Nutrition Chapter 13

Describe three methods of estimating body fat:

1. Underwater Weighing: (comparing weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water) 2. Air Displacment: (determining body volume) 3. Bioelectrical impedance analysis:

__________ % of american children or adolescents are obese:

17%

over fat adults are recommended to engage in more than ___________ minutes of moderate exercise activity per week to achieve "clinically significant weight loss"

250 minutes

There are approximately ___________________ kilocalories in one pound of fat tissue;

3500 kilocalroies

A waist circumference that is greater than ____________ in men and _________ inches for women is associated with the increased risk of developing many chronic diseases.

4o inches (men) 35 inches (women)

Almost __________ of American Adults over the age of 20 are either overweight or obese : _________ of americans are overweight: _________ of Americans are obese

69% 1/3 1/3

Android Obesity is associated with: 1. increased risk for serious chronic diseases b. extra fat in buttocks and thighs C men with an "apple" body shape D. increased risk of inflammation

A C and D

Identify the health risk associated with excess weight: A> Type 2 diabetes B. CVD C. Alzheimmers Disease D. Hypertension

A B and D

Important components of a successful long term weight loss includes: A. Controlling calorie intake B. Purchasing specially formulated dietetic foods C. Engaging in regular physical activity D. Modifying problem behavior

A C and D

Effective weight managment tips regarding eating behavior include: A. slowing down the pace of a meal b. choosing nutrient dense, low calorie snacks C. skipping meals D. consume high fat snacks before a party as preparation.

A and B

What does a person waist circumference indicate about his or her health?

A persons waist circumference that is greater than 40 inches in men and 35 for women is associated with a greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes, abnormal blood lipid levels, hypertension annd cardiovascular disease.

__________________ is the hormone secreted by the pancrease that slows gastric emptying and reducing hunger:

AMylin

________________________ the method of measuring calorie expenditure during physical activity based on changes in speed and direction:

Accelerometry

___________________ is the hormone produced by adipose tissue that increases muscle cells uptake of fatty acids from the bloodstream and metabolism of the fatty acids for energy:

Adiponectin:

List the components of body composition:

Adipose tissue (fat cells) is the percentage of fat that is present in the entire body: total body fat: (adipose tisisue and essential fat) essential fat: (fat that is vital for survival) found in the cell membrane certain bones and nervous tissue:

________________ ________________ is a method of estimating body compostion by determining body volume.

Air displacement

________________ ______________ is the storage of excess body fat in the upper body or abdominal region, leading to an "apple shape"

Android Obesity

Identify the health consequences of android obesity:

Android obesity increases the risk of: 1. cardiovascular disease 2. hypertension 3. Type 2 diabetes:

The reasons why unreliable diets are problematic include; A. loss of fat mass B. short term changes C. limited food selection D. Lack of physical activity

B, C, and D

All of the folllowing are reliable treatments for obesity except: A. behavior modification B. using diet pills C. increased physical activity D. decreased calorie intake

B. using diet pills

________________ _____________ _______________ is the measurement of basal metabolism.

Basal metabolic Rate

___________ ______________ is the measurement of body tissues, usuaullly expressed as percent body fat.

Body Composition

Factors that influence the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR):

Body composition: (lean body mass is the major factor influencing bmr) muscle tissue is more active than fat tissue. more muscle = higher bmr Sex= males have higher bmr than females: Body Surface areas ( the taller the person, the more surface area= higher loss in body heat) Age ( bmr declines as people get older) due to loss of lean tissues such as musccle Thyroid hormone: (regulates metabolism) excess TH elevats BMR Caloric Intake: ( low calorie diets decrease metabolic rate: )

_______________ ______________ ________________ is the numerical value of relationship between the body weight and risk of chronic health problems associated with excess body fat calculated by dividing weight in kg by height in meters squared.

Body mass index (BMI)

Which of the following best describes the energy balance equation: Energy Input < Energy Output Energy Input > Energy Output Energy Input = Energy Output

C. Energy Input = Energy Output

______________ is known as Severe weight loss (wasting)

Cachexia

What are some of the Health conditions associated with overweight and obesity?

Coronary Artery disease Gallbladder Disease Gout Infertility Hypertension and stroke Low back pain Metabolic Syndrome

Match the hormone to its description: 1. Leptin: (a hormone released by the adipose tissue to inhibit hunger) 2. Ghrelin ( hormone released by the STOMACH that stimulates eating )

Correctly matched up

_______________ ______________ measure of the amount of heat produced by someone inside a specialized chamber:

Direct Calorimetry

_______________ ______________ ____________ ____________________ is a technique of estimating body composition that involves scanning the boody with two lower energy xrays:

Dual energy xray absoorptiometry:

_________________ _____________ are calories from foods and beverages that contain macronutrients and alcohol.

Energy Intake

_________________ _____________ are calories cells use to carry out their activity.

Energy output

A trendy weight los practice that has widespread appeal among the population as a "quick fix" often offering gimmicks or supplements is called a ______________ ______________.

Fad diet

______________ ________________ isi a trendy practice that hs widespread appeal for a period then becomes no longer fashionable?

Fad diet

True or False: Preganancy would be a time when a person should be sure to maintain a negative energy balance.

False

____________ ___________ ____________ is the weight of the body that includes body water, bones, teeth, muscles and organs;

Fat free mass

_____________ _________________ is the surgical approach to treating obesisty:

Gastric Bending

_________________ is the hormone secreted by the stomach and other tissues that stimualtes eating:

Ghrelin

_______________ _____________ is the storage of excess body fat in the "buttocks" and "thighs" leading to a "pear shape":

Gynoid Obesity:

The _______________ ______________ ______ is a forumla commonly used to estimate basal metabolic rate

Harris Benedict equation

in the United States, what are the economic costs of obesity to the society?

Have greater health care cost, arthritis, cornary artery disease, and type 2 diabetes.

Table 13.4 Adult body weigh classification by percentage of fat: Healthy for (men) (women) overweight: obese extremely obese:

Healthy men: (13-21%) women: (23-31%) overweight men (22-25%) women (32-37) obese men (26-31) women (38-42) e. obese men (32% or more) women: (43% or more)

_____________________ is the structure of the brain that controls hunger and satiety:

Hypothalamus

_____________ ______________ determination of the amount of heat someone produces by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide produced.

Indirect Calorimetry

What conditions are associated with Normal weight obesity?

Insulin resistance Diabetes cornary artery disease

_______________ is a surgical method of reducing size of local subcutaneous fat deposists: It is not intended to treat obesity but as a cosmetic surgery:

Liposuction:

The ____________ __________ __________ is a method of predicting basal calorie needs of individuals who have excess body fat:

Mifflin St. Jeor Equation

In order to lose weight, energy balance must be: A. Positive b, equal C. balanced D. Negative

Negative (positive = a person gaining weight)

_______________ ______________ _______________ is the normal body weight as measured by BMI but elevated percent body fat.

Normal Weight Obesity

__________________ is a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat.

Obesity

List at least three psychological and three physical consequences of being overweight or obese?

Obesity increases risk for type 2 diabetse, coronary artery disease, stroke, and certain cancers. (each year these diseases which are chronic are responsible for thousands of deaths):

An ____________ person has extra body weight from bones, muscles, body fat, and or body water.

Overweight

In the United States, how has the percentage of overweight and obese children changed since 1988?

Overweight increased from 33.1% to 33.6% Obesity has increased from 22.9% to 34.9%

__________________ the protein hormone that singals the stomach to reduce ghrelin secretion:

Peptide YY

When energy input isi greater than energy output, the person is in a ______________ _____________ ______________.

Positive energy balance

The stomach helps regulate eating behavior by:

Producing certain physical sensations Expanding:

________________ _____________ _____________ is the body's rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating?

Resting Metabolic Rate

_________________ is the sense that enough food or beverages has been consumed to satisfy hunger:

Satiety

_________________-- _____________ is surgical approach to treating obesity:

Sleeve Gastrectomy

What does the Subcutaneous fat layer do?

Subcutaenous fat helps 1.) insulate the body against cold temps 2.) protects muscles and bones from bumps and bruises

______________ _____________ is the accumulation of adipose cells in the tissue under the skin:

Subcutaneous Fat

what happens to the body weight when calorie intake is less than calorie output:

The body needs more calories to carry out its activities than the diet supplies. The body metabolizes stored fat, ketone bodies, and some amino acids for energy: Weight loss results when a person is in a negative enrgy state for extended period of time:

what happens to body weight when calorie intake is greater than calorie output

The body stores excess dietry fat in adipose tissue: the body converts surplus dietary carbs, proteins and alcohol to triglycerides to store in adipose cells: Weight gain results from this:

_____________ ___________ of __________- is the energy used to digest foods and beverages as well as absorb and further process the mactronutrients.

Thermic effect of Food

______________ ______________ ______________ is the amount of energy needed for all bodily functions throughout the day.

Total Energy Expenditure

_______________ _____________ ____________ is adipose tissue and essential fat.

Total body fat

_________________ ______________ ___________ is a method of measuring body composition that divides the body into two compartments (fat mass & fat-free mass)

Two component method

_____________ _______________ is the technique of estimating body composition that involves comparing weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water.

Underwater weighing

______________ ______________ large deposit of adipose tissue under the abdominal muscle and over the digestive organs.

Visceral fat

The factors that help an individual lose and maintain an appropriate body weight include: A. remaining physically active b. self monitoroing C. watching 15 hours of tv per week D. regularly eating healthy

a b and D are correct

Factors of Energy Output include: a. metabolism b. digestion c. physical activity d. dietary supplement loss

a, b, c

____________ _______________ are also known as " fat cells"

adipose tissues

_______________ _____________ _______________ is the surgical approach to treating obesisty and is also called " lab bend"

adjustable gastric bending

_________________ is the desire to eat appealing food:

appetitie

Treatment for overweight and obesity should be: A. a quick fix b. a lifestyle change c. through dietary supplements d. long term

b and d

___________ ________________ is the medical specialty that focuses on the treatent of obesity:

bariatric medicine

________________ ________________ is the min. number of calories the body uses for vital physiological activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours.

basal metabolism

Principle of ___________ changes are critical components of weight reduction and maitenence:

behavior (changes)

___________ __________ _______________ is a technique of estimating body composition in which a device measures the conduction of a weak electrical current through body water.

bioelectrical impedance analysis

_________________ is the measurment of Heat Energy:

calorimetry

Match the following BMI categories to their classifications: 18.5-24.9 = Healthy weight Between 25-29.9 = Overweight Greater or equal to 30 = Obesity Less than 18 = underweight

correct how it is

_____________ ______________ is matching calorie intake to calorie output over the long term:

energy balance

Non excercise activity thermogenesis

energy expended during involuntary skeletal muscular activities such as fidgeting.

__________________ ______________ is fat that is vital for survival: found in cell membranes certain bones, and nervous tissue.

essential fat

__________________ is the uncomfortable physiological sensation that drives a person to consume food:

hunger

_______________ is the hormone secreted by the adipose tissue to signal the brain when enough energy has been stored:

leptin

Negative energy balance is when ENERGY INPUT is _____________ than ENERGY OUTPUT.

less than

__________________ energy balance occurs when energy intake is lower than calorie output.

negative

________________ _____________ ____________ is the calorie intake is LESS than calorie output

negative energy balance

_________________ ______________ are external conditions that promote excessive wight gain:

obesogenic environment:

_______________ _____________ ____________ is the calorie intake greater than Calorie Output

positive energy balance

___________ ____________ theory is the scientific notion that the body's fat content and body weight is genetically predetermined;

set point theory

__________________ _____________ _________________ is a technique of estimating body composition in which calipers are used to measure the thickness of skinfolds at multiple body sites.

skinfold thickness measurements

Roux Enygastric bypass:

surgical approach to treating obesity

True or False: The risks for some disease such as hyopertension and diabetes are less with central body obesity:

true

________________ is n individuial who has a bmi that is less than 18.5

underweight

BMI Classifications: <18.5 = ____________________ 18.5-24.9 = _____________ 25.0-29.9= _______________ 30.0-34.9= _______________ 35.0-39.9= ________________ >40.0 =_____________________

underweight normal (healthy) overweight obese class I obese Class II obese class III

____________ _____________ is repeated bouts of losing and gaining significant amounts of weight:

weight cycling