Nutrition ch 6

process of enterohepatice circulation

1. bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2. bile salt travels through the blood to the liver 3. the liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile

normal artery to atherosclerotic artery (4 steps)

1.artery has smooth lining 2.cells within the wall deposit cholesterol to repair damage 3.plaque roughens the surfaces of the artery and slows flow, making clots more likely to form 4. clots and plaque block up artery completely

how many carbons do long chain fatty acids contain

14-24

how many days a week should you engage in moderate physical activity to balance energy intake with energy expenditure

5

_____________ acids can be saturated or unsasturated

fatty

risk factors for CVD

genetics diabetes tobacco use

HDL cholesterol is considered _______________ cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation

good

trans fatty acide

allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

cis fats and trans fats have similar structure. why?

altered chemical structure that results from hydrgenation

hdl cholesterol >/= 60

high

saturated fatty acids

consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

all lipids are ___________ in water

insoluble

which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids

linoleic acid alpha-linolenic acid

triglyceride

lipid with 3 fatty acids attatched to a three carbon compound called glycerol

atherosclerosis

long term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls inhibit blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, heart, and brain

arteriosclerosis

long term disease process in which there is a loss of arterial flexibility

which gender is more prone to heart attacks

men

which ethnic groups have higher rate of gallbladder disease in US

mexican american american indian

trans fat

produced during hydrogenation process

long chain fatty acid

reformed into triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system for absorption

another name for hypertension why?

silent disease people with the condition frequently feel healthy and do not have obvious symptoms that indicate trouble

primary site of lipid digestion and absorption

small intestine

cholesterol <200

desirable

eating foods that are rich sources of ___________ can reduce LDL cholesterol levels

dietary fiber

short and medium fatty acids

diffuse into the absroptive cells of villi, where they enter the capillary network (bloodstream)

pancreatic lipase

digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride

foods that contain cholesterol

eggs chicken ice cream

which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels

statins

ways of cooking to limit fats but max flavor

stir-frying pot roasting steaming

the most common form of cardiovascular disease

stroke coronary artery disease

hypertension is serious and chronic condition that increases risk of

sudden death heart disease atherosclerosis

structure of triglyceride

three attached fatty acids glycerol backbone

trigylceride

three fatty acids to glycerol

clots that remain in place and disrupts blood flow is called

thrombus

major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body

to provide energy aid in transport of fat soluble vitamins insulate and protect the body

which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids

trans

types of lipids

triglyceride cholesterol

modifiable risk factors for CVD

type 2 diabetes tobacco use hypertension excess body fat

3 steps of lipid digestion

-fatty chyme stimulates the release of cck -cck signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum -pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules

embolus

a blood clot or plaque that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloddstream

Cholecystokinin

a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

triglycerides of 150-199

borderline high

why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar

both contain a straight molecular structure

what does lipase do

breakdown fat

cis fatty acid

causes the carbon chain to bend

what is found only in foods that contain animal products

cholesterol

to reduce risk of CVD saturated fats shoul contribute

no more than 10% of total kilocalories

ldl cholesterol <100

optimal