Nutrition Chapter 1-3

Of all the foods listed, which has the highest % RDA of fiber?

apples

Linda's mother complains that she is frequently constipated. All of the following are useful strategies for alleviating constipation EXCEPT

Take calcium or iron supplements to help alleviate constipation *Note: Calcium, iron supplements, and medications such as antacids can actually cause constipation

Which of the following does NOT stimulate the secretion of HCl in the stomach?

Secretin

The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following?

temperature, size of molecules, and steepness of concentration gradient

The digestive system relies on many organs to cooperate in a regulated fashion to allow the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. Put the digestive system organs in the proper order needed to digest and absorb nutrients from food.

1- Mouth and Salivary glands 2- Esophagus 3-Stomach 4- Liver 5-Gallbladder 6-Pancreas 7-Small intestine 8-Large intestine 9-Rectum

Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to

hydrochloric acid in chyme.

Compared to a baked potato, French fries have

less vitamin C.

What organ produces bile?

liver

Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?

pepsin

Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

What happens to the upper limit of cholesterol recommendation when you eat more calories?

it stays the same

Categorize each source of carbohydrate as a simple sugar or complex carbohydrate.

Simple Sugars: sucrose, glucose, fructose Complex Carbohydrate: Fiber and starch

Why is the information on a Nutrition Facts panel standardized?

So consumers can compare similar foods

An unfortunate consequence of a lifetime of uncontrolled diabetes is kidney damage. Some people with diabetes and kidney damage eventually need kidney dialysis, a process in which the person is hooked up to a machine that functions as the body's kidney(s). What is the primary role of the kidneys?

The kidneys remove waste from the body.

Lisa is trying to choose more low-fat foods in order to reduce her risk for cardiovascular disease. One low-fat cookie that she sees advertised in the grocery store has 22 grams of carbohydrate, 2 grams of protein, and 1 gram of fat per cookie. How many kilocalories are in one of these low-fat cookies?

105 kcal per cookie **Explanation: Carbohydrate has 4 kcal/g, protein has 4 kcal/g, and fat has 9 kcal/g. For this cookie: 22 g carbohydrate X 4 kcal/g = 88 kcal from carbohydrate 2 g of protein X 4 kcal/g = 8 kcal from protein 1 g of fat X 9 kcal/g = 9 kcal from fat Total kcal per cookie = 105 kcal per cookie

On food labels, the Daily Value for sodium is based on a limit of ______ mg of sodium per day.

2400

Malnutrition can occur in people old or young, rich or poor. Malnutrition is characterized by being

Either overnourished or undernourished

Dietary choices affect health outcomes. Determine which dietary choice leads to each health outcome.

Diet high in saturated fat: Heart Attack Insufficient calcium intake: Osteoporosis Excessive calorie intake: Obesity Excessive vitamin A intake during pregnancy: Birth Defects

In human metabolism, an aerobic process is one that

requires oxygen Note: Aerobic processes are those that require oxygen.

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

Which of the following do NOT have a % Daily Value listed?

Trans fat

Linda has had several family members die from heart disease-related complications. She realizes she is at high risk for cardiovascular disease, and some of this risk is attributable to her genetic makeup. All of the following are genetic variations that may increase heart disease risk EXCEPT

eating a diet high in saturated and trans fat.

The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move

false

When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when

the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.

The established Daily Value for total fat is based on the recommendation that total fat be no more than what percent of total calories?

30%

The scientific method is important for determining relationships between diet and health. Classify each of the following studies according to its study design

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study: Graduate students recruit people... Case-control study: Scientists studying middle-age women... Laboratory animal experiment: Researches note that rats who are fed a high fat diet... Observation study: Operating nurses report that patients...

Why do many processed foods have a low nutrient density? Nutrient density is the relationship between calories and the nutritional quality of the food. A food with low nutrient density provides few nutrients per calorie. Many highly processed foods such as fast food and candy contain large amounts of carbohydrates and fats. Carbohydrates are inexpensive to produce and both fats and sugars are highly appealing to most people. Therefore many processed foods, particularly inexpensive processed foods, are rich in fats and simple carbohydrates. They contain relatively few of the other nutrients included in our diets. Important vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin D and calcium, are not often found in appreciable amounts in processed foods unless a specific effort has been made to enhance nutritional quality. View the animation below, then complete the quiz to test your knowledge of the concept.

Video: Nutrient Density Comparator

To celebrate her recent weight loss, Lisa's friends decide to take her out for a healthy dinner. Lisa doesn't drink alcohol because she knows the empty calories will contribute to weight gain. One girlfriend at the dinner has four margaritas and an extra shot of tequila before the food arrives. Is this friend's behavior considered binge drinking?

Yes, because consuming four drinks or more for women is considered binge drinking, and she had 5. **Explanation:Binge drinking is consuming five or more drinks in a row for men or four drinks or more for women

Starting at the site of oxygen transfer into the blood, put the circulation components in the order they occur in the body during circulation.

1-In the lungs, blood becomes oxygenated. 2-Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of your heart. 3-Oxygenated blood circulates from left side of the heart to the body. 4-Deoxygenated blood is returned to the right side of the heart.

Since beginning college, Lisa has put on about thirteen pounds. She is learning in her health science class that excess calories contribute to weight gain. One recommendation her instructor made for weight loss is to choose foods that have a low percentage of total calories coming from fat. If a 1/2-cup serving of her favorite ice cream has 310 kcal and 20 grams of fat, what percentage of total calories in the ice cream come from fat?

58% of kcal in this food are from fat.

Kellen is on the cross-country team at his college. His coach had a dietitian speak to the team about nutrition for optimal performance. One of the topics she covered was phytochemicals - substances that provide significant health benefits. What is the best way to obtain the potential benefits of phytochemicals?

Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grain breads and cereals. Note: Leading nutrition and medical experts suggest that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain breads and cereals is the most reliable way to obtain the potential benefits of phytochemicals.

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of

molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

Of all the foods listed, which has the highest % RDA of calcium?

whole milk

When chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretion increases

false

Since beginning college, Lisa has put on about thirteen pounds. She is learning in her health science class that excess calories contribute to weight gain. One recommendation her instructor made for weight loss is to choose foods that have a low percentage of total calories coming from fat. If a 1/2-cup serving of her favorite ice cream has 310 kcal and 20 grams of fat, what percentage of total calories in the ice cream come from fat?

58% of kcal in this food are from fat. Note: 20 grams of fat X 9 kcal/g ÷ 310 total kcal = 0.58 = 58% kcal from fat

The energy content of food is expressed in kilocalories. Which definition best describes how much energy is equal to one kilocalorie?

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius. Note: A kilocalorie (kcal) represents the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (1 liter) of water by 1° Celsius.

Linda has been experiencing some problems with bowel regularity. She saw a commercial for a yogurt with added probiotics that claims to aid with digestion and alleviate bowel problems. What is a probiotic?

A probiotic contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health. Note: The term probiotic is used for microorganisms that once consumed, take up residence in the large intestine and lead to some health benefits, such as improving intestinal tract health. They can be found in certain forms of fluid milk, fermented milk, yogurt, or pill form

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend some improvements to the diets of Americans. Drag each dietary component to its appropriate column to indicate whether Americans should eat more or less of that food or food component

Eat More of: Fruits, Vegetables, Whole Grains, Seafood, Fat-free and Low-fat Dairy Products. Eat Less of: Saturated and Trans Fats, Sodium (salt), Cholesterol, Refined Grains, Added Sugars.

Minerals are structurally simple, inorganic substances that exist as groups of one or more of the same atoms. In chemistry, what does "inorganic" mean?

For the most part, the substance does not contain carbon.

Linda has heard that the acidic environment of the stomach is similar to that of a car battery. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it. Note: The stomach has a thick layer of mucus that lines and protects it.

Why do different types of biological molecules have different nutritional values? It would be convenient, if a bit boring, to be able to get all of our nutritional needs from a single food. In fact, we need to eat a wide range of food types to have a healthy diet. Only protein can provide us with the nitrogen needed to build new amino acids and proteins. Humans are incapable of synthesizing certain amino acids and foods containing the essential amino acids are necessary in our diet. Other foods provide us with trace elements and vitamins that we cannot synthesize ourselves. Lipids contain chemical bonds with a large amount of free energy relative to carbohydrates. Lipids are a good source of 'high energy' food and are also a useful form for storing excess calories.View the animation below, then complete the quiz to test your knowledge of the concept.

video

You notice that a classmate of yours has become obsessive about her weight even though she eats unhealthy foods throughout your three-hour lecture class. She tells you that she feels so guilty after class that she goes to the gym and works out for two to three hours per day. Which eating disorder might she be suffering from?

Bulimia nervosa Note**Excessive exercise is a form of purging calories that may be used by people who have bulimia nervosa

While watching Saturday morning cartoons, Justine's daughter Claire saw a commercial for a high-fat, high-sugar toaster pastry marketed to children. At the grocery store, Claire sees the product and begs her mom to buy it. Justine is appalled to see one pastry has 300 kilocalories, 10 grams of fat, and 6 grams of saturated fat. Although the pastry has 3 grams of dietary fiber, Justine notices it does not state "good source of fiber" on the front of the packaging like some other foods with 3 grams of fiber. Why can't this food be called a "good source" of fiber?

It cannot be called a good source of fiber if it has more than 13 grams of fat, 4 grams of saturated fat, 60 milligrams of cholesterol, or 480 milligrams of sodium per serving. Note: In order for a food to have any one of the "good source" definitions, a single serving of the food product cannot contain more than 13 grams of fat, 4 grams of saturated fat, 60 milligrams of cholesterol, or 480 milligrams of sodium. If a food exceeds any one of these limits, no health claim can be made for it, despite its other nutritional qualities.

The scientific method is a testing procedure designed to detect and eliminate error. It is important in determining nutrient recommendations and relationships between diet and health. Fill in each sentence with its correct scientific method-related term

The study of disease rates that vary among different population groups is called epidemiology. A scientist observes a natural phenomenon and develops a tentative explanation called a hypothesis. For example, if a scientist suspects caffeine intake affects behavioral changes in children, he may choose to conduct a(n) randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study where he randomly assigns children in the study to either a regular, normal-caffeine level diet or a high-caffeine diet group and then studies behavior without knowing which group received which diet. The children who are in the group that receives a high-caffeine diet constitute the experimental group. The children who are in the group that receives a regular, normal-caffeine level diet make up the control group. If the results of many studies and much data support the original explanation about a relationship between caffeine intake and behavior, a theory is formed.

Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment

true

Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach

true

Recently, major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that they consider signals for poor nutrition advice. Drag the product's claim to the red flag that it most likely represents

Recommendations that promise a quick fix: Better eyesight by tomorrow morning! Our high dose vitamin A supplements will give you 20/20 vision in one day or your money back! Recommendations based on a single study: One study showed that people who took our valerian root pills fell asleep faster and for longer than did people who did not take the pills! Dire warnings of dangers from a single product or regimen: Eating fish can cause mercury toxicity! To get the benefits of fish without the dangers of mercury, try our high-potency omega-3 fish oil capsules! Claims that sound too good to be true: Burn fat by eating more food and doing no exercise! Just try our celebrity weight loss plan!

Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Why is the secretion of gastric fluids controlled both locally and through the central nervous system? The smell and taste of food begin the process of gastric secretion. The stomach is prepared in advance for the food that will arrive shortly. Once the food arrives in the stomach, the amount of gastric fluid can be increased proportionately to the amount of food. Thus, the central nervous system is starting up the system and local effects are fine-tuning the amount of secretion. View the animation below, then complete the quiz to test your knowledge of the concept

Video

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasize

lowering calorie intake.