Composition Rick is a healthy 17-year-old high school student who is 70 inches tall and weighs 205 pounds. He has decided to "get a six-pack" over the summer with a diet and exercise program. As part of his new plan, he has stopped drinking soda and is eating more salads in addition to his usual diet. Besides of these changes, he is unclear on how to proceed to reach his fitness goal. Rick's mother wants to make sure his approach will not interfere with his normal growth and development, and has asked him to seek reliable information to help him make a reasonable plan.
Case Study 9A: Lifestyle Changes for Weight Loss Sally is a 43-year-old mother of two who has gained 50 pounds over the past five years. She is 64 inches tall and weighs 180 pounds with a BMI of 30.8. Her waist circumference is 37 inches. She acknowledges that she is not as physically active as she would like to be. She also notes how recent stresses in her life have affected her sleep and seem to have triggered her appetite for sweets. Sally's father recently died from complications of type 2 diabetes and her mother and sisters are overweight. Sally says she is very motivated to "not get diabetes" and is disturbed that her recent physical exam revealed mildly elevated blood pressure, glucose, and cholesterol levels.
Case Study 9A: Lifestyle Changes for Weight Loss Sally is a 43-year-old mother of two who has gained 50 pounds over the past five years. She is 64 inches tall and weighs 180 pounds with a BMI of 30.8. Her waist circumference is 37 inches. She acknowledges that she is not as physically active as she would like to be. She also notes how recent stresses in her life have affected her sleep and seem to have triggered her appetite for sweets. Sally's father recently died from complications of type 2 diabetes and her mother and sisters are overweight. Sally says she is very motivated to "not get diabetes" and is disturbed that her recent physical exam revealed mildly elevated blood pressure, glucose, and cholesterol levels.
Which of Maria's habits involves the use of functional food?
Consuming coconut oil
Why did Mary roll her eyes when asked about the very low carbohydrate diet?
Epidemiological studies find an inverse relationship between carbohydrate intake and body weight.
The hemoglobin precursor that accumulates in iron-deficiency is ________.
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin
What did the Seven Countries Study find about the relationship between death rates from heart disease and diet?
Heart disease mortality is weakly associated with total fat intake.
What hormone, produced by the liver, is central to the regulation of iron balance?
Hepcidin
Mr. P. understands that not all sweeteners are alike and that some offer more nutrients than others. Which of the following is an accurate characterization of sugar nutrition?
Honey is denser than crystalline sugar, so it provides more energy per spoonful.
Sally wonders how much of a role genetics plays in determining her weight. She has heard about a gene, called ob, that codes for a protein that maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in response to adipose tissue. What is the name of the protein?
Leptin
Tyler decides to try antacids. Is this a good idea?
Maybe, but they should not be taken for a prolonged period of time since they could mask more serious symptoms.
Mrs. Treat's niece, who has always enjoyed excellent health and has never had any serious digestive illnesses, announces to the family that she has gone gluten-free and has never felt better. She urges Mrs. Treat to also go gluten-free. Should Mrs. Treat do so?
Only if she wants to, since there is no evidence that going gluten-free is beneficial to the general population.
Jenny's mother is worried that her daughter is getting too thin and that is why she is always so cold. She suggests nuts, citing their health benefits. Which of the following is true of tree nuts commonly eaten in the U.S.?
They are a valuable source of phytochemicals.
Based on Samuel's alcohol consumption, which B vitamin, severe deficiencies of which are called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, is he lacking?
Thiamin
Mary talks to Clara about type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Which of the following statements about diabetes is accurate?
Type 2 diabetes may be associated with both insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.
Samuel also reports small red spots on his skin, indications of spontaneous internal bleeding. This may indicate a ________ deficiency.
Vitamin C
For which nutrient may dietary intake and absorption be poor, while needs increase, resulting in depressed appetite and sense of taste?
Zinc
What is 7-dehydrocholesterol?
a vitamin D precursor manufactured in the liver
Compare the composition of Maria's diet with the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). How would you characterize her intake?
adequate carbohydrate, adequate protein, and high fat
Mr. C.'s friend points out to him that the restaurant has nutritional information for each selection on the menu, so he asks the wait staff to bring the special menu with the additional details. If the nutrition information on the menu uses the same principles as the nutrition information on food labels, Mr. C. can be certain that
all ingredients will be listed in descending order of predominance by weight.
While waiting in line to pick up her lunch, Aviva reads a tabloid article describing how a famous star lost weight quickly by avoiding high fat foods between sunset and sunrise, but eating whatever she wanted during daylight hours. What concept does scenario best illustrate?
anecdote
Maria explains that she learned about the effects of coconut oil on the Internet, while reading an online article about a well-known movie star who claims it helped him lower his bad cholesterol. What are these types of testimonials called?
anecdotes