Nutrition chp 4-6
The disaccharide lactose (milk sugar) is composed of ________. a. a molecule of fructose and a molecule of galactose b. a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose c. a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose d. two molecules of glucose
b
The lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the tissues and delivers it to the liver to be used is ________. a. very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) b. high-density lipoprotein (HDL) c. low-density lipoprotein (LDL) d. chylomicrons
b
The primary lipid in the body is _____. a. cholesterol b. triglycerides c. lecithin d. chylomicrons
b
The process of straightening an unsaturated fatty acid to create a more solid fat that resists rancidity is called a. emulsification. b. hydrogenation. c. deamination. d. pressurization.
b
The small bulging pouches that are sometimes found along the lining of the large intestine are called _____. a. polyps b. diverticula c. rugae d. diabetes
b
Through photosynthesis, plants produce the most abundant form of carbohydrate, which is ________. a. lactose b. glucose c. maltose d. fructose
b
Which of the following are the preferred fuels for MOST body functions? a. carbohydrate and protein b. carbohydrate and fat c. protein and fat d. fat and ketones
b
Which of the following ingredients on the label of a box of cookies would alert you to the presence of trans fatty acids? a. high-fructose corn syrup b. partially hydrogenated vegetable oil c. all natural liquid corn oil d. vitamin E
b
Which of the following is a source of complete protein? a. kidney beans b. soy milk c. peanut butter d. pasta
b
Which of the following is likely to be the highest in saturated fat? a. whole-grain products b. animal products such as meat and dairy c. fresh fruit d. vegetables and vegetable oils
b
Which of these blood levels is associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease? a. A high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol b. A high level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol c. A low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol d. A high level of total cholesterol.
b
DNA contains all the genetic information necessary for production of every protein the body makes. Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding the role of DNA in protein synthesis. a. DNA stands for ribonucleic acid. b. Nuclear DNA cannot leave the nucleus. c. A gene is a segment of RNA that codes for a specific protein. d. The DNA unwinds in order for a copy to be made of a gene, in the form of an mRNA molecule.
b d
When fat enters the small intestine, the gallbladder releases an emulsifier called _____ to break up the large fat globules into smaller fat droplets.
bile
A triglyceride is composed of a. three glycerols and one atom of carbon. b. three atoms of carbon and one glycerol. c. three fatty acids and one glycerol. d. three glycerols and one fatty acid.
c
Charlie is a 22-year-old male nonathlete who weighs 70 kilograms. How much protein should he consume daily? a. 154 grams b. 70 grams c. 56 grams d. There is not enough information to answer the question.
c
In phenylketonuria (PKU), which amino acid becomes conditionally essential? a. alanine b. cysteine c. tyrosine d. phenylalanine
c
Protein synthesis is directed by a compound in the cell nucleus called ___________. a. ribonucleic acid (RNA) b. messenger RNA (mRNA) c. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) d. transfer RNA (tRNA)
c
The "backbone" of both a triglyceride and a phospholipid is a ____ molecule. a. glucose b. phosphate c. glycerol d. sterol
c
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommendation is that _____ percent of an adult's total daily energy intake should come from carbohydrate. a. 10 to 35 b. 20 to 35 c. 45 to 65 d. 70
c
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake is _______. a. between 8 percent and 10 percent of a person's daily energy intake b. between 35 percent and 40 percent of a person's daily energy intake c. between 20 percent and 35 percent of a person's daily energy intake d. under 300 milligrams daily
c
The autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas is called ______________ . a. diverticulitis b. insulin resistance c. type 1 diabetes d. type 2 diabetes
c
The characteristics of metabolic syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT: a. abdominal obesity b. high blood glucose c. high HDL cholesterol d. high blood pressure
c
The majority of trans fats in foods are created by food manufacturers through the process of _________. a. transamination b. active transport c. hydrogenation d. None of these options is correct; trans fats are not created by food manufacturers.
c
The process that destroys the shape and activity of proteins when heat, acid, salts, or pressure is applied is known as ______. a. condensation b. hydrogenation c. denaturation d. deamination
c
Unless carefully planned, vegan diets may be low in which of the following essential micronutrients? a. vitamins C and E, thiamin, and calcium b. vitamins K and E, potassium, and magnesium c. vitamins D and B12, calcium, and iron d. Vitamin B12, folate, sodium, and potassium
c
What food can be eaten with brown rice to ensure all of the body's amino acid needs are met? a. Mandarin orange slices b. Onions c. Black beans d. Broccoli
c
What hormone is needed to move glucose (obtained from the food consumed) from the blood into the body's cells? a. Glucagon b. Glycogen c. Insulin d. Vasopressin
c
What occurs when blood glucose levels rise following the ingestion of a glucose-rich meal? a. The alpha cells of the pancreas release insulin. b. The beta cells of the pancreas release glucagon. c. The beta cells of the pancreas release insulin. d. The alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon.
c
When blood glucose levels drop, which hormone brings glucose out of storage to raise blood glucose levels? a. adrenaline b. glycogen c. glucagon d. insulin
c
Which of the following foods are the BEST sources of monounsaturated fatty acids? a. chicken and whole milk b. butter and beef c. olive oil and cashew nuts d. coconut and palm oils
c
Which of the following foods would be most helpful in preventing diverticulosis? a. milk, cheese, yogurt b. beef, poultry, eggs c. whole grains, vegetables d. honey, molasses, raw sugar
c
Which of the following is an amino-acid containing hormone? a. progesterone b. adrenal hormones c. insulin d. estrogen
c
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? a. cholesterol b. butyric acid c. linoleic acid d. hydrochloric acid
c
Which of the following occurs during protein synthesis? a. Messenger RNA collects amino acids from the cell nucleus and brings them to ribosomes for assembly into proteins. b. Transfer RNA copies genetic information from DNA in the cell nucleus, then brings it to amino acids in the cytosol. c. Transfer RNA collects amino acids from the cytoplasm and brings them to ribosomes for assembly into proteins. d. Once assembly of all amino acids is complete, the new protein leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
c
Which of the following provides at least one serving of a whole-grain food? a. A cheeseburger on an enriched hamburger bun b. A ham sandwich on white bread c. One half cup of cooked oatmeal with milk d. Four celery sticks stuffed with peanut butter and raisins
c
Which of the following types of grains provide the most micronutrients and dietary fiber? a. Refined grains b. Enriched grains c. Whole grains d. All grains are equally nutritious
c
Which of the following will not denature a protein? a. grilling a chicken breast b. frying an egg c. refrigerating milk d. marinating a steak in red wine
c
Which of the following would meet the definition of an added sugar? a. Lactose in a carton of milk b. Total sugars in a glass of fresh-squeezed orange juice c. High-fructose corn syrup in a bottled tea drink d. None of the options qualifies as an added sugar.
c
Which of these food items contains the most dietary cholesterol per serving? a. salad dressing made with olive oil b. french fries cooked in canola oil c. whole milk d. walnuts and almonds
c
Regular consumption of dietary fiber is associated with a reduced risk for________. a. heart disease b. certain cancers c. constipation, diverticulosis, and diverticulitis d. All options are correct.
d
The minimum amount of carbohydrates needed daily is _____ grams. a. 75 b. 100 c. 120 d. 130
d
The nutrition analysis of a fast-food meal indicates it contains 20 grams of fat. How many kilocalories are provided by the fat? a. 20 b. 80 c. 140 d. 180
d
The part of the protein molecule that contains nitrogen is called the ________. a. acid group b. side chain c. hydrogen group d. amine group
d
The process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called ________. a. glycogenolysis b. glycolysis c. glycogenesis d. gluconeogenesis
d
The term "enriched" on a food label signifies that a. nutrients were added to the food that have additional health benefits beyond those naturally found in it. b. nutrients were added to the food that did not originally exist in it. c. the food was processed without any artificial additives. d. the nutrients in the food were lost during processing and then added back in.
d
identify the role(s) each of the following components plays in protein synthesis. instructions on how to build all proteins are stored in this molecule's genetic code.
DNA
The ______ contains all of the instructions for building the hundreds of thousands of proteins that are found in the human body.
DNA
________ is a lipid with a multiple-ring structure, and is an important component of cell membranes.
Cholesterol
_________ are lipoproteins produced in the enterocyte that carry fats and cholesterol from the intestine through the lymph system and to the bloodstream.
Chylomicrons
Proteins act as ____________ and help to maintain proper pH in blood by picking up or donating hydrogen ions. a. enzymes b. buffers c. hormones d. catalysts
b
Fat is digested and absorbed by the same process that digests and absorbs carbohydrates and proteins. False or True
False
Fat is the primary fuel for the brain. True or False
False
Stored glycogen is converted into glucose in a process called glycogenesis. True or False
False
You will now consider the secretions involved in fat digestion, including the organs that secrete or release them. Review the list of the various molecules involved in fat digestion below and match the molecules with their correct organ of origin or storage. Bile
Gallbladder
_________ are phospholipids that are used to make bile.
Lecithins
Sucrose is a _____. a. monosaccharide b. disaccharide c. polysaccharide d. starch
b
______ are carriers made up of bile and phospholipids that can trap monoacylglycerides and fatty acids and transport digested fats from food to the enterocytes.
Micelles
You will now consider the secretions involved in fat digestion, including the organs that secrete or release them. Review the list of the various molecules involved in fat digestion below and match the molecules with their correct organ of origin or storage. Lingual Lipase
Mouth
You will now consider the secretions involved in fat digestion, including the organs that secrete or release them. Review the list of the various molecules involved in fat digestion below and match the molecules with their correct organ of origin or storage. Pancreatic Lipase
Pancreas
You will now consider the secretions involved in fat digestion, including the organs that secrete or release them. Review the list of the various molecules involved in fat digestion below and match the molecules with their correct organ of origin or storage. Chylomicron and Micelles
Small Intestines
You will now consider the secretions involved in fat digestion, including the organs that secrete or release them. Review the list of the various molecules involved in fat digestion below and match the molecules with their correct organ of origin or storage. Gastric Lipase
Stomach
Alkalosis is a condition in which the pH of the blood becomes too basic. True or False
True
Diets high in added sugars are associated with tooth decay and gum disease. True or False
True
Most of the triglycerides in food reach the stomach without being chemically digested. False or True
True
A package of cookies states that they are "reduced fat." This means that the cookies are __________ . a. at least 25 percent lower in fat per serving than a serving of the regular version of the cookies b. manufactured with olestra c. at least 25 percent lower in kilocalories per serving than a serving of the regular version of the cookies d. healthful
a
All of the following organs play a role in the digestion of lipids EXCEPT the ________. a. large intestine b. gallbladder c. pancreas d. liver
a
An 8-ounce glass of low-fat chocolate milk contains 160 kilocalories (kcal) and 8 grams of protein. What percent of the kcal in the milk comes from protein? a. 20 percent b. 35 percent c. 45 percent d. There is not enough data to calculate the percentage.
a
Bile is made in the ______ and stored in the _______. a. liver; gallbladder b. pancreas; pancreatic duct c. pancreas d. liver; pancreas
a
Carbohydrates provide ____ kilocalories per gram. a. 4 b. 7 c. 9 d. 11
a
Cholesterol is __________ . a. a component of cell membranes b. found in certain margarines c. a precursor for vitamin A d. unhealthful
a
Complete protein is found abundantly in _____. a. meat b. vegetables c. fat d. whole grains
a
For protein synthesis to continue successfully, adequate amounts of energy and essential amino acids need to be available in the body. Which of the following scenarios describing dietary intake is most likely to result in inadequate protein intake that could interfere with protein synthesis? a. Although Dakota enjoys red meat on occasion, he considers himself a semi vegetarian. Recently, he put himself on a very-low-energy diet in his efforts to lose 4 lb per week. b. Julianne is a lacto-ovovegetarian of normal weight. She enjoys foods like cheese and veggie omelettes and broccoli and cheese chowder. c. Carmichael has been vegan for about 6 months and consistently practices mutual supplementation. His favorite dish is a 3-bean salad with wild rice. d. Nadia is trying to gain weight and has been exceeding her energy needs by 100 kcal per day.
a
If a food contains 25 grams of carbohydrate and 200 kilocalories per serving, what percent of the kilocalories in this food come from carbohydrate? a. 50 percent b. 25 percent c. 10 percent d. More information is needed to answer the question.
a
Nitrogen released from the breakdown of proteins a. is used in the synthesis of urea, which is excreted by the kidneys in the urine. b. travels in the bloodstream to the lungs, where it is excreted when we exhale. c. is used to synthesize liver glycogen. d. triggers acidosis.
a
People with the inherited disorder known as phenylketonuria (PKU) are unable to metabolize which of the following sweeteners? a. Aspartame (NutraSweet or Equal) b. Saccharin (Sweet 'n Low) c. Sorbitol d. Sucralose (Splenda)
a
Proteins consist of a chain of some combination of amino acids linked by _______. a. peptide bonds b. carbon bonds c. denaturation d. phosphate bonds
a
Proteins play many important roles in the body, including _____. a. transporting nutrients through the bloodstream or across cell membranes b. mineralizing bones c. binding with and carrying oxygen in red blood cells d. All options are correct.
a
Reducing the consumption of _______ will have the biggest impact on decreasing the amount of added sugars that Americans consume a. sodas and other sugary drinks b. ice cream c. candy d. cakes, cookies, and pies
a
The latest AMDR for protein is _____ of one's daily energy intake. a. 10 to 35 percent b. 20 to 35 percent c. 45 to 65 percent d. 30 to 45 percent
a
This is the process by which cells use genes to make proteins. a. gene expression b. blood lipid levels c. genetic message d. peptide bonding
a
What hormone, released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level, acts to raise blood glucose back to normal? a. Glucagon b. Insulin c. Glycogenesis d. Glycogen
a
What is a good way to raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels? a. Engage in regular exercise. b. Consume at least two alcoholic beverages per day. c. Avoid consumption of dietary cholesterol. d. Get regular blood pressure screenings.
a
Where in the body are disaccharides digested and absorbed? a. The small intestine b. The colon c. The stomach d. The pancreas
a
Which of the following foods contains the least amount of fiber? a. one serving of meat b. one baked potato (skin included) c. one peach (skin included) d. six whole-grain crackers
a
Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in maintaining blood glucose levels? a. thyroxin b. epinephrine c. glucagon d. insulin
a
Which of the following nutrients are added to enriched grains? a. Folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron b. Folic acid, thiamin, B12, niacin, and calcium c. Folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, B12, and iron d. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and zinc
a
Which of the following sources of protein has the highest digestibility? a. pork b. spinach c. kidney beans d. peanuts
a
Which of the following statements about dietary protein intake is TRUE? a. Athletes have higher protein needs than sedentary adults. b. On average, protein intake recommendations are lower for older adults than for young and middle-age adults. c. The RDA for protein for sedentary adults is 1.2 g per kg of body weight. d. The AMDR for protein is 10% to 25% of total energy intake.
a
Which of the following statements describes the nature of emulsification? a. Bile salts act to emulsify lipids in the small intestine, which helps pancreatic lipase access fats for further digestion. b. Micelles are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid in emulsification of lipids. c. Cholesterol can act as an emulsifier. d. Bile salts help decrease the surface area of lipid droplets.
a
Which of the following statements is false? a. Fats are nonessential nutrients. b. Significant chemical digestion begins in the duodenum. c. Once absorbed, dietary fat is transported from the intestinal cells to the blood through the lymph fluid. d. Bile plays a role in digestion.
a
Which of these elements is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and lipids? a. nitrogen b. carbon c. hydrogen d. oxygen
a
Which of these lipoproteins has the highest percentage of cholesterol? a. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) b. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) c. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) d. chylomicron
a
_____ is the storage form of glucose in the body. a. Glycogen b. Glucagon c. Starch d. Fiber
a
A healthy immune system depends on an adequate supply of proteins that bind to and neutralize harmful invaders. What are these proteins known as? a. enzymes b. antibodies c. buffers d. transport proteins
b
All of the following are major classes of dietary lipids except: a. Triglycerides b. Eicosanoids c. Sterols d. Phospholipids
b
Carbohydrates contain a. carbon, helium, and sodium b. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen c. carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus d. carbon, sulfur, and potassium
b
Consumption of plant sterols can _____. a. raise blood levels of C-reactive protein b. lower blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol c. raise blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine d. increase the liver's use of triglycerides to make bile
b
Consumption of which of these dietary components raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol the most? a. Soluble fiber b. saturated fat c. dietary cholesterol d. plant sterols
b
During the digestive process, most lipids are absorbed ________. a. into the bloodstream b. into the lymphatic system c. across the lining of the stomach d. into the pancreas through the pancreatic duct
b
Eating foods high in soluble fiber may help to reduce high blood cholesterol levels. Which of the following foods is the richest source of soluble fiber? a. Brown rice b. Oatmeal c. Chocolate chip cookies d. Peanut butter
b
How many amino acids are considered essential to consume in the diet? a. None are essential to consume. b. 9 c. 12 d. 20; all are essential to consume.
b
Kwashiorkor is a type of protein-energy malnutrition that develops when _____. a. both protein and energy intake are severely inadequate b. there is a severe deficiency of protein in the diet but an adequate intake of energy c. there is an inadequate amount of animal protein in the diet d. protein intake is adequate, but carbohydrate intake is not
b
People with a deficiency of the enzyme lactase cannot properly digest ________. a. sucrose (table sugar) b. lactose (milk sugar) c. starch d. sorbitol (a sugar alcohol)
b
A body that retains more nitrogen than it excretes is in _______. a. negative nitrogen balance b. nitrogen balance c. trouble because this indicates a serious illness d. positive nitrogen balance
d
After a person consumes a glass of soy milk, where does the majority of the digestion and absorption of the protein occur? a. mouth b. stomach c. pancreas d. small intestine
d
An acceptable main dish for a lacto-ovo-vegetarian would be _____. a. stir-fried tofu and vegetables over brown rice b. a cheese and broccoli omelet c. baked ziti with ricotta cheese, spinach, and tomato sauce d. All options are correct.
d
Fatty acids are classified by ________. a. whether the carbons are connected by single or double bonds b. the total number of double bonds c. the length of the fatty acid chain d. All options are correct.
d
What happens to the amino acids that are absorbed after the digestive process is complete? a. A limited supply of all amino acids remains in amino acid pools in the blood and inside the cells. b. Some amino acids are degraded and the nitrogen excreted in urine while the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen remains are used for energy, or are stored as fat. c. Many amino acids are used to build and maintain body tissues, make new clotting proteins, enzymes, antibodies, neurotransmitters, and other products. d. All options are correct.
d
What is the role of the hormone glucagon in regulating blood glucose? a. The liver stores glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels. b. Glucagon inhibits gluconeogenesis, which increases blood glucose. c. Insulin encourages the release of glucagon, which lowers blood glucose concentration. d. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen, to increase blood glucose concentrations.
d
Which of the following can help someone who is lactose intolerant enjoy dairy products? a. Drinking lactose-reduced milk b. Consuming small amounts of dairy throughout the day c. Consuming breakfast cereal with yogurt instead of milk d. All options are correct.
d
Which of the following foods are HIGHEST in saturated fatty acids? a. peanut oil and peppers b. tuna and walnuts c. salmon and canola oils d. butter and palm kernel oil
d
Which of the following foods are good sources of monounsaturated fatty acids? a. cashew nuts and almonds b. olives and olive oil c. canola oil d. All options are correct.
d
Which of the following foods are the richest sources of omega-3 fatty acids? a. broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables b. sirloin steak and other beef products c. tofu and other foods made from soybeans d. salmon and other fatty fish
d
Which of the following foods is a source of complete protein? a. whole-grain bread b. pinto beans c. broccoli d. chicken breast
d
Which of the following is a current national recommendation regarding fat intake? a. Limit dietary cholesterol to less than 500 milligrams daily. b. Keep total fat intake to 10 percent to 25 percent of total energy. c. Consume no more than 5 percent of your total daily fat intake as saturated fat. d. Keep your intake of trans fatty acids as low as possible
d
Which of the following is a function of fat in the body? a. insulate the body and regulate body temperature b. cushion the bones, organs, and nerves c. enable the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins d. all options are correct.
d
Which of the following is a health benefit of omega-3 fatty acids? a. The body uses them to make arachidonic acid. b. They transport cholesterol to the liver for use or excretion. c. They increase blood pressure. d. They regulate inflammation.
d
Which of the following is a major function of protein in the human body? a. maintaining fluid balance b. growth and maintenance of new tissue c. synthesis of certain hormones d. All options are correct.
d
Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate? a. Starch b. Fiber c. Glycogen d. All options are correct.
d
Which of the following lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes? a. Maintaining a normal body weight b. Eating a balanced, high-fiber, nutritious diet that is low in added sugars c. Exercising regularly d. All options are correct.
d
Which of the following statements about atherosclerosis is true? a. Atheroslcerosis is a narrowing of arteries due to build-up of plaque. b. Smoking increases the risk for atherosclerosis. c. High blood pressure can accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. d. All options are correct.
d
Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regard to the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation? a. Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles. b. Glucose requires insulin to cross cell membranes. c. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise. d. All of these statements are correct.
d
The ___________ releases bile into the small intestine.
gallbladder
The enzyme ________, secreted in the stomach, begins the digestion of some triglycerides.
gastric lipase
A segment of DNA that encodes for the production of a specific protein is called a(n) ______
gene
DNA does not build or synthesize a protein it encodes for; instead, DNA contains information that is copied by an enzyme to make _____, which leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome where the protein is built.
mRNA
identify the role(s) each of the following components plays in protein synthesis. it carries a copy of the DNA instructions that dictate the sequence of amino acids for making a specific protein. the ribosome moves along this and reads the encoded information.
mRNA
The structure in the cell that contains DNA is called the ________.
nucleus
This enzyme, which breaks down triglycerides into monoacylglycerides and free fatty acids, is called _________
pancreatic lipase
To begin the translation stage, mRNA binds to a ribosome with the help of _____
rRNA
The _____ reads the mRNA strand, and with the help of tRNA, builds the corresponding amino acid chain
ribosome
identify the role(s) each of the following components plays in protein synthesis: it releases the amino acid chain once the chain is complete. it reads the copied genetic information and helps build the corresponding sequence of amin acids.
ribosomes
A type of RNA that plays the important role of transferring specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain in the ribosomes is called ______.
tRNA
identify the role(s) each of the following components plays in protein synthesis. it transfer specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain.
tRNA
The most common fat in foods are made up of three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon glycerol backbone and are called _______
triglycerides