Nutrition
Bone loss is a calcium-deficiency disease similar to iron-deficiency anemia.
False
The pancreas releases glucagon to remove glucose from blood and store it in the muscles. T/F
False
Approximately what percentage of calories from fat would be provided by a bowl of soup containing 200 calories and 11 grams of fat? Note that 1 gram of fat provides 9 calories. a.50% b.72% c.67% d.44% e.11%
a. 50%
Which of the following statements is true of energy-yielding nutrients in the human diet? a. Body tissues use carbohydrates for energy and other critical functions. b. The adult DRI for total carbohydrate is 300 grams per day. c. Fat is readily available as fuel for the brain and red blood cells. d. The intake of refined carbohydrates should not be limited for achieving good health. e. Carbohydrates provide more calories than dietary fats.
a. Body tissues use carbohydrates for energy and other critical functions.
How does the body deal with a high intake of iron from food? a.By trapping iron in the intestinal cells b.By storing excess iron in liver cells c.By maintaining the feeling of satiety d.By excreting excess iron through the urine e.By initiating an inflammatory reaction
a. By trapping iron in the intestinal cells
Which agency is responsible for maintaining the safety standards of bottled water in the United States? a. FDA b. WHO c. EPA d. NHANES e. USDA
a. FDA
Which of the following statements is true of an elemental diet? a. It supports life. b. It supports optimal growth. c. It supports long-term health. d. It enables people to thrive over long periods. e. It is better than real food.
a. It supports life.
Which of the following nutrients is correctly matched with its role in bone development? a. Magnesium plays an important role in preserving bone integrity. b. Vitamin C assists in the production of several bone salts. c. Vitamin A plays a significant role in the bone-remodeling process. d. Vitamin K maintains the concentration of collagen in the body. e. Omega-3 fatty acids maintain bone mineral density in the body.
a. Magnesium plays an important role in preserving bone integrity.
Your diet has been evaluated and you are consuming an average of 2800 calories, 62 grams of saturated fat, and 5 grams of trans fat daily. Are these values within the recommendations for heart health? a. No, because the energy from saturated fat is higher than the recommended percentage. b. Yes, because the energy from saturated fat is within the recommended percentage range. c. Yes, because the percentage of energy from the diet is within the recommended range. d. No, because the energy from trans-fat should be increased. e. Yes, because this represents a balanced diet.
a. No, because the energy from saturated fat is within the recommended percentage range.
Which of the following diseases includes symptoms such as diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death? a. Pellagra b. Jaundice c. Hemolytic anemia d. Scurvy e. Beriberi
a. Pellagra
A 10-year-old boy is going through a growth spurt. What should his nitrogen status be, given that he needs to build new muscle tissue? a. Positive nitrogen balance b. Nitrogen deficiency c. Negative nitrogen balance d. Nitrogen equilibrium e. Nitrogen excess
a. Positive nitrogen balance
Why should we cook eggs before eating them rather than eating them raw? a. Raw egg proteins bind to biotin, making it unavailable for absorption in the body. b. Raw egg proteins provide excessive amounts of iron and cause adverse effects when consumed. c. Raw egg proteins cannot be denatured in the human body. d. Raw egg proteins speed up protein digestion and prevent adequate absorption of proteins. e. Raw egg proteins are completely indigestible and cause food poisoning.
a. Raw egg proteins bind to biotin, making it unavailable for absorption in the body.
Which of the following food sources provides the highest amount of zinc? a. Shellfish b. Orange c. Whole-grain bread d. Legume e. Spinach
a. Shellfish
How does the body respond to low cellular fluid, concentrated blood particles, and low blood pressure? a. The hypothalamus initiates an immediate thirst response. b. The cerebrum initiates the withdrawal of blood from all the organs to the bloodstream. c. The heart starts pumping blood rapidly throughout the body. d. The kidney starts excreting the excess sodium ions present in the body. e. The liver starts metabolizing the excess fat stored in the adipose tissues.
a. The hypothalamus initiates and immediate thirst response.
George is a 35-year-old athlete using nutrient supplements to give him a competitive advantage. Which of the following nutrient intake recommendations would you suggest that George become familiar with? a. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels b. Daily Values c. Adequate Intakes d. Recommended Dietary Allowances e. Estimated Average Requirements
a. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
Phosphorus is a critical constituent of cellular fluids because of its role: a. as a buffer in maintaining the optimum body pH b. as a sodium ion transporter in body cells c. in the synthesis of amino acids d. in the synthesis of phospholipids to transport fats through the blood e. in binding with calcium in the muscle tissues
a. as a buffer in maintaining the optimum body pH
A food manufacturer has included the following claim on the container label for a product: "Helps maintain normal iron levels." If you were evaluating the claim, you would: a. be suspicious because this is a structure-function claim requiring no advance approval b. know this is an accurate statement because it was reviewed before being put on the label c. be likely to recommend this product because of the obvious claim d. be aware that the FDA has done research on the manufacturer's claim e. know that the manufacturer has done extensive research on the claim
a. be suspicious because this is a structure-function claim requiring no advance approval
The effects of physical activity on the body include all of the following except: a. decreased bone density b. reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases c. increased lean body tissue d. faster wound healing e. improved mental functioning
a. decreased bone density
Cells will do all of the following to create their own working proteins from available amino acids except: a. hold partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino acids b. obtain amino acids that are available in the cell's amino acid pool c. break down their internal proteins to liberate the needed amino acids d. synthesize nonessential amino acids that are missing for the protein that is being made e. slow down protein synthesis until enough of the limiting amino acid is available again
a. holds partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino acids
Which statement concerning lecithin is false? a. It can lower blood cholesterol. b. It has no special ability to promote health. c. It is a phospholipid. d. It is an emulsifier. e. It is a major constituent of cell membranes.
a. it can lower blood cholesterol
All of the following nutrients are organic except: a. minerals. b. fats. c. carbohydrates. d. vitamins. e. proteins.
a. minerals
Which of the following is a DRI recommendation for fat intake for healthy people? a. Consume at least 500 mg of cholesterol per day. b. Consume around 20 to 35% of calories as fat. c. Increase the percentage of calories from trans-fat. d. Keep saturated fat intake higher than 20% of calories. e. Limit linoleic acid intake to less than 5% of calories.
b. Consume around 20 to 35% of calories from trans-fat
As people increase the consumption of polyunsaturated oil, their need for vitamin _____ increases. a. D b. E c. B6 d. A e. K
b. E
Which of the following is a protein catalyst that facilitates chemical reactions? a. Antibodies b. Enzymes c. Lysosomes d. Lipoproteins e. Hormones
b. Enzymes
Which of the following statements is true of LDL and HDL? a. LDL transport lipids from the muscles to the liver. b. HDL play an important role in scavenging cholesterol from the tissues for disposal. c. HDL pick up cholesterol from the liver and transfer it to the blood. d. As compared to LDL, HDL contain a large proportion of cholesterol. e. LDL are much smaller than HDL as they are devoid of cholesterol.
b. HDL play an important role in scavenging cholesterol from the tissues for disposal.
How is dietary fiber beneficial to health? a. Soluble fiber reduces complications from diverticulosis. b. Insoluble fiber aids in easing stool elimination. c. Fiber can be broken down to glucose. d. Fiber always contains antioxidants. e. Insoluble fiber can help lower the risk of diabetes.
b. Insoluble fiber aids in easing stool elimination.
Which of the following statements is true of palmitic acid? a. It decreases blood LDL cholesterol. b. It is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. c. It is an essential fatty acid. d. It decreases the risk of CVD. e. It is an unsaturated fatty acid.
b. It is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid
Which of the following is true of a catalyst? a.It is a chemical messenger secreted by body organs in response to conditions that require regulation. b.It is a substance that hastens the rate of a chemical reaction without permanently altering itself. c.It is a protein that helps transport different substances around the body. d.It is a compound that helps maintain the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. e.It is a group of proteins produced by the immune system in response to an invasion by foreign substances.
b. It is a substance that hastes the rate of a chemical reaction without permanently altering itself.
Which of the following is an essential amino acid? a. Tyrosine b. Lysine c. Proline d. Aspartic acid e. Alanine
b. Lysine
Which of the following does not occur as part of the stress response? a. The fat cells release fat. b. The digestive system speeds up. c. The muscles tense up. d. The liver pours forth glucose from its stores. e. The heart rate increases.
b. The digestive system speeds up.
Which of the following is a consequence of alcohol abuse? a. Stomach cells undersecrete acid and histamine. b. The liver expels folate into the blood for excretion by the kidneys. c. The kidneys reduce the excretion of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and zinc. d. The body absorbs and stores excess thiamin. e. Cells of the eye's retina process retinol instead of ethanol.
b. The liver expels folate into the blood for excretion by the kidneys.
In a study conducted in several countries, it was found that a high intake of fish and a low intake of animal fat were correlated with a low breast cancer mortality rate. This study is an example of a(n): a. intervention study b. epidemiological study c. case study d. blind experiment e. laboratory study
b. epidemiological study
What of the following statements is true of a microbiome? a. It is a group of fat-digesting bacteria. b. It refers to the collective genes of a specific bacterial sample. c. It is a collection of disease-causing bacteria. d. It is a group of fat-digesting bacteria. e. It is a group of protein-digesting fungi.
b. it refers to the collective genes of a specific bacterial sample
You know that you should limit your salt intake for the sake of your health.. This doesn't mean that you should never indulge in salty food. This statement illustrates an important characteristic of a nutritious diet called _____. a. adequacy b. moderation c. calorie control d. balance e. variety
b. moderation
During the fight-or-flight reaction, the body reacts by: a. slowing the heart rate to conserve blood b. releasing stored glucose from the liver c. slowing down breathing to conserve oxygen d. temporarily shutting down metabolism e. speeding up the work of the digestive system
b. releasing stored glucose from the liver
Carbohydrates are essential for providing energy to the body because: a. they provide amino acids that are the preferred energy sources for body processes b. the glucose obtained from them is an important fuel for most of the body's cells c. fats cannot provide energy for cellular processes d. ketone bodies produced from proteins do not provide adequate energy for cells e. they provide ketone bodies that are the preferred energy sources of the body's cells
b. the glucose obtained from them is an important fuel for most of the body's cells
Which of the following is not a food source of vitamin K? a. Antibiotics b. Tap water c. Intestinal bacteria d. Sunlight e. Copper utensils
c Intestinal bacteria
Three ounces of beef stew contains about the same amount of iron as three ounces of water-packed tuna. However, the beef stew provides over 300 calories, while the tuna provides about 100 calories. With respect to iron, the tuna offers more: a. dietary variety b. variety c. nutrient density d. moderation e. balance
c nutrient density
Which of the following foods contains about 15 grams of carbohydrate? a. 1 cup of cooked corn b. 2 cups of brown rice c. A slice of bread d. 1/2 cup of dried fruit e. 1 cup of cooked tomatoes
c. A slice of bread
Which of the following compounds is present in garlic? a. Lutein b. Lignans c. Antioxidant organosulfur compounds d. Lycopene e. Antioxidant organophosphorus compounds
c. Antioxidant organosulfur compounds
The role of bile in fat digestion is to: a. digest fats in the mouth b. transport fats through the circulatory system c. emulsify fats in the small intestine d. digest fats in the stomach e. hydrogenate the double bonds of fatty acids
c. Emulsify fats in the small intestine.
Which of the following statements is true of chromium? a. It plays a key role in the formation of hemoglobin and collagen. b. It increases the resistance of bones and teeth against demineralization. c. It improves the cellular uptake of glucose by enhancing insulin activity. d. It acts as a buffer to maintain the acid-base balance of cellular fluids. e. It limits the formation of free radicals and prevents oxidative damage.
c. It improves the cellular uptake of glucose by enhancing insulin activity.
Which of the following nutrients contains cobalt? a. Vitamin C b. Protein c. Vitamin B12 d. Fat e. Carbohydrate
c. Vitamin B12
Which of the following sugar alcohols has a 100% sweetness relative to sucrose? a. Lactitol b. Isomalt c. Xylitol d. Maltitol e. Sorbitol
c. Xyliitol
When consuming adequate dietary iron, it is advisable to: a. combine zinc-rich foods with heme iron sources to increase absorption b. add supplements because they are better absorbed than iron in foods c. include vitamin C-rich foods with nonheme iron sources to enhance absorption d. avoid combining heme-iron-rich foods with nonheme-iron-rich foods in the same meal e. eat nonheme iron found only in plants because it is absorbed more efficiently
c. include vitamin C-rich foods with nonheme iron sources to enhance absorption
All of the following are health benefits of insoluble fiber except: a. it may reduce the risk of rectal cancer b. it lowers the risk of hemorrhoids c. it reduces excessive gas in the large intestine d. it reduces complications from diverticulosis e. it alleviates constipation
c. it reduces excessive gas in the large intestine
According to the Dietary Reference Intakes, people should obtain _____ of their daily energy from carbohydrates. a. 65 to 70 percent b. 10 to 15 percent c. 10 to 35 percent d. 45 to 65 percent e. 20 to 35 percent
d. 45 to 65 percent
Which of the following details would be provided on a small label on a roll of candy rings? a. Manufacturer and distributor addresses b. Information on health risks c. Information on protein, fat, and sugar contents d. A website to visit for nutrient information e. A list of Dietary Reference Intake values
d. A website to visit for nutrient information
Which of the following statements is true of essential fatty acids? a. Omega-3 fatty acids are monounsaturated fatty acids. b. Omega-6 fatty acids are saturated fatty acids. c. Omega-3 fatty acids are monounsaturated fatty acids. d. EPA and DHA tend to collect in cell membranes. e. EPA and DHA are part of the omega-6 fatty acid family.
d. EPA and DHA tend to collect in cell membranes
Which of the following is not associated with an excess intake of protein? a. Enlarged kidneys in animals b. Increased risk of heart disease c. Weight gain with animal meat consumption d. Enlarged livers in humans e. Worsening of existing kidney problems
d. Enlarged livers in humans
Which of the following steps comes after the hypothesis and prediction step in the scientific method? a. Analysis of data b. Observation c. Publication d. Experiment e. Results and interpretations
d. Experiment
Identify the best source of lignans. a. Dark chocolate b. Milk c. Garlic d. Flaxseeds e. Potatoes
d. Flaxseeds
Which of the following is a major role of vitamin A in sustaining eyesight? a. It slows the recovery of vision after exposure to bright light. b. It prevents the differentiation of immature cells. c. It aids in the accumulation of protein in the cornea. d. It helps maintain a healthy, crystal-clear cornea. e. It helps prevent excessive lubrication of the eyes.
d. It helps maintain a healthy, crystal-clear cornea
Which of the following is a probable health benefit of eating brown rice? a. It helps reduce complex carbohydrate intake. b. It increases appetite. c. It increases blood flow. d. It lowers the risk of hemorrhoids and appendicitis. e. It lowers the risk of bone deformities.
d. It lowers the risk of hemorrhoids and appendicitis.
Which characteristic of water allows it to act as a potential lubricant? a. Its chemical reactivity b. Its heat-holding capacity c. Its ability to bond with other substances d. Its incompressibility e. Its ability to dissolve substances
d. Its incompressibility
Which types of cells normally replace themselves once every few years? a. Digestive tract cells b. Red blood cells c. Brain cells d. Muscle cells e. Skin cells
d. Muscle cells
Which of the following foods provides amino acids that are most easily digested and absorbed by the body? a. Grains b. Fruits c. Vegetables d. Poultry e. Legumes
d. Poultry
Which of the following characteristics applies to the maintenance stage of behavior change? a. Avoiding changes in daily routine and specific behavior b. Admitting that change is needed and weighing the pros and cons of changing c. Concentrating mainly on the strengths of the current eating pattern d. Striving to integrate the new behavior into daily life and striving to make it permanent e. Committing time and energy to make changes in behavior
d. Striving to integrate the new behavior into daily life and striving to make it permanent
In sickle-cell disease, which of the following amino acids replaces glutamic acid in hemoglobin? a. Glycine b. Lysine c. Serine d. Valine e. Tyrosine
d. Valine
In a nutritious diet, the foods provide sufficient quantities of essential nutrients, fiber, and energy to maintain health and body weight. This principle of diet planning is called _____. a. moderation b. balance c. variety d. adequacy e. calorie control
d. adequacy
The digestion of macronutrients begins in the mouth with enzyme action on: a. carbohydrates, fats, and proteins b. proteins c. fats d. fats and starch e. fiber
d. fats and starch
The liver converts excess energy-yielding nutrients into _____ for storage. a. protein and fat b. starch and glycogen c. glycogen and protein d. glycogen and fat e. protein and glucose
d. glycogen and fat
Blood leaving the digestive system is routed directly to the _____. a. lungs b. kidneys c. heart d. liver e. gallbladder
d. liver
Atrial fibrillation, a dangerous form of irregular heartbeat is associated with the intake of _____. a. stearic acid b. polyunsaturated fat c. monounsaturated fat d. palmitic acid e. omega-3 acid
d. palmitic acid
Antioxidant nutrients that actively scavenge and quench free radicals in the body include: a. vitamin B12 b. potassium c. riboflavin d. vitamin E e. chromium
d. vitamin E
A point of unsaturation is a site on a fatty acid chain: a. where carbon forms a double bond with hydrogen b. from where a nitrogen is removed c. where there is a single bond d. where additional hydrogen atoms can easily be attached e. where a carbon atom holds a sulfur atom
d. where additional hydrogen atoms can easily be attached
Which of the following results does not support the recent research on the health benefits of flavonoids found in dark chocolate? a. The flavonoids in dark chocolate reduce the level of harmful oxidizing compounds in the blood. b. Chocolate intake correlates with a lower risk of heart disease. c. In a study of about 1,000 people, greater chocolate intakes were associated with more depressive symptoms. d. A flavonoid antioxidant gets absorbed in the blood of individuals who eat chocolate. e. Dark chocolate consumption promotes weight loss.
e. Dark chocolate consumption promotes weight loss.
Which of the following statements is true of vitamin C? a. A lack of the vitamin causes beriberi. b. It prevents common cold. c. An excess of the vitamin can result in gallstones. d. It inhibits iron absorption. e. It helps maintain connective tissues.
e. It helps maintain connective tissues.
Which of the following is set upon the scientific basis formed by the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)? a. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) b. Acceptable Micronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) c. Adequate Intakes (AI) d. Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) e. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
e. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
Which of the following nutrition and weight-related objectives is not included in the publication Healthy People 2020? a. Increase the proportion of schools that require daily physical education for all students. b. Reduce outbreaks of certain infections transmitted through food. c. Reduce the death rate from cancer. d. Reduce the death rate from heart disease. e. Reduce the number of schools offering breakfast.
e. Reduce the number of schools offering breakfast.
An athlete consumes large amounts of meat in an effort to build extra muscle tissue. Identify the correct statement about the effect of excess consumption of meat. a. A diet high in protein does not provide sufficient energy required to support muscle growth. b. The body utilizes excess amino acids, leading to rapid muscle growth. c. The body starts to dismantle its tissue proteins. d. The excess protein causes muscle breakdown rather than building muscle tissue. e. The body utilizes excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat.
e. The body utilizes excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat.
Which of the following statements is true of fatty acids? a. All fatty acids are solid at room temperature. b. The more carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms present in a fatty acid, the shorter the fatty acid is. c. All fatty acids have only double bonds. d. All fatty acids have the same chain length. e. The more hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms, the more saturated a fatty acid is.
e. The more hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms, the more saturated a fatty acid is.
Which of the following statements is true of advertorials? a. They are entertaining personal stories that are always accurate. b. They promote products using feature-length televisions shows and are always inaccurate. c. They are short articles published in reputed scientific journals and are always accurate. d. They are false stories that gain the appearance of validity by rapidly traveling through the Internet. e. They are feature-length advertisements in newspapers that may or may not be accurate.
e. They are feature-length advertisements in newspapers that may or may not be accurate.
BHA and BHT are examples of: a. unsaturated fatty acids b. hydrogenated fats c. emulsifiers d. snack foods e. antioxidants
e. antioxidnts
Most foods that are high in calcium are poor sources of iron. This statement illustrates the characteristic of a nutritious diet known as _____. a. adequacy b. calorie control c. moderation d. variety e. balance
e. balance
The nervous system's role in hunger regulation is coordinated by the: a. spinal cord b. stomach c. pancreas d. digestive tract e. brain
e. brain
The breakdown of fat that occurs when carbohydrates are not available produces: a. disaccharides b. glycogen bodies c. monosaccharides d. amino acids e. ketone bodies
e. ketone bodies
Calcium present in body fluids performs all of the following roles except: a. activating cellular enzymes b. participating in blood clotting c. facilitating muscle contraction d. regulating the transport of ions across cell membranes e. maintaining high blood pressure
e. maintaining high blood pressure
The vast majority of fat digestion takes place in the: a. mouth with lipases secreted in the saliva b. large intestine with microbial proteases c. stomach with proteases mixed with gastric juices d. large intestine with lipases mixed with water e. small intestine with lipases released by the pancreas
e. small intestine with lipases released by the pancreas
Energy-yielding nutrients are referred to as
macronutrients
The human genome is 99.9% the same in all people. T/F
True
Which of the following is true of carotenoids? a.They are enzymes involved in the formation and maintenance of the protein collagen. b.They are artificially synthesized vitamins that are required by the body in large doses. c.They are molecules with one or more unpaired electrons that make the molecule highly unstable. d.They are a group of highly unstable molecules that damage polyunsaturated lipids in cell membranes. e.They are members of a group of pigments in foods that range from light yellow to reddish orange in color.
They are members of a group of pigments in foods that range from light yellow to reddish orange in color.
Functional foods contain bioactive food components believed to provide health benefits beyond the benefits conferred by their nutrient content
True
