Nutrition chapter ?s

A freeway billboard is advertising gastric bypass as a surgical weight-loss procedure. Who is eligible for this type of procedure?

individuals with BMI > 40

In the early stages of her pregnancy, Dana often experienced morning sickness. Click to select the practices that are recommended to alleviate nausea associated with pregnancy.

ventilate kitchen, eat bland foods, drink ginger tea

Drag the nutrient name to its recommended intake level during pregnancy.

* Carbohydrate--> 175 grams per day* Iron--> 27 mg per day* Fiber--> 28 grams per day* Water--> 10 cups per day* Folic Acid--> 600 micrograms DFE per day* Calcium--> 1000 mg per day

Although exercise is beneficial for almost all populations, there are some health situations that require medical evaluation before beginning an exercise routine. Which of the following individuals require medical evaluation before beginning regular physical activity?

All are correct

Carbohydrates are an important macronutrient for fueling muscles. During exercise, where can the body get carbohydrates?

All are correct

Despite a vigorous training schedule and careful meal planning, Anthony hit the wall at mile 12 of his half-marathon and he had to walk the last mile. To what can his inability to finish the race most likely be attributed?

Depletion of glycogen

Lawrence is 54 years old, and he notices that now he cannot eat as much as he did when he was in his thirties without gaining weight. Why is this?

For every decade past the age of 30, the body's basal metabolism declines by 1% to 2% due to the steady decrease of lean body mass.

Progression refers to changes in the frequency, intensity, and time spent in physical activity. Click and drag the examples below to indicate whether each reflects progression in frequency, intensity, or time.

Frequency: yoga and dance lessonsIntensity: treadmill and bicep curlsTime: bike and swim

Calorimetry is the measurement of energy use by the body. Distinguish between direct and indirect calorimetry.

Direct: you are placed in a small room and the amount of body heat you release raises the temperature of a layer of water that surrounds the room Indirect: you are hooked up to a cart that measures the amount of oxygen you consume

Click to select the following statements about eating disorders that are true.

Eating disorders are more common among females than among males & eating disorders frequently co-occur with other psych disorders, such as anxiety or depression.

Eating disorders can be triggered by a variety of environmental cues. Sort the following scenarios.

External: "my coach" Media: "look at that actress" Previous: "if I am less attractive" Emotional: "when I am feeling lonely" Family: "my parents are trying to"

Determine which macronutrient is the most important for the scenario listed below.

Protein: This macronutrient may contribute up to 15% of energy needs... Fat: This is an important energy source for low or moderate aerobic exercise Carbs: this should constitute the greatest percentage of calories for all macronutrients & This is the most important macronutrient to consume..

Complete each sentence with the correct term.

The use of additives in food is regulated by FDA. Substances that are directly added to foods are called intentional food additives. Substances that are indirectly added as food contaminants are known as incidental food additives. The GRAS list is a compilation of all food additives that are considered safe for consumption. The Delaney Clause prohibits the use of any potentially cancer-causing agent as a food additive.

The term weight bias refers to negative attitudes, judgments, stereotypes, beliefs, and discrimination targeting individuals because of their weight.

True

Calcium needs vary at different stages of life because of differing rates of bone growth and calcium utilization. Match the life stage with recommended calcium intakes (RDAs) for each stage.

a. 9- to 18-year-old boys and girls: 1,300 mg calcium per day b. 4- to 8-year-old boys and girls: 1,000 mg calcium per day c. 1- to 3-year-old boys and girls: 700 mg calcium per day

Which of the following problems could be associated with excessive fruit juice consumption?

all of the above

Some dried peas and beans, such as lentils, are nutrient-dense sources of folate. What other nutritional benefits do beans provide?

all of the above: high in fiber, cholesterol-free and low in fat

As the intensity of exercise increases, the proportion of ______ used to fuel activity increases.

carbohydrates

Brenda is a college student suffering from bulimia nervosa. When her roommate is at class, Brenda regularly binges on large quantities of food, sometimes up to 3,000 calories in an hour. She then feels so guilty and has an overwhelming desire to purge the calories and food. Click to select the examples of inappropriate compensatory behaviors that are sometimes used to rid the body of excess calories.

excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting, and laxative abuse

Which of the following is the most important predictor of an eating disorder?

extreme dieting

Click to select the true statements about body composition and fertility.

extremely low body fat decreases male fertility, extremely high body fat decreases female fertility, and extremely low body fat decreases female fertility

Lorraine's husband called her at 3:00 p.m. complaining of stomach pains that he thinks were related to the rare hamburger he ate earlier that day at noon. Does he have a foodborne infection or a foodborne intoxication?

foodborne intoxication

One of the mothers in Lorraine's mothers group has started purchasing raw, unpasteurized milk and feeding it to her children. The other women warn her about the potential health hazards of drinking raw milk. The mother insists that pasteurization degrades the nutritional quality of milk and that raw milk is nutritionally superior. What does pasteurization do?

heats food to kill pathogenic microorganisms

The USDA, EPA, and FDA are the three government agencies responsible for oversight of food safety in the United States. Determine which agency is responsible for each component of the food supply.

USDA: mean, poultry, eggs, organic standards EPA: pesticides, water supply FDA: food additives, grain, fruit, veggies, packaged snacks, bottled juice

How common are food spoilage microorganisms?

almost all of our food contain them

Click and drag the physical effects of eating disorders to indicate whether they are seen with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or multiple disorders.

anorexia: hypothermia, osteoporosis, lanugo Both: constipation, low blood k+ Bulimia: gastric ulcers, esophageal tears all 3: poor immunity, infertility binge eating: atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes

These individuals meet some, but not all of the criteria for diagnosis with anorexia nervosa, bulimia, nervosa, or binge eating disorder. Match each case with an appropriate diagnosis.

atypical anorexia: jaylnn Bulimia nervosa of low frequency: tara bulimia nervosa of limited duration: katie binge eating of limited duration: gary bring eating of low frequency: connie

The primary goal of fluid intake before, during, and after exercise is to

avoid losing more than 2% of body weight via perspiration

Larry is a wrestler who was last year's state wrestling champion for his high school. This year has not been so great, and Larry is performing much more poorly than he has in the past. His coach is giving him a hard time and Larry is feeling depressed. After practice he often gorges on junk food, consuming thousands of calories in a single sitting. He feels bad about his behavior but does nothing to compensate for the excessive calories he has taken in. Which of the following most accurately describes Larry's condition?

binge eating disorder

There are some nutrients that may need to be supplemented in an infant's diet. Match the nutrient with its primary function in the body.

blood clotting - Vitamin K bone health - vitamin D cognitive development - iron tooth development - fluoride

BMI is often used as a screening test because it is

inexpensive and quick

Click to select the benefits of exercising during pregnancy.

lower risk for gestational hypertension & diabetes, maintenance of bone health, improved blood flow, prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy, less edema in legs and feet

Consuming 30 to 60 grams of carbohydrates per hour during endurance exercise

maintains glucose supply to the brain

Dana is pregnant and she is dining at a restaurant with her husband. She has been reading about foodborne illness risk during pregnancy and knows which foods to avoid. Which meal choice is the best for her as it is the least likely to cause foodborne illness?

medium-well steak with mashed potatoes and sautéed squash

A number of recent, high-profile foodborne illness outbreaks have increased Americans' awareness of the safety of our food supply. What is the primary cause of foodborne illness in North America?

microbial contamination

Whenever possible, Lorraine tries to purchase organic foods for her family. She feels better knowing there are less pesticide residues in organic products compared to conventionally raised foods. Click to select the true statements about organic produce.

not been GM, irradiated, and have higher nutrient content

Complete each sentence about food allergies and intolerances.

Parents are advised to space out the introduction of new foods to infants in order to identify any potential allergens, the parts of foods that cause food allergies (also called antigens). The macronutrient that is typically responsible for triggering a food allergy is protein. An adverse reaction to food that involves an inappropriate immune response is a(n) food allergy. Common symptoms involve the skin, respiratory tract, and GI tract. Any adverse reaction to food that does not involve an immune response is a(n) food intolerance. Severe food allergies can cause a response that lowers blood pressure and causes respiratory and gastrointestinal distress. This potentially fatal response is known as anaphylactic shock.

Which of the following statements about phosphocreatine (PCr) and exercise is true?

Per can replenish ATP rates fast enough to meet energy demands of quick, powerful actions (e.g., shot put or bench press)

The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service has simplified consumer food safety practices into four key behaviors: clean, separate, cook, and chill. Indicate which food safety principle has been violated in each of the following scenarios.

Ray: separate christine: cook Chuck: chill Lindsey: clean

Sustainable agriculture is an integrated system aimed at promoting plant and animal health. Click on main long-term outcomes of sustainable agriculture.

satisfy human food needs, use nonrenewable resources efficiently, sustain farm operations economically, enhance quality of life for farmers

Proper attention to a well-balanced diet and healthy lifestyle can improve the chances of positive birth outcomes. Conversely, ingestion of agents that cross the placental barrier and can cause harm to the developing fetus should be avoided. Determine whether each practice should be included or avoided to ensure a healthy pregnancy for both the mother and baby.

should be avoided: aspirin, caffeine, vitamin A, alcohol should be included: synthetic folic acid, moderate activity, pasteurized dairy, iron-fortified breakfast cereals

Some foods contain naturally occurring substances that can cause illness. Match the substance with its effects.

solanine - potatoes avidin - eggs oxalic acid - spinach comfrey - tea

For children (ages 2 to 20 years), weight status is determined by plotting BMI-for-age. Click and drag to define weight status classifications for children.

underweight: <5th healthy: 5th to 85th percentile overweight: 85th to 95th percentile obese: >95th

Early signs of atherosclerosis may appear during childhood.

true

Determine whether each pregnancy-related statement is true or false.

true: micronutrient and calorie increase, consume fish, iron is the mineral to cause nausea, low-fat dietary pattern false: gain too much weight, high-dose vitamin A

Lorraine is having guests over tomorrow; she is preparing a pork roast that is currently frozen. Click to select the appropriate methods to thaw the frozen meat.

under water, microwave, in the fridge

If you were a subject in a scientific study measuring body fatness, the scientists might assess your body composition using any of a variety of anthropometric measurements. Click and drag to match each measurement technique to its description.

underwater: submerged Air displacement: placed in chamber Bioelectrical: electrode patches Skinfold: calipers Dual energy X-ray: machine

To ensure food safety when preparing meats, a thermometer should be used to gauge the internal temperature. Put the four meats in order of lowest recommended minimum internal temperature (left) to highest recommended minimum internal temperature (right).

140 - ham 145 - steak 160 - ground beef 165 - poultry

On average, men have a basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 1.0 kilocalorie per kilogram per hour. Lawrence weighs 198 pounds. Calculate how much energy Lawrence expends for basal metabolism per day.

2,160 kilocalories per day

For children, the Physical Activity Guidelines recommend at least ______ of moderate or vigorous exercise per day.

60

Some people believe that simply eating more protein increases muscle mass. While adequate protein intake provides the building blocks for synthesis of new muscle tissue, repetitive stress on the muscles (through exercise) is necessary to increase muscle mass. Excessive protein intake can actually be harmful. Which of the following are possible consequences of excessive protein intake? Excessive protein can increase urine production and dehydrate the body.Excessive protein can lead to kidney stones in people with a history of this or other kidney problems.Excessive protein can displace carbohydrate intake, leading to insufficient carbohydrate, which can increase fatigue.Excessive protein intake can increase calcium loss somewhat in the urine

All are correct

There are four primary categories of energy expenditure. Of the following, which one represents the majority of total energy use by the body?

Basal Metabolism

After 3 hours of exercise, what are the main sources of energy?

Blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids

Psychology research provides us with many strategies for changing health behaviors. Click and drag to match each example with the name of a behavior modification technique.

Chain-breaking: "Bill used to go to the snack bar for a large bag of peanuts..."Stimulus Control: "Brenda has asked her receptionist..."Cognitive Restructuring: "Tina has stopped organizing happy hour with margaritas..."Contingency management: "Louis know that if he goes home after work..."Self-monitoring: "Wendy was concerned by her recent weight gain. She started writing..."

Some athletes are at higher risk for developing eating disorders because of the importance of and focus on weight in their sport. Determine whether each athlete is at high or low risk for developing an eating disorder based on his or her sport.

High risk: Male horse jockey, Male wrestler, female gymnast & dancer Low risk: Male quarterback, female basketball center, male baseball, female discus

Determine whether each factor increases or decreases with regular, moderate physical activity.

Increased: bone mineral density, flexibility & balance, quality of life, muscle mass & strength Decreased: BP, dementia, stress & fatigue, cancer risk

During endurance exercise, protein can contribute up to 15% of energy needs, especially when muscle glycogen stores are depleted. Which of the following amino acids is most likely to be metabolized for energy?

Leucine

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans suggest that people who need to lose weight or maintain weight loss

Likely need to engage in more than 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity

Louisa is a female infant girl born at 39 weeks who weighed 4 pounds, 15 ounces at birth. Click to select the terms that describe Louisa's status at birth.

Low birth weight, small for gestational age

Food additives are safe for most people when used appropriately, but some health hazards do exist. Classify the following types of food additives according to possible adverse health effects.

PKU: alternative sweeteners hypertension: sodium chloride, intolerance: tartrazine, sulfites, monosodium glutamate increase cancer risk: nitrates and nitrites

All people with eating disorders have disordered eating, but it is not necessarily true that everyone with disordered eating meets the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder. Click to select examples of disordered eating. Do not select examples of eating disorders.

Remy & Natalee

Women should aim to achieve a healthy weight before becoming pregnant. Being underweight or obese at the time of conception can negatively impact birth outcomes. Identify whether each outcome is a potential consequence of the mother being underweight or obese at conception.

Risk if mother is underweight at conception: -Low-birth-weight infant-Premature birth-Lower nutrient stores of iron Risk if mother is obese at conception-Birth defects-Childhood obesity later in life-Mother with gestational diabetes-Mother with preeclampsia

Excess body fat increases chronic disease and health risks. Click and drag the labels to indicate how each disease is affected by excess body weight.

Sleep apnea: pressure on lungs Heart disease: increase LDL, blood clots, inflammation Gallstone: high cholesterol increase bile Liver: excessive fat in liver Erectile dysfunction: reduced function of blood vessels

The eating behaviors of children differ significantly from that of adults. Click to select the ways parents can help to maximize a preschool-aged child's nutritional status.

encourage child to try at least one bite of each new food, provide a multivitamin, encourage six small meals or snacks per day instead of 3 large meals

Lorraine's coworkers regularly plan potluck lunch parties, although there is an inadequate food storage area for all of the potentially hazardous foods her coworkers bring. To prove a point, Lorraine brought a thermometer to today's gathering. She found the following temperatures. Click to select the foods that are in the danger zone.

a warm potato casserole at 132 and a chilled macaroni salad at 55.

Feeding a child excessive calories or fat can lead to an increase in the number of adipose tissue cells and obesity problems later in life. Paying attention to a child's calorie and fat intake is important to prevent over- or underfeeding. Match the percentage of calories that should come from fat with the corresponding life stage.

a. 30 grams of fat per day:--> Infants 6 to 12 months b. 30-40% of calories from fat: -->Children 1 to 3 years c. 25-35% of calories from fat:--> Children over 3 and teenagers

Now that Quinn is five months old, her mother is wondering if she is ready to start solid foods. Click to select the factors that indicate Quinn is ready for solid foods.

control head and neck, cit up with support, no longer pushed food out of mouth with tongue

Dana has a history of iron-deficiency anemia, and she is being particularly careful during her pregnancy to ensure she is getting enough iron. Each morning, she has a prenatal vitamin and a bowl of iron-fortified breakfast cereal. Click to select the beverage Dana should also have at breakfast that will help to increase the absorption of iron from her prenatal vitamin and the cereal.

orange juice

Complete each sentence about childhood obesity and overweight statistics.

- Approximately 1/3 of school-aged children are classified as overweight or obese based on BMI-for-age. - In addition to poor dietary habits, inactivity plays a large role in childhood obesity; only about half of children are getting the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity per day they need to maintain a healthy weight. -Inactivity is compounded by sedentary behaviors: the average American child engages in 7 hours per day of screen time, which includes time spent watching TV, playing video games, and sitting at a computer. - Increasing awareness and prevention of childhood obesity is important to all community members as data shows that 40% of children with obesity and 80% of adolescents with obesity will eventually become obese adults.

Currently, more than __ percent of American adults are overweight. An estimated __ percent of American adults are obese. Obesity is classified as having a BMI of __ or more.

70, 40, 30

Anthony is training for a half-marathon. Which of the following snacks would be the most appropriate to consume after a long-distance training run?

A banana and pretzels

Determine whether each of the scenarios pertains to the anaerobic or aerobic breakdown of glucose.

Aerobic: breakdown products of CO2 and water, supplies for ATP than other types, occurs when plenty of oxygen is available in the muscle, provides about 95% of the potential ATP Anaerobic: breakdown products include pyretic and lactic acid, provides most energy needed for quick bursts of energy, occurs when oxygen is limited, provides about 5% of potential ATP

Introducing solid foods to infants and feeding toddlers and preschool children can be a trying time for parents. Complete each sentence to explain feeding practices that optimize childhood health.

Cold tap water should be used to prepare infant formula bottles or baby food because of the potential for lead poisoning if hot tap water is used. Avoid introduction of honey until age one because this product may contain Clostridium botulinum spores. When preparing foods for infants over age 6 months, candy, whole nuts, coarsely cut meats, raw carrots, popcorn, and peanut butter should be avoided as they can cause choking. Babies and small children should not be put to bed with a bottle because bathing the teeth with formula, juice, or human milk can cause dental caries. Including whole fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and adequate fluid in their dietary pattern helps prevent constipation.

Being underweight can pose as many—if not more—complications as being overweight can. Click to select potential health consequences of being underweight.

Decreased bone mineral density, slow recovery from illness, complications during pregnancy

Despite advertisements and fad diet promises, there is no quick solution for weight loss. Successful weight loss comes from hard work and commitment. Click to select the elements of a successful weight-loss program.

Decreased calorie intake, modification of problem behaviors, increased physical activity

The current level of folic acid fortification of grain products leads to an intake of about 100 extra micrograms of folic acid per day. Why doesn't the fortification program mandate higher levels of folic acid to more effectively meet requirements?

Excessive folic acid can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency.

Lawrence notices that most of his body fat is accumulated around his midsection. His dietitian calls this "upper-body obesity" or "android obesity." The dietitian explains that this body fat distribution is more dangerous from a health standpoint than having fat accumulated around the lower portion of his body. Why is upper-body or android obesity more dangerous than lower-body or gynoid obesity?

Fat from abdominal fat cells goes directly to the liver; this disrupts the liver's ability to use insulin and increases hepatic production of lipoproteins.

Beverly is a college student who has been exercising regularly but still gained an unexpected amount of weight over the past year. Her roommate noticed that Beverly has been increasingly preoccupied with her weight and is immediately excusing herself to the bathroom after meals. Beverly eventually admits to her roommate that she makes herself throw up after eating because she feels so guilty about all of the calories she just consumed. Which of the following most accurately describes Beverly's condition?

bulimia nervosa

Throughout her pregnancy, Dana has been experiencing heartburn. A registered dietitian nutritionist explained that hormones produced by the placenta cause the muscles in the GI tract (including the lower esophageal sphincter) to relax, which sometimes leads to heartburn. However, there are a number of things she can do to alleviate the discomfort of heartburn. Click to select the dietary or lifestyle strategies that can help to prevent or lessen pain associated with heartburn.

consume liquids between meals, avoid greasy high-fat foods, avoid spicy foods, eat several small meals rather than 2 big meals

Dana is intending to breastfeed her baby after he is born. She has read that human breast milk differs significantly from cow's milk and that cow's milk should not be introduced until the baby is at least one year old. How does human breast milk differ from cow's milk?

cows milk is too high in minerals, too high in protein, and too low in carbs

The Environmental Working Group publishes a Shopper's Guide to Pesticides that identifies which types of conventionally grown produce are likely to contain high levels of pesticide residues. The Dirty Dozen™ is a list of fruits and vegetables that are likely to contain high levels of pesticide residues. The Clean 15™, on the other hand, is a list of foods that have relatively low levels of pesticide residues. Classify each of the following fruits or vegetables in the Dirty Dozen™ or the Clean 15™.

dirty dozen: apple, celery, spinach, strawberries clean 15: asparagus, sweet corn, pineapple, avocados

The treatment of anorexia nervosa must include a multidisciplinary approach, utilizing the expertise of experienced physicians, registered dietitian nutritionists, psychologists, and other health professionals. The registered dietitian oversees nutrition therapy. What is the initial objective of nutrition therapy in anorexia nervosa recovery?

increase oral food intake

New parents are often overwhelmed with the amount of information about feeding and care of infants. Determine whether each of the following feeding practices is recommended for an infant.

not recommended: providing 8 cups of water per day to an infant, heating a baby bottle in the microwave, putting the baby to bed with a bottle, feeding honey to an infant rather than sugarrecommended: avoiding bulky, high fiber foods low in calories to an infant, providing a dietary supplement of 10 micrograms of vitamin d per day to infants, feeding iron-fortified cereals and foods to children over 6 months

Last year, Elizabeth made a resolution to "eat clean" to improve her overall health. She defines "clean eating" as avoiding all processed foods and choosing only organic foods. As the months went on, she found herself eliminating more and more foods. Since her local grocery store doesn't carry many organic options, she could only eat a limited variety of fruits and vegetables. She stopped using many convenience items and would choose mostly raw fruits and vegetables. Although weight loss was not her goal, Elizabeth has lost weight since she began her new lifestyle. A few months ago, she also decided to eliminate meats from her dietary pattern. She was worried about the ingredients used to prepare foods at restaurants, so she stopped dining at restaurants altogether. When her friends invited her over for a meal, she would find an excuse not to go so she would not have to eat any forbidden foods. Now, she is traveling

orthorexia

When she was pregnant, Kay felt compelled to eat cornstarch and baby powder. This behavior is called

pica

The following are some physical effects of anorexia nervosa. Click and drag to identify the cause of each physical effect.

reduced metabolic rate: thyroid intolerance to cold: fat layer increased risk of infection: low white blood cell count muscle tears and stress features: decreased bone and muscle mass

In what way is the method used to evaluate Body Mass Index (BMI) in children (2 to 20 years) different from the method used to evaluate BMI of adults?

reference ranges for BMI for children are age- and sex-specific, whereas BMI reference ranges for adults do not account for age and biological sex

Brenda has been making herself vomit after a binge almost daily for a year now. This behavior can have very dangerous effects on the human body. Click to select the health problems that can stem from bulimia nervosa.

tears in the esophagus, swelling of the salivary glands, heart rate disturbances, demineralization of teeth

While some adults may opt to follow a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet for short-term weight loss, a high-protein diet is dangerous for an infant. What is the consequence of feeding an infant a diet that is too high in protein?

the excess nitrogen and minerals of a high-protein diet stress the baby's kidneys

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that babies should be exclusively breastfed for

the first 6 months of life