Nutrition Ch 6

A protein that contains all nine essential amino acids is a(n) ______ protein.

complete, high-quality

What must be present for the formation of amino acids from carbohydrates and fat?

nitrogen

complete proteins

contain all nine essential amino acids in the proper proportions

The quality of a protein is provided by its

digestibility abundance of essential amino acids.

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body?

non essential

glutamine

non essential amino acid that is most abundant in the plasma and is synthesized in muscle tissue where it is found in high concentrations- delivers amino groups to the liver and kidneys for excretion and removes excess amino groups from the muscle, also can be used as fuel for the immune system

those amino acids that may be formed in the body are called___________________

nonessential or dispensable amino acids

the quality source of a protein is an____________________________

expression of its ability to provide the nitrogen and amino acid requirements for growth, maintenance and repair. The key factors = digestibility and the ability to provide the indispensable amino acids

Currently ____ studies support an effect of arginine, lysine or ornithine on increasing muscle mass and strength to a greater extent than strength training alone.

few

glutamine is a popular dietary supplement consumed for purported ergogenic benefits such as, ___________________________________

increased strength, quicker recovery, decreased frequency of respiratory infections, and prevention for overtraining

In general, protein synthesis ____ during the recovery period following exercise.

increases

Lipids play a major role in

insulation and temperature maintenance.

The two organs most involved with protein metabolism and thus most theoretically vulnerable to stress by high-protein diets are the ______ and ______.

kidneys and the liver

When the body is at rest, protein accounts for ____ of the total daily energy expenditure.

less than 5%

Gabriel is an adult and weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended dietary allowance for protein.

70 x 0.8 = 56 grams

Metabolic roles of protein include ______.

maintenance of water balance being used as an energy source maintenance of acid-base balance

Creatine combines with phosphate to form _____ muscle.

phosphocreatine

Plants foods provide excellent sources of

phytochemicals carbohydrates dietary fiber

Proteins ______ be formed from carbohydrates and fats

can

At this time there is limited date to support a ergogenic effect of

colostrum-first milk produced by a cow (can be used as a dietary supplement)

incomplete proteins

proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids; characteristic of many plant food sources

amino acids

the chief structural material of protein, consisting of an amino group (NH2) and an acid group (COOH) plus other components

the most important metabolic fate of the amino acids is ____________________

the formation of specific proteins, including the structural proteins such as muscle tissue and the functional proteins such as enzymes

Reasons why the extreme consumption of amino acid supplements may pose a health risk include that it may lead to

the interference of absorption of some essential amino acids. vitamin and mineral deficiencies. the precipitation of tissue damage.

What is the RDA for protein for a healthy adult?

0.8 grams protein/kg body weight

For normal activity level, individuals should consume 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. For increased activity level intended to increase lean muscle mass, individuals should consume up to

1.7 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight.

1 kg= _________________lbs

2.2

The __ has concluded that protein requirements are higher in very active individuals. (Select all that apply.)

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics American College of Sports Medicine Dietitians of Canada

The effects of training in producing a positive nitrogen balance depends on an adequate dietary supply of

Calories protein

_______ forms part of the ATP-PCr energy system that is important for rapid energy production.

Creatine Phosphate

Which of the following are true about complete protein sources? Select all that apply.

Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein, Supplies all nine essential amino acids

The extreme consumption of individual amino acid supplements may pose______________________

a health risk

There is ____ evidence that supports an ergogenic effect of glutamine supplementation.

a lack of

protein kcal malnutrition is one of the major nutritional problems in the world today, particularly for young children. Infections develop because the immune system depends on_________________

adequate protein and is weakened

the effect of training in producing a positive nitrogen balance or a positive protein balance and possibly the effect of preventing the over-training syndrome, depends on_______________________

an adequate dietary supply of protein and kcal

limiting amino acid

an amino acid deficient in a specific plant food, making it an incomplete protein; methionine is a limiting amino acid in legumes whereas lysine is deficient in grain products

Trytophan

an amino acid that aids the body in producing chemicals that cause sleep, it also may increase the release of HGH

Exercise has been shown to ______ protein losses via oxidation, urinary, sweat and gastrointestinal loss.

decrease

Branched chain amino acids ____ appear to exert an ergogenic effect.

do not

negative protein balance can occur

during acute illness which decreases the desire to eat, or when less protein than needed is consumed

positive protein balance occurs

during growth, recovery from illness or injury, resistance training

Foods in the meat and dairy groups have substantial amounts of ______ protein.

high quality

The central fatigue hypothesis suggests that _____ levels of serum free-tryptophan and ____ levels of branched chain amino acids play a major role in the etiology of fatigue during prolonged endurance exercise.

high; low

in their joint position stand the American College of Sports Medicine, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and Dieticians of Canada concluded that protein requirements are _________________________

higher in very active individuals and suggested that endurance and resistance athletes need 1.2-2.0 grams/kg body weight

Diets with moderate amounts of protein _____ adversely affect the liver or kidneys.

moderate

Exercise training produces a _______ nitrogen balance.

positive

A general dietary recommendation for athletes is to consume 15% or more of your daily energy as

protein

Which energy yielding nutrient is regarded as a minor source of fuel during rest?

protein

Which nutrient is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and 16% nitrogen?

protein

All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except

sodium

hGH (human growth hormone)

stimulates secretion of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism

some evidence from human and animal research indicates individual amino acids may interfere with the absorption of other amino acids;__________________________________________

suppress appetite and food intake, precipitate tissue damage, contribute to kidney failure, lead to osteoporosis, cause gastrointestinal distress such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or create unfavorable psychological changes

Exercise has been shown to increase protein losses from the body via

sweat loss protein oxidation urinary loss

A limiting amino acid is the essential amino acid that is in lowest supply compared to its need in the diet. Its absence limits the

synthesis of a protein

equal protein balance (for healthy people) occurs

when the amount of protein needed to maintain protein equilibrium is 0.8g/ kg of healthy body weight, protein equilibrium is where protein intake equals losses

Approximately ______ grams of the total protein requirement for a healthy adult should consist of essential amino acids.

14-15

For the average adult, about ______% of the total protein requirement should consist of the essential amino acids

25

There are 11 nonessential amino acids, but only______________are essential amino acids

9

There are 20 amino acids, but only________ are essential

9

to calculate your protein requirement (recommended dietary allowance for protein), determine your body weight in kg or pounds and then multiply by the_________________

appropriate figure for your age group in the grams of protein needed per kilogram or per pound by body weight during the life cycle (table 6.3 in the text)

Protein supplements _______ necessary.

are not

Current literature does not support the use of amino acids such as _______ as ergogenic aids.

arginine- essential amino acid that has several functions in human metabolism lysine ornithine

Protein deficiency is a major worldwide nutritional problem and usually accompanies

calorie deficiency.

Some major roles for protein in the body are ______

enzyme function hormone function transport function

animal foods provide excellent sources of ______________________________

essential minerals, such as iron, zinc and calcium, while plant foods provide carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and various phytochemicals

There are nine ______ amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed as part of our diet.

essential or indispensable amino acids

An essential amino acid cannot be synthesized by the body. It must come from_______________________

food

In general protein synthesis predominates

in the recovery phase following exercise.

In Protein-Calorie malnutrition

infections often develop. death is common. physical and mental growth may be permanently retarded.

Foods in the _______ group contain substantial amounts of high-quality protein.

meat and dairy

A major fate of amino acids is to build proteins such as

muscle tissue enzymes

Which of the following are among the top 5 most popular sports supplements? (Select all that apply.)

protein amino acids creatine

the liver is the major organ involved in________________________

protein metabolism

Positive protein balance can be achieved by consuming

protein supplements high-protein foods

exercise may cause an elevated level of protein in the urine, a condition known as__________________

proteinuria, this condition has been observed following competition in a wide variety of sports, including running, football, basketball and handball

A high ratio of serum free-tryptophan to branched chain amino acids (TRP:BCAA) may lead to an increased production of

serotonin

Branched-chain, This is a type of essential amino acid (that cannot be synthesized by the body)___________________________

that has a branching carbon backbone.

Branched chain amino acids such as ___ do not appear to exert an ergogenic effect

valine isoleucine leucine