Nutrition Chapt. 1-6

Chemical bond between amino acids that form protein

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Definition of kcalorie

A calorie is a measure of energy expenditure. The calories referred to in diet and exercise are kilocalories (kcal)

Overnutrition

A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs

Role and function of lymphatic system

Aid in picking up and transporting the majority of products of fat digestion and absorption. Also takes up excess fluid. Not run by a pump but by muscle contractions.

Role and action mucus enzyme of Bile

Aids fat digestion in the small intestine by suspending fat in water

Nutrients that can provide energy and kcals per gram for each macronutrient

Carbohydrate provides 4 calories per gram.Protein provides 4 calories per gram.Fat provides 9 calories per gram.

Malnutrition

Failing Health due to long-standing dietary practices that do not meet nutritional needs

Effects of a low carbohydrate diet and development of ketone bodies

It brings many risks the worst being death. Because when you increase protein break down protection for vital organs is lost. Ketone bodies are break down products of fat

Locations where digestive enzymes are produced

Pancreas Small Intestines *Saliva Glands *Stomach

Role and function of phytochemicals

Phytochemicals are naturally occurring, biologically active chemical compounds in plants. The prefix 'phyto' is from a Greek word meaning plant

Function of the epiglottis

Prevents the bolus(swallowed food) from entering the trachea(wind pipe)

Definition of nutrient density

Provides a large amount of nutrients for a small amount of calories

Location where most digestion takes place

Small Intestine

Undernutrition

When nutrient intake does not meet nutrient needs - You can still over eat and have this

Psychological and physiological influences on desire to eat hunger vs. appetite

-Hunger is the physiological NEED for food. Numerous physiological cues tell us we are hungry, such as an empty or growling stomach, a decrease in blood glucose levels, and alterations in circulating hormones -Appetite is the psychological DESIRE to eat, and is associated with sensory experiences or aspects of food such as the sight and smell of food, emotional cues, social situations, and cultural conventions.

Denaturing protein what can bring it about

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Foods that do and do not contain cholesterol

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Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated Saturated Trans fat and hydrogenation of fatty acids

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Recommended dietary intake percentages for carbohydrates fats and protein (from chapter as well)

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Role and function of triglycerides cholesterol phospholipids

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Process of fat digestion

1. Mouth: some hard fat begins to melt 2. Stomach: churning action mixes fat with stomach acid -Lipase breaks apart a small amount of fat 3. Liber: makes bile, stored in gallbladder, released into small intestine Small intestine: emulsifies fat with digestive juices 4. Pancreas: produces pancreatic lipase (which enters small intestine)

Endocrine system

Consists of various hormone and secrete glands. Has major regularly function over reproduction and cell metabolism

Risk factors for heart disease

High blood pressure, High blood, cholesterol, Diabetes, Smoking, Being overweight, Being physically inactive, Having a family history of early heart disease, Age (55 or older for women).

Factors that influence development of diabetes

Immune system disorder, Decreased release of insulin, Older age, Obesity, physical inactivity, family history

Effect of insulin on a non-diabetic

It would take a really high dose to kill someone. But most of the time the body would recognize it and correct it before anything drastic happened. It does stop the Pancreas but normal activity should continue

Name associated with fat as it is stored in the body

Lipid

Location and function of digestive system sphincters

Lower Esophageal Sphincter - end of Esophagus Pyloric Sphincter - Base of the Stomach Ileocecal Sphincter - Between Small & Large Intestine Anal Sphincter (2) - Anus

What is required and not required on a food label

NOT - The amount of all vitamins and minerals for which there is an RDA Required - Serving Sizes -Serving per container -Calories -Total Fat -Cholesterol -Sodium -Total Carbohydrate -Sugars -Protein -Vitamin A, C -Calcium -Iron

Role and action of mucus enzyme Bicarbonate

Neutralize stomach acid when it reaches the small intestine

RDA and where they may be applied or not applied

Recommended Dietary Intake - Can but set on a nutrient only. there must be sufficient information on the human needs for an RDA to be applied

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

a set of diet and lifestyle recommendations developed to improve health and reduce nutrition-related disease risk in the U.S. population

Components of protein and amino acids

acid, amino and side group or r group

Factors that influence American food habits

age, gender, friends, family, cultural background and where we live.

Portal vein

brings blood to the liver from the intestines

General roles and functions of minerals

building and regulating

type I and type II Diabetes

type I: often seen in kids, body has little or no ability to produce insulin, insulin dependent type II: often in obese adults, body cells cannot use insulin properly or produce insufficient amounts, treated through diet and oral medication