Nutrition Chapter 1

Symptom

Change in physical status *that is noted by the individual with the problem* such as stomach pain.

Mutation

Change in the chemistry of a gene that is perpetuated in subsequent divisions of the cell where it occurred; a change in the sequence of the DNA.

Metabolism

Chemical Processes in the body that provide energy in useful forms and sustain vital activities.

Which type of study follows a healthy population, looking for the development of diseases.

Cohort Study

Dietary

Food and dietary concerns. Ex: Consumed mostly alcohol-fortified wine and hamburgers for the last week.

Kilocalorie (kcal)

Heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water 1 degree celsius.

Genes

Hereditary material on chromosomes that makes up DNA. Genes provide the blueprints for the production of cell proteins.

Risk Factor

Heredity characteristic or lifestyle behavior (e.g., dietary habits, smoking) that increases the chances of developing a disease.

Compare and contrast the characteristics of each macronutrient and micronutrient

refer to section 1.1

Explain the concept of energy as it relates to foods. What are the physiological fuel (energy) values used for a gram of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and alcohol?

refer to section 1.2

Protein (number calculated)

4

Carbohydrate (number calculated)

4

Alcohol (number calculated)

7

How many calories are in food that contains 12 g carbohydrates, 3 g alcohol, 0 g fat, and 3 g protein?

81

Fat (number calculated)

9

How many calories per gram are supplied by fats and oils?

9

Placebo

A fake treatment (such as a sham medicine, supplement, or procedure) that seems like the experimental treatment. It is used to disguise whether a study participant is in the experimental or control group.

Nutrition Care Process

A systematic approach used by Registered Dietitians to ensure patients receive high-quality, individualized nutrition care. This process involves nutrition assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring and evaluation.

Which disease has a genetic link?

All of the above (cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes.)

Foods are selected based mainly on

Appetite

Ion

Atom with an unequal number of electrons (negative charges) and protons (positive charges.) Negative Ions have more electrons than protons; positive ions have more protons than electrons.

Molecule

Atoms linked (bonded) together; the smallest part of a compound that still has all the properties of the compound.

Compound

Atoms of 2 or more elements bonded together in specific proportions.

Biochemical

Blood or bowel related Ex: Low amounts of the vitamins thiamin and folate in the blood.

Enzyme

Compound that speeds the rate of a chemical process but is not altered by the process. Almost all enzymes are proteins.

Biochemical assessment involves measuring

Concentration of nutrients in the blood

Which statement is false about the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA?)

DSHEA causes the FDA to regulate herbal supplements as rigorously as it does drugs.

Environmental

Environmental factors that determine wealth of a patient. Ex: Currently residing in a homeless shelter, 35 dollars in his wallet, unemployed.

Which type of study examines disease in populations?

Epidemiology

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius (1 C).

False

Animal sources such as meat, seafood, dairy products, and eggs, supply about two-thirds of the protein intake for most people around the world.

False

Chemical Reaction

Interaction between 2 chemicals that changes both chemicals.

Peer Reviewed Journal

Journal that publishes research only after researchers who were not part of the study agree that the study was carefully designed and executed and the results are presented in an unbiased, objective manner. Thus, the research has been approved by peers of the research team.

Animal Model

Laboratory animal useful in medical research because it can develop a health condition (e.g., disease or disorder) that is comparable to one occurring in humans and, thus, can be utilized to learn more about causes of a condition and its diagnosis in humans, as well as assess the usefulness and safety of new treatments or preventive actions.

Anthropometric

Measurable physical Ex: Low-weight-for-height recent 10 pound loss, muscle wasting in the upper body.

Which element is found in protein but is not found in carbohydrates and lipids?

Nitrogen

Overnutrition

Nutrient Intake exceeds needs Ex: Excess liver stores of iron, which damage liver cells.

Undernutrition

Nutrient intake does not meet needs Ex: Decline in iron-related compounds in the blood, which reduces the ability of the red blood cells to carry oxygen to body tissues and, in turn, causes fatigue on exertion, poor body temperature regulation, and eventually pale complexion.

Desirable Nutrition

Nutrient intake supports body function and permits storage of nutrients to be used in times of increased need. Ex: Adequate liver stores of iron, adequate blood levels or iron-related compounds, and normal functioning of red blood cells.

Macronutrient

Nutrient needed in gram quantities in the diet.

Micronutrient

Nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in the diet.

Sign

Physical Attribute *that can be observed by others*, such as bruises.

Zoochemicals

Physiologically active compound's found in foods or animal origin that may provide health benefits.

Phytochemicals

Physiologically active compounds found in plants that may provide health benefits.

Placebo Effect

Placebo is derived from a Latin word that means "I shall please." The placebo effect occurs when control group participants experience changes that cannot be explained by the action of the placebo they received. These changes may be linked to a reduction in stress and anxiety, hope that the treatment is working, or a desire to help the researchers achieve their goals. Overall, it is critical for researchers to take the placebo effect into consideration when interpreting research results.

Hunger

Primarily physiological (internal) drive for food.

Appetite

Primarily psychological (external) influences that encourage us to find and eat food, often in the absence of obvious hunger.

Clinical

Psychological or Physical differences. Ex: Psychological confusion, skin sores, and uncoordinated movements.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Site of hereditary information inc ells. DNA directs the synthesis of cell proteins.

Anthropometric assessment involves measuring

Skinfold thickness (<---ex)

Atom

Smallest Unit of an element that still has all of the properties of the element. An atom contains protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Virus

Smallest known type of infectious agent, many of which cause disease in humans. They do not metabolize, grow, or move by themselves. They produce by the aid of a living cellular host. Viruses are essentially a piece of genetic material surrounded by a coat of protein.

Inorganic Substance

Substance lacking carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure.

Element

Substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical processes. Common elements in nutrition include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, and iron.

Organic Compound

Substance that contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure.

Assessment

This person needs professional medical attention, including nutrient repletion.

Genes direct the growth, development, and maintenance of cells.

True

The risk of developing a specific genetic disease is high if you have 2 or more fist-degree relatives with the disease, especially if the disease occurred before age 50 to 60 years.

True

Which Nutrient does not provide energy?

Vitamins