Nutrition Chapter 13 Study Questions

Flavanoids are powerful __________ that may help protect LDL cholesterol against oxidation, minimize inflammation, and reduce blood platelet stickiness, thereby slowing the progression of _________ and making blood clots less likely.

Antioxidants Atherosclerosis

A developing iron deficiency affects behavior. Even at slightly lowered iron levels, _______ metabolism is impaired and _________ synthesis is altered, reducing physical work capacity and mental productivity. Without the physical energy and mental alertness to work or think, people simply do less and appear unmotivated and apathetic.

Energy Neurotransmitter

Because it is difficult to excrete iron once it is in the body, iron balance is maintained primarily through absorption. The iron storage protein ________ captures iron from food and stores it in the mucosal cells of the small intestine. When the body needs iron, the storage protein releases some iron to an iron transport protein called _________. If the body does not need iron, the dietary iron is carried out when the intestinal cells are shed (every 3 to 5 days) and excreted in the feces.

Ferritin Transferrin

Match the following trace minerals with its function. a) A component of two thyroid hormones that help regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate b) Part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase that acts as an antioxidant c) Necessary for the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin d) Cofactor for several enzymes involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids; assists in bone formation e) Strengthens teeth and helps to make teeth resistant to decay f) Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance

a) Iodine b) Selenium c) Copper d) Manganese e) Fluoride f) Chromium

Match the mineral to the food that provides the mineral in greatest quantity. a) Clams b) Oysters c) Seafood d) Brazil nuts e) Liver

a) Iron b) Zinc c) Iodine d) Selenium e) Chromium

Identify the trace mineral tat corresponds to the deficiency and toxicity symptoms. a) Anemia; GI distress b) Growth retardation, impaired immune function; Vomiting, diarrhea, headache c) Goiter, cretinism; Elevated TSH, goiter d) Keshan disease; Skin rash, fatigue, garlic breath odor e) Bone abnormalities; Liver damage f) Rare; Nervous system disorders

a) Iron b) Zinc c) Iodine d) Selenium e) Copper f) Manganese

All of the following statements regarding iron are true except: a) foods, especially acidic foods, cooking in iron cookware take up iron salts released from the pan, and this iron source is absorbed well b) because the symptoms of iron overload resemble the symptoms of iron deficiency, iron supplements should be taken only when prescribed by a physician who has assessed an iron deficiency c) the bioavailability of iron is high in meats, fish, and poultry, intermediate in grains and legumes, and low in most vegetables, especially those containing oxalates, such as spinach d) vegetarians need 1.8 times more iron compared to omnivores to make up for the low bioavailability of iron in their food selections e) iron supplements are absorbed better when taken between meals or on an empty stomach with liquids, (other than milk, tea, or coffee, which inhibit absorption) rather than with meals

a) foods, especially acidic foods, cooked in iron cookware take up iron salts released from the pan, and this iron source is absorbed as well

Match the term to the definition. a) Oxygen-carrying protein in muscle b) Iron-containing protein in erythrocytes c) Form of iron only found in animal flesh d) Form of iron found in both plant and animal foods e) Enhances absorption of nonheme iron f) Substance in coffee and tea that reduces iron absorption g) Substance in legumes and whole grains that reduce iron absorption h) Iron-storage protein made when iron concentrations are abnormally high i) Hormone produced by the liver that regulates iron balance

a) myoglobin b) hemoglobin c) heme d) nonheme e) MFP factor f) tannic acid g) phytates h) hemosiderin i) hepcidin

Red peppers, tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and watermelon are rich in _________, which may defend against cancer and heart disease by protecting DNA from oxidative damage. a) indoles b) lycopene c) flavanoids d) ellagic acid e) limonenes

b) lycopene

All of the following statements about iodine are true except: a) a woman with a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may give birth to a child with cretinism, which is characterized by an extreme and irreversible mental impairment and stunted physical growth b) plants of the cabbage family naturally contain goitrogens which stimulate iodine uptake by the thyroid gland increasing its hormone production c) iodine is an integral part of thyroid hormone d) children with a mild iodine deficiency will have goiters and preform poorly in school e) an infant exposed to toxic amounts of iodine during gestation may develop a goiter severe enough to block the airways and cause suffocation

b) plants of the cabbage family naturally contain goitrogens which stimulate iodine uptake by the thyroid gland increasing its hormone production

Which of the following is found in the first stage of iron deficiency? a) erythrocyte protoporphyrin begins to accumulate b) hemoglobin levels fall, as assessed by complete blood count c) iron stores decline, as assessed by serum ferritin d) hemoglobin synthesis declines, as assessed by erythrocyte protoporphyrin e) red blood cell count falls, as assessed by hematocrit count

c) iron stores decline, as assessed by serum ferritin

All of the following statements regarding what lead does in the body are true except: a) lead is chemically similar to iron, calcium, and zinc, and displaces them from some metabolic sites they normally occupy so they are unable to perform their functions b) lead competes with iron in heme, but it cannot carry oxygen c) lead competes with calcium in the brain so that it can signal messages from nerve cells d) lead interacts with white blood cells, impairing their ability to fight infection e) excess lead in the blood deranges the structure of red blood cell membranes, making them leaky and fragile

c) lead competes with calcium in the brain so that it can signal messages from nerve cells

Zinc plays an important role in all of the following functions except: a) zinc is a part of insulin and many enzymes b) zinc assists in immune function and in growth and development c) zinc is needed to make retinol-binding protein that transports vitamin A d) zinc does not influence behavior and learning performance e) zinc is essential for normal taste perception, wound healing, and sperm production

d) zinc does not influence behavior and learning performance

Interactions among trace minerals are common. All of the following interactions lead to either nutrient imbalances or inability of a mineral to carry out its function except one: a) a selenium deficiency halts the activation of the iodine-containing thyroid hormone b) iron deficiency makes the body more susceptible to lead poisoning c) a slight manganese overload may worsen iron deficiency d) zinc intakes above the UL can interfere with copper metabolism e) zine influences the synthesis, storage, and release of insulin, which chromium enhances insulin activity

e) zinc influences the synthesis, storage, and release of insulin, while chromium enhances insulin activity