nutrition exam #3
an athlete loses 2 kilograms of bodyweight during a training session. what volume of fluid should be consumed to replace the amount of fluid lost?
(2 x 1.5)= 3
in the female athlete triad, hormonal changes interfere with the proper use of which nutrient that leads to certain health problems?
calcium
which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?
calcium
which nutrients consumed in excess may pose a risk of kidney damage and other soft tissues such as the blood vessels?
calcium and vitamin D
which of the following is true regarding calcium absorption?
calcium in milk more absorbable because of vitamin D
free radicals are formed in the ___, and when you exercise, the increase use of ____ causes a(n) ____ in free radicals
electron transport system -oxygen -increase
intestinal absorption of water is?
enhanced when glucose and sodium also are present
the B vitamins play a major role in
facilitating energy production and making red blood cells
An electrolyte deficiency could impair physical performance; therefore, supplements above normal electrolytes nutrition enhance performance (true/ false)
false
Boron has been found to enhance athletic performance and the use of boron supplements is recommended (true/ false)
false
CoQ 10 supplementation is recommended for endurance athletes (true/ false)
false
all individuals will experience a decrease in blood pressure from an aerobic exercise program (true/ false)
false
chromium supplementation should be recommended to athletes as a means to promote muscle growth or fat loss (true/ false)
false
during acute, moderate duration bouts of exercise, such as a 10-kilometer run, electrolyte deficiency is a concern (true/ false)
false
hypothermia is one of the major factors limiting physical performance (true/ false)
false
if one has been following a schedule of physical training, there should be no deterioration of exercise performance when hot temperatures arrive, even by an unacclimatized individual (true/ false)
false
iron therapy will increase performance capacity if the individual suffers from iron-defiency anemia and will increase VO2 max, even in the nonamemic individual. (true/ false)
false
magnesium supplementation has been shown to lower blood pressure (true/ false)
false
most studies have reported that U.S. are getting the recommended amounts of all minerals in their diets, even those participating in weight-control sports (true/ false)
false
normal body water level is normohydration, while loss of body results in hyperhydration. (true/ false)
false
vitamin supplementation will improve performance in an athlete who is on a balanced diet (true/ false)
false
while vitamin supplements will not necessarily enhance performance, no health impairments are associated with their ingestion in large quantities. (true/ false)
false
which of the following represents guidelines that will reduce one's chances of suffering heat injury?
for each of body weight lost, drink 20-24 ounces of fluid and be certain the body weight is back to normal before the next exercise workout
trace minerals
have physiological roles that may have important implications for health or physical performance
gabe was experiencing fatigue, despite sleeping eight hours per night. he went to the doctor and was diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. the doctor recommended he eat iron fortified breakfast cereals. which food would be the best accompaniment for his iron-fortified breakfast cereal and why?
having a cup of orange juice or an orange with iron fortified breakfast cereal because vitamin C in the orange increases iron absorption
headache, disorientation, and rectal temperature above 105-106 degrees are clinical findings of :
heat stroke
the most potentially dangerous heat illness is:
heat stroke
excessive loss of sweat during exercise in the heat will to a body condition known as
hypohydration
a variety of factors can inhibit or enhance calcium absorption. indicate whether each situation increases or decreases calcium absorption by dragging it to the appropriate column.
increases calcium absorption - eating vitamin D- enriched foods - Having a healthy GI tract through which digestive contents can easily flow -pregnancy b) DECREASE CALCIUM ABSORPTION -Being over 70 years old - Having a high-fiber diet rich in phytic acid -Oxaclic acid spinach
certain female athletes are at increased risk for iron-deficancy anemia and comprised bone health. Determine wheater the scenario listed below increases iron deficiency anemia risk or osteoporosis risk.
increases iron deficiency risk - monthly menstrual losses - Distance running that may lead to gastrointestinal bleeding b. increases osteoporosis risk - low dietary calcium intake - cessation of menstruation
which of the following is NOT classified as a macro mineral?
iron
what is the most common nutrient-defiency disorder in the united states?
iron-deficiency anemia
vitamin B6 is a collective term for three naturally occurring substances that are all metabolically and functionally related. Vitamin B6
is involved in the metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, and fats
magnesium?
is so widely available in foods that no purely dietary deficiency has been reported
which of the following statements is NOT correct when considering hypertension?
life-style changes and/ or medications can cure essential hypertension
which mineral may be an effective ergogenic aid for runners since it may possibly increase the delivery of oxygen to the muscle cell by increasing the 2-3 DPG concentration in hemoglobin and facilitating oxygen release from hemoglobin
phosphorus
which of the following is the key factor(s) or predictors(s) associated with exertion heat illness?
physical fitness of the individual
which of the following is not a trace mineral as per definition?
potassium
rehydration
reduces stress on the cardiovascular system by minimizing the reduction in blood volume
as discussed in lecture, estrogen protects bone density by:
reducing bone resorption
about ______ of women in the United States consume less than RDA for calcium in their diet?
75%
which of the following is NOT true when considering salt or potassium supplements?
salt tablets should be taken only if the needs to drink more than 5 liters of fluid per day to replace that lost during sweating
which vitamin and mineral nomination provides the best possible nutritional defense against the development of osteoporosis?
C and phosphorus
which one of the following may affect the amount of iron absorbed into the body?
small amounts of meat added to grain products enhance iron absorption
Zinc is found in virtually all tissues in the body and
small amounts of zinc supplements do not appear to pose any major problems to the healthy individual
which of the following statements about calcium supplements is true?
supplement tablets should be taken with a meal
which of the following is not one of the physical means whereby heat is lost from the human body?
sweating
exercise and body temperature are associated in all EXCEPT which one of the following ways?
sweating produces a cooling effect regardless of whether it vaporizes or drips off the body
gabe is a nutrition student who is learning that a balanced diet involves consuming foods that have a variety of vitamins in them everyday. why is it advisable to consume vitamins everyday?
the body has limited storage capacity for many vitamins so they should be consumed daily in the diet
Niacin supplementation may be useful means to help reduce serum cholesterol levels, but high doses may cause liver damage in some individuals so niacin supplements should not be taken indiscriminately (true/ false)
true
a deficiency of several B vitamins, collectively, would negatively affect physical performance (true/ false)
true
an electrolyte is a substance that, in solution, conducts an electric current and usually dissociates into ion, particles carrying either a negative or a positive electric charge (true/ false)
true
antioxidant supplementation might be reasonable recommendation to limit the effects of oxidation stress (true/ false)
true
body temperature refers to the internal, or core temperature, and not the external shell temperature. (true/ false)
true
heat stroke or exertion heat stroke is the most dangerous heat injury. (true/ false)
true
if an athlete weighs several pounds less from one morning to the next, it is likely that fluid replenishment has been deficient (true/ false)
true
in general, supplements with individual vitamins as well as multivitamins supplements have not been shown to enhance physical performance in a wide variety of events ranging from strength/ power sports to prolonged aerobic endurance events (true/ false)
true
iron supplementation offers no benefit to individuals with normal hemoglobin and iron status? (true/false)
true
it is important to eat foods in their natural state as much as possible (true/ false)
true
one symptom of magnesium deficiency is muscle cramping, which may occur because the low levels of magnesium are not able to block the stimulating effect of calcium on muscle contraction (true/ false)
true
soft drinks have a relatively high phosphate content (true/ false)
true
the 3 factors that contribute to heat injuries are increased core temperature, loss of body fluids and loss of electrolytes (true/ false)
true
two important determinants of blood pressure are the volume of blood in circulation and the resistance to blood flow (true/ false)
true
vitamin C and E, along with beta-carotene, are very popular supplements because all three possess antioxidants properties (true/ false)
true
vitamin supplementation may be necessary when the energy is below 1,200 calories per day (true/ false)
true
water is the most important nutrient in the chemistry and functioning of living forms (true/false)
true
major sources of vitamin E in the diet are:
vegetable oils
in order to increase the absorption of iron vegetarians should eat iron-rich plant foods with which of the following?
vitamin C
which vitamins is most difficult to obtain from natural dietary sources, although it may be found in several fortified foods?
vitamins D
which of the following statements is true of vitamins?
vitamins are indispensable for the maintenance of optimal health
as part of her rented focus on diet and health, lisa is trying to eat more vegetables. she doesn't really like raw vegetables, so she has decided to add one cooked vegetable to her daily diet. she should be careful not to overcook her vegetables, because _______ are easily destroyed during cooking .
water-soluble vitamins
although athletes on weight reduction diets normally may not need vitamin supplementation, which athletes, based on the nature of their sport, may be best advised to take a supplement?
wrestlers
who has the greatest need for dietary calcium, and thus the highest AI?
youth and adolescents age 9-18 years
the recommended means to replenish lost electrolytes through sweat on a day-to-day basis is via:
a balanced diet and adequate fluids
iron is important in the body because it is:
a constituent of hemoglobin
Vitamin intake may be inadequate for which of the following reason(s)
a diet high in processed foods that are not prepared properly
fresh fruits and vegetables are generally
a high potassium and low in sodium
gastric emptying is
affected greatly by the volume of fluid ingested
the B-vitamin intake of most North Americans is adequate because B-vitamins are widespread in our diets. however, which of the following population groups is most susceptible to overt deficiencies of B-vitamins?
alcoholics
which of the following is one of the general recommendations of the DASH diet plan to help prevent or treat high blood pressure (hypertension)?
all are recommended to help prevent or treat hypertension
which of the following is NOT true concerning exercise and hypertension?
all individuals will experience a decrease in blood pressure from an approved exercise program
the loss of the menstrual cycle in some female athletes is due to:
an energy drain-meaning doing too much exercise and ingesting too few calories
many people take megadoses of vitamin C for the prevention or treatment of the common cold. why are intakes of vitamin C not recommended?
as intake of vitamin C increases, absorption efficiency decreases, such that most of the excess vitamin is excreted in urine or feces
body water is regulated
by osmolarity, with tonicity having a primary role in its functioning
The national High Blood Pressure Education Program classification system for blood pressure of adults 18 years of age and older has various categories, including, normal pre-hypertension, and hypertension; which values are the minimum levels for stage 1 of hypertension? the values are listed are systolic and diastolic
140 and 90
how much water is necessary per day to maintain adequate water balance in the average adult?
2-3 quarts
The female triad refers to
A female who has a combination of brittle bones, loss of the menstrual cycle, and disordered eating patterns
which vitamin may block the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and this may decrease a source of potential energy during exercise?
Niacin
Vitamin D...
can prevent osteomalacia
which of the following foods is usually high in sodium?
canned vegetable
chromium is essential in human nutrition. which of the following statements is correct when considering chromium's effect on the body?
chromium potentiates the activity of insulin an may also affect protein metabolism
foods rich in vitamin C generally include?
citrus fruits
which of the following statements is FALSE relative to exercise in attempt to prevent heat illness?
consume high protein to hold more body water
what is the term used to describe the process where heat is transferred by movement of air or water over the body?
convection
a high relative humidity and sunshine hinder heat loss from the body by their adverse effects on the body respectively, as:
decreased evaporation and increased radiation
free radicals
may be very reactive with body tissues
which of the following contains the least amount of calcium?
meat
a food poor in iron is?
milk
this disease is prevalent in the elderly and may be due to an adequate intake during childhood adolescence and young adulthood?
osteoporosis