Nutrition-Ch1,2,3

Phytocemicals

Another group of compounds in foods from plant sources, especially within the fruit and vegetable groups / Although these plant components are not considered essential nutrients in the diet, many of these substances provide significant health benefits/ research suggests that their health benefits are best obtained through the consumption of whole foods. Foods with high phytochemical content are sometimes called "superfoods" because of the health benefits they are thought to confer. EXS: meat, dairy

Linda has had several family members die from heart disease-related complications. She realizes she is at high risk for cardiovascular disease, and some of this risk is attributable to her genetic makeup. All of the following are genetic variations that may increase heart disease risk EXCEPT

a. eating a diet in saturated and trans fat b. having abnormally high levels of homocysteine c. having elevated blood cholesterol d. all of these are generic variations that may increase the risk of heart dissease.

Linda has a history of ulcers and lately has been experiencing heartburn and occasional ulcerative flare-ups. She may benefit from all of the following diet/lifestyle changes EXCEPT

a. limiting consumption of coffee, tea, and alcohol (especially wine) b. increasing consumption of milk and cream to coat stomach c. limiting consumption of pepper, chili powder, and other strong spices d. chewing foods well and losing weight if she is currently overweight.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 provide nutrition advice based on the latest and strongest scientific information to improve the health of all Americans age 2 and older. Choose the value that appropriately completes the recommendation statement for foods and food components to increase or reduce in your diet

a.) Consume less than 300 400 10 1500 mg cholesterol per day. b.) People aged 51 and older, African Americans, and those with high blood pressure, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease should eat 1500 300 10 400 mg sodium or less per day. c.) Eat less than 10 400 1500 300 percent of calories from saturated fatty acids. d.) Pregnant women need 1500 400 300 10 micrograms per day of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods and/or supplements.

one liter is

about 1 quart which is equal to 4 cups

"today you weigh 175 lbs; you met your goal of losing 4 lbs in the last month."

antrhopometric measurement

"your skin appears very dry and stays pinched when i touch it. how much water are you drinking?"

clinical assesment

The children who are in the group that receives a regular, normal-caffeine level diet make up the ____________ group.

control

"your food record says you drink soda every day. on average, how many cups, cans, or bottles of soda per day do you drink."

dietary assesment

goals of healthy people 2020

eliminate health disparities, increase quality and years of healthy life

my plate

fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, dairy

a _____ provides the instruction for protein synthesis

gene segments of dna known as genes provide the code for the assembly of proteins from amino acids

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

graduate students recruit ppl w high blood pressure for a study that randomizes them to a normal american, high salt diet group or a high potassium, high fruit, and vegetable group 2 determine dietary effect on blood pressure.

of the ten leading causes of death in the united states, diet plays a role in six of them. what are those 6 leading causes of death in which diet plays a part in?

heart disease, cancer, stroke, alzhheimers disease, kidney disease, diabetes,

A scientist observes a natural phenomenon and develops a tentative explanation called a ____________ .

hypothesis

The broad range of diet and physical activity advice provided by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, and MyPlate can seem overwhelming. Fill out the following inventory to see how well you comply with the basic intent of these consumer health guidelines and identify areas in which you need improvement.

look at myplate

Organic molecules are

molecules that contain carbon

Minerals are structurally simple, inorganic substances that exist as groups of one or more of the same atoms. In chemistry, what does "inorganic" mean?

molecules that dont contain carbon

Chemical substances that are found in foods are called ____________ .

nutrients

The science of ____________ involves the relationship between food and health.

nutrition

examples of lipids-

oils, fats, waxes

Generally, a fake medicine or treatment used to disguise the treatments given to the participants in an experiment is called a _______.

placebo

which of the following is the main structural material in the body?

proteins

For example, if a scientist suspects caffeine intake affects behavioral changes in children, he may choose to conduct a(n) ____________ study where he randomly assigns children in the study to either a regular, normal-caffeine level diet or a high-caffeine diet group and then studies behavior without knowing which group received which diet.

randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled

Laboratory animal experiment

researchers note that rats who are fed a high fat diet w large doses of resveratrol(a compound found in red wine) do not gain weight as quickly as rats who are fed an indentical high fat diet w.out resveratrol.

There are a number of important secretions and products made in the digestive tract. Drag the description of the secretion or digestive product to its correct classification.

saliva - lubricates food in preparation of swallowing mucus- serves as protective lining for digestive tract of organs enzymes- promotes digestion of nutrients into components that are small enough for absorption bile- helps fat digestion by suspending fat in water in the small intestine bicarbonate- neutrilizes stomach acid when it reaches the small intestine

_________ are essential nutrients that dont yield energy, but participate in many chemical reactions that release energy from macronutrients

vitamins

Which non-energy-yielding nutrient acts as a solvent and lubricant, as a vehicle for transporting nutrients and waste, and as a medium for temperature regulation and chemical processes?

water

Inorganic molecules are

*Non-Carbon based molecules water, oxygen, ammonia (NH3)

a kilo represents

1,000

the prefix "milli" means

1/1,000

Compound that speeds the rate of a chemical process but is not altered by the process

an enzyme

"there is sugar in your urine, indicating a potential for diabetes diagnosis"

biochemical assesment

a ______ is a linkage btwn two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons

bond

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

Carbohydrates provide the body with

calories

We receive energy in the form of ____________ contained in foods we eat.

calories

poor dietary choices and a lack of physical activity are risk factors for

cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes

What are the major classes of nutrients?

carbohydrates, lipids, water

regular physical activity reduces the risk of

cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes

"you say you eat candy bars bc theyre the cheapest way to make you ful. do you ever feel you dont have enough money to purchase healthy foods?"

environmental assesment

examples of proteins

enzymes and amino acids(the building blocks)

The study of disease rates that vary among different population groups is called ____________ .

epidemiology

A nutrient is considered to be ____________ if, when left out of the diet, it leads to a decline in biological function.

essential

The children who are in the group that receives a high-caffeine diet constitute the ____________ group.

experimental

Dietary supplements such as vitamin D and calcium can replace a healthy diet if someone finds it difficult to follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

false

High Nutrition Density

fat free milk, orange, black beans

an eating disorder may lead up to

heart abnormalities

an _______ substance lacks carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure

inorganic

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasize ______

lowering calorie intake

minerals

many minerals participate in the chemical reactions that yield energy from carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and alcohol, but minerals themselves cannot be broken down to provide energy.

Observation study

operating nurses report that patients who are well nourished before surgery do better in the post-operative states than do patients who appear to be malnourished before surgery.

the chronic disease characterized by decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetics, and poor diet

osteoporosis

one liter is nearly the same value as

quart

what is the term used to describe the feeling of fullness after a meal?

satiety

Case-control study

scientists studying middle-aged women w. breast cancer note that vegetable consumption is lower and meat intake is higher than a similar population of women who dont have breast cancer.

a ______ is a substance (usually liquid) in which another substance is dissolved

solvent

examples of carbohydrates

sugars and starches

cardivascular disease

the medical term that refers to any disease of the heart and circulatory system

Cardiovascular system

this system regulates temperature and transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body

Lymphatic system

this system removes foreign substances, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and aids in fat absorption

how many kcal does the mineral calcium provide per gram?

0 / minerals do not provide calories for the body

how many calories are in a kilocalorie?

1,000

A Common Gastrointestinal Complaint- Frequency of bowel movements can vary widely from person to person. For some, it is normal to have multiple bowel movements each day, whereas others may only have a few bowel movements per week. As digested material moves through the large intestine, water is absorbed. When feces stay in the large intestine for a prolonged period of time, they can become dry and hard, making feces difficult to pass. In general, if bowel movement frequency is less than once every three days, constipation is the result. Almost everyone occasionally experiences difficult or infrequent evacuation of the bowels; about 2% of adults are afflicted by chronic constipation.

1. A condition characterized by difficult or infrequent bowel movements is constipation. 2. A common cause of constipation is chronically ignoring bowel urges. 3. The best way to treat a mild case of constipation is to increase fiber and fluid intakes.

The FDA has legal oversight over most food products and permits some health claims with certain restrictions. The claims that are allowed at this time may show a link between a few dietary practices and health outcomes. Drag the dietary practice to its appropriate FDA-permissible health claim.

1. Reduced risk of neural tube defects- diet adequate in synthetic form of folate 2. Reduced risk of hypertension and stroke- diet low in sodium and high in potassium 3. Reduced risk of cardiovascular disease- fatty acids from oils present in fish 4. Reduced risk of some types of cancer- diet rich in fiber

The human body's storage capacity varies for different nutrients. Match the nutrient to its appropriate storage capacity or component.

1. adipose tissue: fat 2. Glycogen in the muscles and liver: short term storage of carbohydrate 3. blood: small amount of glucose and amino acids 4. liver: many vitamins and minerals

Scientific Method

1. ask a research question 2. form a hypothesis 3. conduct research experiments 4. evaluate results and report findings 5. conduct follow up research to confirm findings

the energy we obtain for involuntary body functions and voluntary physical activity from various calorie sources

1. carbohydrates- 4 kcal per gram 2. protein- 4 kcal per gram 3. alcohol- 7 kcal per gram 4. fat- 9 kcal per gram

Good food sources of each nutrient

1. carbohydrates- banana, rice 2. lipid- butter, olive oil 3. protein- eggs, chicken breast

Dietary choices affect health outcomes. Determine which dietary choice leads to each health outcome.

1. diet high in saturated fat = heart attack 2. insufficient calcium intake = osteoporosis 3. excessive calorie intake = obesity 4. excessive vitamin A intake during pregnancy = birth defects

The digestive system relies on many organs to cooperate in a regulated fashion to allow the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. Put the digestive system organs in the proper order needed to digest and absorb nutrients from food.

1. organ- mouth and salivary glands 2. esophagus 3. stomach 4. liver 5. gallblader 6. pancreas 7. small intestine 8. large intestine 9. rectum

source of carbohydrates as simple sugar vs complex carbohydrate

1. simple sugar- glucose, sucrose(cane sugar), fructose(apple) 2. complex carbohydrate- starch(corn starch), fiber(bread)

the prefix "micro" means

1/1,000,000

Lisa is trying to choose more low-fat foods in order to reduce her risk for cardiovascular disease. One low-fat cookie that she sees advertised in the grocery store has 22 grams of carbohydrate, 2 grams of protein, and 1 gram of fat per cookie. How many kilocalories are in one of these low-fat cookies?

105 kcal per cookie

My weight is 60 kilograms. What is my weight in pounds?

132

one pint is

2 cups

1 kilogram equals to

2.2 pounds

Bob was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. His dietitian recommended that Bob follow an 1,800-kcal meal plan for weight loss. She went on to say that he should also follow the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) recommendation of getting 45-65% of these calories from carbohydrate. This is equivalent to ______ grams of carbohydrate per day.

203 to 293

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend some improvements to the diets of Americans. Drag each dietary component to its appropriate column to indicate whether Americans should eat more or less of that food or food component.

EAT MORE OF: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seafood, fat free and low fat dairy products eat less of: saturated and trans fat, sodium (salt), cholesterol, refined grains, added sugars

lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen./ not all lipids are soluble in water ?????

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of nutrient recommendations that encompass a number of different terms. Drag the nutrient recommendation and explanation to its corresponding DRI term.

RDA- non pregnant females aged 14-18 are advised to have 60mg of vitamic c per day. this amount meets the vitamin c needs for 97% of this age and gender group AI- all adult men and women are advise to consume 25 or 35 micrograms of chromium per day, respectively. there is not enough research to make a more defenitive recomendation, but this amount appears to maintain nutrittional health. EER- the average caloric intake for a male aged 9-13 is estimated to be 2279 calories per day. UL- adults are advised to limit intake of synthetic folate to 1000 microgams per day out of concern that higher amounts could mask symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency. DV- one piece of whole wheat bread provides 3grams of dietary fiber. this is approximately 12% of the amount of daily fiber needed by a healthy adult.

a stroke

a decrease or loss of blood flow to the brain that result from a blood clot or other change in arteries in the brain

Linda has been experiencing some problems with bowel regularity. She saw a commercial for a yogurt with added probiotics that claims to aid with digestion and alleviate bowel problems. What is a probiotic?

a probiotic contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health

Why do different types of biological molecules have different nutritional values? It would be convenient, if a bit boring, to be able to get all of our nutritional needs from a single food. In fact, we need to eat a wide range of food types to have a healthy diet. Only protein can provide us with the nitrogen needed to build new amino acids and proteins. Humans are incapable of synthesizing certain amino acids and foods containing the essential amino acids are necessary in our diet. Other foods provide us with trace elements and vitamins that we cannot synthesize ourselves. Lipids contain chemical bonds with a large amount of free energy relative to carbohydrates. Lipids are a good source of 'high energy' food and are also a useful form for storing excess calories.

so consumers can compare similar foods

In contrast to oils, fats are ____ at room temperature.

solid

Metabolism

the sum of the chemical processes that provide energy in useful forms so that vital activities can be sustained

If the results of many studies and much data support the original explanation about a relationship between caffeine intake and behavior, a ____________ is formed.

theory

Respiratory system

this system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide btwn blood and the atmosphere and regulates acid-base balance

Immune system

this system provides defense against foreign invaders and is responsible for the formation of white blood cells

Endocrine system

this system regulates metabolism through the action of hormones