Nutrition Chapter 6 (Week 7)

corn

Which of the following foods provides a moderate amount of protein per serving?

fruits

Which of the following foods would have the lowest amount of protein per serving?

chicken breast

Which of the following foods would provide the highest quality protein in the smallest portion size?

*maintaining fluid balance *synthesis of certain hormones *growth and maintenance of new tissue

Which of the following is a major function of protein in the human body?

soy milk chicken breast

Which of the following is a source of complete protein?

cucumbers

Which of the following is not a good protein source?

Proteins from foods of animal origin are generally high-quality proteins.

Which of the following is true about the quality of protein?

tofu

Which of the following plant foods have the highest quality of protein?

pork

Which of the following sources of protein has the highest digestibility?

There are 11 nonessential amino acids

Which of the following statements about essential and nonessential amino acids is correct?

Polypeptides are the result of the breakdown of denatured proteins.

Which of the following statements about polypeptides is correct?

Amino acids enter the liver via the portal vein to be used by the body. Submit

Which of the following statements about the digestion, absorption, and transport of amino acids and protein is correct?

Peptide bonds exist between the carboxyl group of one amino acid, and the amine group of another amino acid.

Which of the following statements is true about peptide bonds and protein structure?

refrigerating milk

Which of the following will not denature a protein?

nitrogen

Which of these elements is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and lipids?

get enough protein from a variety of plant sources

You do not need to eat meat to get enough protein in your diet, provided that you __________.

20 percent

An 8-ounce glass of low-fat chocolate milk contains 160 kilocalories (kcal) and 8 grams of protein. What percent of the kcal in the milk comes from protein?

*a cheese and broccoli omlet *baked ziti with ricotta cheese, spinach, and tomato sauce *stir-fried tofu and vegetables over brown rice

An acceptable main dish for a lacto-ovo-vegetarian would be _____.

a salad with beans and tofu, and a bowl of bean soup

An example of a healthy, protein-laden vegetarian lunch is __________.

56 grams

Charlie is a 22-year-old male nonathlete who weighs 70 kilograms. How much protein should he consume daily?

Amino acids are considered the "building blocks" of proteins.

Choose the statement below that correctly describes the constituents or structure of a protein.

there is a severe deficiency of protein in the diet but an adequate intake of energy

Kwashiorkor is a type of protein-energy malnutrition that develops when _____.

amino acid pools

Limited amounts of surplus amino acids are stored in the body in _____.

false

True/False: Americans are eating more red meat than they were in the 1970s.

false

True/False: Approximately one-half of your daily calories should come from protein.

true

True/False: Eating too much protein-rich food may increase your risk of heart disease.

false

True/False: Most Americans are falling short of their protein needs.

false

True/False: Protein bars are needed if you are very active.

true

True/False: Proteins increase satiety after a meal.

false

True/False: Soy, which is from a plant, is not as good a source of dietary protein as fish.

false

True/False: Vegetarian athletes are at a competitive disadvantage compared with nonvegetarian competitors.

false

True/False: You can digest the protein in pasta as easily as the protein in a chicken breast.

true

True/False: Your body can use protein as an energy source.

*Vegans must obtain vitamin B12 from supplements or fortified foods. *Complementary proteins do not need to be consumed in the same meal. *A lacto-ovo-vegetarian consumes eggs and dairy products.

Understanding A Vegetarian Diet

Vitamins D and B12, Calcium, and Iron

Unless carefully planned, vegan diets may be low in which of the following essential micronutrients?

positive nitrogen balance

A body that retains more nitrogen than it excretes is in _______.

antibodies

A healthy immune system depends on an adequate supply of proteins that bind to and neutralize harmful invaders. What are these proteins known as?

small intestine

After a person consumes a glass of soy milk, where does the majority of the digestion and absorption of the protein occur?

false

Amino acids are bound together by a chemical bond known as an amino acid bond to form proteins.

can be used for protein synthesis

Amino acids found in the amino acid pool __________.

*Amino acids are used to create new proteins. *The liver uses amino acids to create glucose. *If calorie intake is inadequate, amino acids can be used for production of energy.

How does your body use the protein once it has been ingested?

9

How many amino acids are considered essential to consume in the diet?

19 grams

How much protein should Sarah add to her diet if she gets pregnant?

Amino acids that enter the bloodstream from the small intestine travel to here.

Liver

mechanical digestion begins here

Mouth

Enzymes that digest amino acid chains are produced here and delivered via a duct to the small intestine.

Pancreas

is stored as body fat

Protein consumed in excess of body needs __________.

10-35%

Protein should make up between __________ of the day's total energy intake.

deoxryibonucleic acid (DNA)

Protein synthesis is directed by a compound in the cell nucleus called ___________.

buffers

Proteins act as ____________ and help to maintain proper pH in blood by picking up or donating hydrogen ions.

20

Proteins consist of a chain of some combination of ____ unique amino acids.

1. fighting off the flu and other infections 2. transporting nutrients through the blood 3. aiding in digestion

Proteins play important roles in the body, including _____.

1. Mechanical digestion results in the formation of a bolus. 2. Stomach acid denatures proteins 3. Pepsin breaks the polypeptide chains into shorter chains. 4. Pancreatic enzymes cleave peptide bonds,leaving dipeptides, tripeptides, and single amino acids. 5. Enzymes from the small intestine lining act on protein remnants, breaking them into single amino acids, which are absorbed into the cells of the lining. 6. Single amino acids travel through the bloodstream to the portal vein and then to the liver.

Ranking Steps Of Protein Digestion

Single amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides are absorbed here.

Small Intestine

*HCI denatures protein here *HCI is secreted here *Pepsin is formed from pepsinogen

Stomach

1. Mechanical digestion in the mouth breaks down the food. 2. A bolus enters the stomach. 3. Hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and activates pepsinogen to form pepsin. 4. Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptide strands. 5. Chyme travels from the stomach to the small intestine. 6. Enzymes from the pancreas are secreted into the small intestine. 7. Enzymes in the small intestine break down polypeptide strands into mostly tripeptides and dipeptides. 8. Tripeptides and dipeptides are broken down into single amino acids that enter the blood and travel to the liver.

The Process of Protein Digestion

1. Proteins called antibodies aid the immune system in its fight against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substance by binding to them and helping to inactivate or destroy them. 2. Hormones direct activity in the body and can be made of proteins or lipids. 3. A high-protein diet can increase the risk of kidney stones 4. Transport proteins carry many substances through the blood or allow movement of substances in and out of cells. 5. Inadequate intake of protein and/or calories is known as protein-energy malnutrition 6. Most enzymes are proteins, but some may utilize coenzymes in the form of vitamins to help with reactions. 7. Proteins help control the acid-base balance in the body by acting as buffers. 8. Kwashiorkor is a severe deficiency of dietary protein, resulting in swelling in the feet, legs, and stomach among other symptoms.

The Vocabulary Of Protein

1. Pepsin is the active form of a digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks polypeptide chains into smaller polypeptides. 2. Cleavage of proteins by pepsin in the stomach results in formation of polypeptide strands which get broken down further in the small intestine. 3. An amino acid chain made up of three amino acids joined together is called a tripeptide. 4. Dipeptide describes an amino acid chain made up of two amino acids joined together. 5. The 20 different amino acids are the building blocks used for protein synthesis. 6. Amino acid pools are stockpiles found in the blood and other cells of the body that can be used to build new proteins. 7. The continual process of degrading and synthesizing protein is called protein turnover. 8. Denaturation occurs when a protein is exposed to heat, acid, bases, or mechanical agitation resulting in unfolding of the protein, though the peptide bonds remain intact. 9. The part of an amino acid that contains nitrogen is called the amine group 10. The acid group is also known as the carboxyl group. 11. Single amino acids that are absorbed in the small intestine travel to the liver via the portal vein.

The Vocabulary Of Protein Digestion In The Gastrointestinal Tract

10-35%

The latest AMDR for protein is _____ of one's daily energy intake.

amine group

The part of the protein molecule that contains nitrogen is called the ________.

denaturation

The process that destroys the shape and activity of proteins when heat, acid, salts, or pressure is applied is known as ______.

true

The side chain of an amino acid differentiates one amino acid from another.

20

There are _____ unique amino acids in the human body.

use a nitrogen-balance procedure

To estimate whether a person's protein intake is adequate to meet his or her protein needs, researchers __________.

a variety of vegetables

To make your salad more appealing yet still healthy, try to use __________.

tofu black beans almonds

What food can be eaten with brown rice to ensure all of the body's amino acid needs are met?

1. Many amino acids are used to build and maintain body tissues, make new clotting proteins, enzymes, antibodies, neurotransmitters, and other products. 2. Some amino acids are degraded and the nitrogen excreted in urine while the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen remains are used for energy, or are stored as fat. 3. A limited supply of all amino acids remains in amino acid pools in the blood and inside the cells.

What happens to the amino acids that are absorbed after the digestive process is complete?

49 grams

What is the daily protein requirement for Sarah, a 136-lb, moderately active 32-year-old woman?

Marasmus and kwashiorkor are considered states of protein-energy malnutrition.

What is the difference between protein-energy malnutrition, marasmus, and kwashiorkor?

cheese

What is the most frequently consumed source of saturated fat in Americans' diets?

She could gain weight if the extra protein contributed to excess kilocalories over her energy needs.

What would happen if Sarah consistently exceeded her daily protein requirement?

gently stirring

Which of the following actions or activities will not cause a protein's structure to break down?

lysine, methionine, and threonine

Which of the following amino acids are considered essential?

meat

compete protein is found abundantly in ______.