Nutrition Final Exam
What should you look for on the food label when purchasing probiotics?
"clinically proven" "promotes digestive health" "supports immune function"
Points to consider when choosing a multivitamin and mineral supplement include
% Daily Value of each nutrient. full list of ingredients. how the supplement balances with other sources of nutrients (e.g., highly fortified foods). cost and availability.
About how much sun exposure is needed per day to ensure a full day's supply of vitamin D? Multiple choice question.
10 Minutes
Optimal systolic pressure is less than Multiple choice question.
120 MM HG
Not including water from food and metabolism, how much fluid should a healthy adult man consume each day?
13 Cups
On average, peak bone mass is achieved just before age Multiple choice question.
30
Adults absorb about _____ of the calcium in the foods eaten.
30%
How many calories are in one pound of fat tissue?
3500
There are approximately ______ kcal in one pound of fat tissue.
3500
Select the Upper Level for selenium.
400 mcg/day
The UL for phosphorus for young adults is ______ milligrams per day.
4000
Evaporation of 1 quart of perspiration releases about ______ kilocalories of heat energy from the body.
600
A person with diabetic acidosis might have a blood pH of ______. Multiple choice question.
7.1
The respiratory system, urinary system, and the body's buffer systems function to maintain the pH of blood and extracellular fluids at Multiple choice question.
7.4
Optimal diastolic blood pressure is less than
80 mm hg
Not including water from food and metabolism, how much fluid should a healthy adult woman consume each day? Multiple choice question.
9
Chain-breaking matches Choice, Separates behaviors that tend to occur together Separates behaviors that tend to occur together Stimulus control matches Choice, Puts us in charge of temptations Puts us in charge of temptations Cognitive restructuring matches Choice, Changes our frame of mind Changes our frame of mind Contingency management matches Choice, Prepares one for situations that may trigger overeating Prepares one for situations that may trigger overeating Self- monitoring matches Choice, Reveals patterns of unconscious overeating Reveals patterns of unconscious overeating
A
Which of the following is an important concept to have when keeping a weight goal in perspective?
A healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week.
Secretions of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract best exemplify the role of water as
A lubricant
Choose the statements that are TRUE about the gut microbiota
A person's dietary pattern can influence the community of microorganisms that populate the GI tract. The composition of the gut microbiota varies from person to person. Human are born with a sterile gut, which becomes colonized with microorganisms after birth.
Which of the following are early warning signs of cancer and are included in the acronym CAUTION?A sore that does not heal
A sore that does not heal Change in bowel or bladder habits Unusual bleeding or discharge Nagging cough or hoarseness Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere Obvious change in a wart or mole
When considering a multivitamin and mineral supplement, which of the following should you select?
A supplement with less than the upper level for any nutrients
What type of environment is necessary for calcium to be absorbed into the body?
Acidic
Which of the following groups of individuals likely needs a dietary supplement to maintain good nutritional status?
Adults over age 50 Anyone on a calorie-restricted diet Pregnant women
Which of the following are characteristics of type 2 osteoporosis?
Affects both men and women Demineralization of cortical bone Demineralization of trabecular bone
is the over-the-counter version of orlistat, a weight-loss medication that blocks the digestion of fat in the small intestine. Multiple choice question.
Alli
Vitamins
Although requirements for ______ are small, depriving the body of any one of these important dietary components can be debilitating or even deadly.
Which of the following products are considered to be supplements in the United States? Multiple select question.
Amino acids Vitamins Minerals
Which micronutrients function as coenzymes in the chemical reactions that yield energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
B Vitamins
The ratio of body weight (in kilograms) to height (in meters)2 is the _____. Multiple choice question.
BMI
Which of the following is the best source of magnesium?
Beans
Select the carotenoids that can be converted into vitamin A in the body.
Beta-carotene Beta-cryptoxanthin Alpha-carotene
The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its Multiple choice question.
Bioavailability
Intakes of sodium that exceed the Upper Level recommendation typically increase
Blood Pressure
Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?
Bone
Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body.
Bones
Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body. Multiple choice question.
Bones
The acronym that will help you remember the many early warning signs of cancer is _____.
CAUTION
Choose the nutrient(s) that do NOT support the immune system.
Calcium
Which of these micronutrients are important for blood clotting?
Calcium, Vitamin K
Free radicals can damage the DNA inside cells, which directs how cells grow and develop. This damage is particularly influential in the development of Multiple choice question.
Cancer
Supplements ______ claim to prevent, treat, or cure a disease.
Cannot
Which type of calcium supplement do you need to take with meals for optimal absorption? Multiple choice question.
Carbonate
which are compounds found in fruits and vegetables, lessen the risk of macular degeneration and cataracts. Multiple choice question.
Carotenoids
Where is most of vitamin E found within the body?
Cell membrane Adipose tissue
Which of the following foods and beverages are rich sources of sodium?
Chicken noodle soup, canned, 1 cup Ham, sliced, 1 ounce Pepperoni pizza, 2 slices
Which of the following minerals does NOT play a role in bone strength?
Chloride
ions are a component of the acid produced in the stomach and are also used during immune responses as white blood cells attack foreign cells.
Chloride
Which type of calcium supplement can be taken without regard to meals? Multiple choice question.
Citrate
Vitamin C is needed for the production of which protein? Multiple choice question.
Collagen
Which of the following are strategies that could help a person control hunger between meals and snacks?
Consume foods high in fiber and water. Include lean protein in meals and snacks. Eat meals and snacks more slowly.
An excessive zinc intake over time can lead to problems with the metabolism of
Copper
Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin Multiple choice question.
D
The initiation of cancer begins with a mutation in the
DNA
A person with intolerance to lactose may have to follow a _____ free diet. Multiple choice question.
Dairy
carotenoids.
Dark green and yellow-orange vegetables are sources of
As potassium intake increases, blood pressure tends to
Decrease
If height, weight, and physical activity level are held constant, energy requirements ______ as an adult ages.
Decrease
A very high fiber diet may have what impact on mineral absorption?
Decrease mineral absorption
At rest, the inside of the nerve cell membrane is slightly negatively charged. Then, a stimulus causes sodium ions to rush into the nerve cell, a process called
Depolarization
The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing
Diarrhea
According to DSHEA, products containing vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals are categorized as
Dietary Supplements
Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a nutrient can be Multiple choice question.
Digested and Absorbed
What body systems provide chemical and physical barriers against invading pathogens, giving support to the immune system?
Digestive system (GI tract) Integumentary system (skin)
calorimetry predicts energy needs by measuring the amount of heat released by a person. Multiple choice question.
Direct
A substance that increases the volume of urine is called a(n)
Diuretic
If a person does not consume enough calcium, blood calcium levels will be maintained by
Drawing calcium out of bones
Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D. However, if you cannot spend enough time in the sun to synthesize adequate vitamin D, which of the following is the best dietary strategy to obtain vitamin D?
Eat a serving of fatty fish twice per week.
Which of the following population groups should be monitored closely for dehydration? Multiple select question.
Endurance athletes with increased perspiration Older adults Sick children
Which exerts the greatest risk for cancer development
Environment
What technique could be used to determine the amount of calories a person expends each day?
Equations taking into account height, weight, physical activity, and age Indirect calorimetry Direct calorimetry
Low levels of the female reproductive hormone _____________ are detrimental to bone health because this hormone stimulates osteoblast activity. (This question is asking for a hormone, not a vitamin or mineral.)
Estrogen
As perspiration ______, heat is removed from the body.
Evaporates
The major cause of male obesity in adulthood is
Excess Calorie Intake
Mary tells you that she is taking 1 gram of vitamin C daily to prevent a cold. Which of the following is true regarding megadoses of vitamin C?
Excess vitamin C is excreted from the body
What is the interaction between vitamin E and vitamin K? Multiple choice question.
Excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.
oxygen light heat
Exposure to ______ can cause a loss of certain vitamins.
The fluid contained outside the cell is called what type of fluid? Multiple choice question.
Extracellular
The consumer is ultimately responsible for protecting himself when using dietary supplements because the ______ cannot regulate supplements as closely as it regulates drugs.
FDA
A person who relies on vitamin and mineral supplements rather than a balanced diet to obtain adequate nutrition is likely to miss out on
FIBER, PHYTO
All people with high blood pressure are sodium sensitive.
False
Animals born and raised in a sterile environment have a stronger immune system capable of fighting more diseases.
False
Natural food sources of minerals put people at significant risk for mineral toxicities. True false question.
False
Phosphorus deficiency is a very serious and relatively common concern. True false question.
False
True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.
False
True or false: Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets. True false question.
False
True or false: The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning. True false question.
False
True or false: Trace minerals are not essential nutrients. True false question.
False
True or false: Vitamins are considered non-essential nutrients because we need them in small amounts. True false question.
False
The body is able to store which group of vitamins?
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A diet high in _____, particularly above daily recommendations, can decrease the absorption of iron, zinc, and possibly other minerals. Multiple choice question.
Fiber
Choose the recommendations from the American Institute for Cancer Research for cancer prevention.
Fill at least two-thirds of your plate with vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and beans. Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight. Be physically active.
Functions of potassium in the body include
Fluid Balance
With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.
Fluoride
Protein, B vitamins, and iron. Zinc and Copper Vitamin A and vitamin D Antioxidants
Formation of new cells due to rapid cell turnover Critical for the synthesis of white blood cells Turns gene expression on and off Turns gene expression on and off Protects the immune cells from oxidative reactions
For a person who does not consume cow's milk, which of the following are useful sources of calcium?
Fortified breakfast cereals Fortified soymilk Salmon with soft, edible bones
Which of the following foods provides the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium for a vegetarian?
Fortified orange juice
When a person experiences oxidative stress, production of ______ in the body is high. Multiple choice question.
Free Radicals
Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should Multiple choice question.
Fruits and Veggies
What is the best understood role of selenium?
Glutathione peroxidase activity
Which of the following groups are committed to addressing the obesity problem in North America?
Health professionals Government agencies Community members
The most dangerous consequence of high levels of potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia) is due to its effects on the
Heart
Which of the following factors are used to calculate Estimated Energy Requirements for adults with the Food and Nutrition Board's formula?
Height Weight Age
Most adults in the United States have sodium intakes that are
Higher than the recommendation
Osteoporotic fractures of the ______ lead to the worst outcomes, including long hospital stays, permanent disability, and even death.
Hip
Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a
Hormone
The thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes are tissues specific to the _____ system.
Immune
Vitamin A and vitamin C work together to maintain
Immune function
Increases in lean body mass will ______ basal metabolic rate. Multiple choice question.
Increase
When children have fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased perspiration, they are at ______ risk for dehydration. Multiple choice question.
Increased
Which of the following are possible outcomes associated with dehydration?
Increased fatigue Increased thirst Increased muscle weakness
Absorption of calcium is increased during
Infancy. Pregnancy.
What information is required on the Supplement Facts label for supplements? Multiple select question.
Ingredients % DV Serving Size
The immunity that we are born with and is our first line of defense against infection is called immunity
Innate
The physical and chemical barriers of the skin and the GI tract are part of _____ immunity
Innate
Which two body systems support the immune system by providing a physical barrier against invading pathogens?
Integumentary system (skin) Digestive system (GI tract)
Which of the following are components of extracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid Plasma Lymph
The fluid contained within a cell is also called _____.
Intracellular Fluid
Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral? Multiple choice question.
Iron
One mineral that influences the health of red blood cells is
Iron or Copper
Considering what you know about minerals so far, which of the following represents safe advice for use of iron supplements?
Iron supplements should be taken to correct iron-deficiency anemia.
Which is true regarding healthy body weight?
It can lead to a long and healthy life.
The scientific term for "dowager's hump" is
Kyphosis
A 150-pound person with 30% body fat will weigh _____ hydrostatically (i.e., in the water) compared to a 150-pound person with 20% body fat. Multiple choice question.
LESS
If Craig desires to increase his basal metabolic rate (BMR), he can modify his
Lean Body Mass
The factors that help one to maintain an appropriate height/weight value include which of these? Multiple select question.
Learning to follow the body's hunger cues Regularly eating a healthy diet Remaining physically active
Avoid sugary drinks Limit consumption of salty foods matches Don't use supplements to prevent cancer Be physically active
Limit consumption of energy-dense foods. Limit consumption of energy-dense foods. Increases risk of stomach cancer and hypertension Increases risk of stomach cancer and hypertension 30 minutes every day.
Large amounts of phytic acid found in fiber from grains, excess phosphorous, polyphenols in tea, and vitamin D deficiency all contribute to ______.
Limiting calcium absorption
Hip fractures are particularly devastating because they often result in
Loss of independence diasbility mortaility
The DEXA technique uses ______ to measure bone mineral density.
Low level x-rays
Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.
Magnesium
Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.
Magnesium
women of childbearing age matches Choice, folic acid folic acid newborn babies matches Choice, vitamin K vitamin K adults with lactose intolerance matches Choice, calcium and vitamin D calcium and vitamin D women with heavy menstrual periods matches Choice, iron iron
Match
Which of the following would NOT be a valid way to measure or estimate the amount of energy used by the body each day?
Measurement of food intake from the various food groups
Which of the following are functions of water?
Medium for chemical reactions Maintains body temperature Lubricates joints
Energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. Identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation.
Metabolism Digestion Physical activity
If cancer is left untreated, it can ______, which means it can spread to distant sites of the body.
Metastasize
The community of microorganisms living in a region of the body, such as the large intestine, is called the
Microbiota
Which of the following are functions of calcium?
Muscle function Bone building Blood clotting
Metabolic rate, fuel use, and brain chemistry are all examples of the influence of ____ on body weight. Multiple choice question.
Nature
List the order
Obesity, inactivity, excessive alcohol intake, excessive salt intake
Which of the following medications is currently approved by FDA for weight loss?
Orlistat.
Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of ______ acid.
Oxalic
describes a situation in which the production of free radicals outpaces the body's antioxidant defenses
Oxidative Stress
Which of the following are appropriate recommendations for vitamin and/or mineral supplementation?
People on calorie-restricted diets may benefit from use of a balance multivitamin and mineral supplement. Women of childbearing age should consume 400 micrograms per day of folic acid.
From the following list, select all of the conditions that can deplete the body of sodium.
Persistent vomiting or diarrhea Excessive perspiration
Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium and
Phosphorus
Found mostly in bone, ______ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.
Phosphorus
Of the following bone-building nutrients, which is LEAST likely to be deficient in the diets of typical Americans?
Phosphorus
Which of the following are factors that influence hydration status?
Physical activity Caffeine intake Alcohol intake Ambient temperature
good food sources of potassium?
Plain yogurt, 1 cup Baked potato with skin, 1 medium Acorn squash, 1 cup
Which food sources are naturally higher in vitamin E?
Plant
When the kidneys function poorly, ______ builds up in the blood. This inhibits heart function, causing slowed heartbeat. If untreated, this can be fatal, as the heart eventually stops beating. Multiple choice question.
Potassium
Select the true statements concerning body weight among North American adults.
Prevention of an overweight condition in the first place is the most successful approach to maintaining a healthy body weight. Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight lowers risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Over 70% of adults are overweight or obese.
High blood pressure with no clear-cut cause is called Multiple choice question.
Primary hypertension
Live microorganisms that have positive effects on human health are called
Probiotic
Gas and abdominal bloating are the most common side effects of Multiple choice question.
Probiotics
Which food group provides the most nutrient-dense sources of selenium?
Protein
Which of the following individuals is in energy balance (equilibrium)?
Ray consumes 2400 kcal per day and expends 2400 kcal per day.
The more refined a plant food is, such as with white flour, the _____ its mineral content. Multiple choice question.
Refined
How are trace minerals different from major minerals?
Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more
What is the primary food source of chloride in the American diet?
SALT
Calcium requires an acidic environment in the GI tract to be absorbed efficiently. Absorption of calcium occurs primarily in the upper part of the
Small Intestine
What is the major positive ion outside cells in extracellular fluid, and a key factor for retaining body water?
Sodium
Processed foods are the main source of which nutrients in North American diets?
Sodium Chloride
Which of the following are examples of micronutrients?
Sodium Iron Calcium
During nerve impulse transmission, the cell membrane becomes depolarized when
Sodium ions rush into the cell
Choose the statements that are true regarding sodium sensitivity.
Sodium sensitivity increases the blood pressure. Approximately 10% to 15% of adults are sodium sensitive.
Which of the following statements about the safety of water is true?
Some bottled water actually comes form a municipal tap water supply
Which of following are functions of chloride in the human body?
Stomach acid production Nerve impulse conduction Immune response
Which of the following exercises is the best choice for maintaining bone mass?
Strength Training
Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin E
Sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon Total Raisin Bran cereal, 1 cup Dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 ounce
Which of the following are functions of vitamin C?
Synthesis of bone tissue Wound healing
True or false: Obesity contributes to several of the leading causes of death in the United States, including cardiovascular disease and cancer.
T
The results of DEXA measurements are known as
T Scores
True or false: Using dietary supplement brands approved by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) lessens the risk of consuming supplements contaminated with harmful substances.
TRUE
To be classified as a vitamin, a substance should meet which criteria?
The body is unable to synthesize enough to maintain health. Over time, a lack produces deficiency symptoms.
Choose statements that are TRUE about probiotics. Multiple select question.
They are live microorganisms. They exert positive effects on human health when consumed in sufficient quantities.
Periosteum Cortical Bone Trabecular Bone Bone Marrow
Thick membrane that covers the bone surface Dense bone tissue that provides strength and stability Lattice-like bone tissue that acts to absorb shock Spongy bone tissue that contains stem cells
Which of the following will occur when the brain registers the need for you to drink water?
Thirsty
Diuretics are prescribed
To Lower Blood Pressure
The hip, spine, and wrist are common sites of fractures related to osteoporosis because these regions are high in ______ bone.
Trabecular
What type of nutrient is fluoride?
Trace Mineral
Currently, there are no statements approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the role probiotics may have in curing, treating, or preventing disease. True false question.
True
Sodium is an electrolyte.
True
True or false: A diet low in sodium, coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and, later, shock and coma.
True
True or false: A national commitment has been made to address the growing weight problem in the United States.
True
True or false: Drinking too much water is just as dangerous as drinking too little water. True false question.
True
True or false: Early detection of cancer is critical to help prevent the spread of the disease.
True
True or false: If a person is severely dehydrated, a coma may result.
True
True or false: Most unusable substances in the body can dissolve in water and exit the body through the urine.
True
True or false: The Upper Level for phosphorus intake is 3 to 4 grams per day. True false question.`
True
Select the food source that provides the most selenium per serving.
Tuna
Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of
Type 2 Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease
______ refers to low bone mineral density that occurs in both men and women after age 70.
Type 2 osteoporosis
When selecting a dietary supplement, the ______ on the package label is an indication that the product has been tested for strength, quality, and purity.
USP symbol
The fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin responsible for protecting cell membranes by helping to stop damage by free radicals is
VITAMIN E
An individual can be at risk for having a chloride deficiency after frequent and lengthy bouts of
VOMITING
Choose the MyPlate food groups that are rich sources of antioxidants.
Vegetables Grains Fruits
Choose the statements that are TRUE about zinc
Vital for white blood cell formation and function Supports the storage, release, and function of insulin
A(n) , Correct Unavailable is an organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body.
Vitamin
An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body is a
Vitamin
This vitamin is known as the "anti-infection" vitamin because it maintains the health of the epithelial cells.
Vitamin A
Which vitamin plays a major role in maintaining the health of the epithelial cells? Multiple choice question.
Vitamin A
Which of the following is an example of a micronutrient?
Vitamin C
The water-soluble vitamins include
Vitamin C and B vitamins
Why will megadoses of vitamin C not be toxic
Vitamin C is water soluble and not stored
Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?
Vitamin D
Preterm infants tend to have low stores of which vitamin?
Vitamin E
Hyponatremia occurs when too much ______ is consumed. Multiple choice question.
Water
Rank the following food sources from lowest (at the top) to highest (at the bottom) magnesium content.
Whole-wheat bread Banana Plain Yogurt Spinach
Which of the following population groups is affected by type 1 osteoporosis?
Women after meopause
Does the FDA have limited resources to police supplement manufacturers?
Yes
An acne-like rash, diarrhea, lack of appetite, delayed wound healing, impaired immunity, reduced sense of taste and smell, and hair loss are all symptoms of a ______ deficieny
Zinc
The mineral vital for white blood cell formation and function is
Zinc
What is the mineral that North Americans consume at about 10 to 14 milligrams per day, 80% is provided by meat, fish, poultry, fortified cereal, and dairy products, and there are no indications of moderate or severe deficiency in a healthy population. Multiple choice question.
Zinc
Along with protein and essential fatty acids, which of the following micronutrients are implicated in optimal immune function?
Zinc Vitamin C Vitamin A
What is the name for health-promoting compounds found in animal food? Multiple choice question.
Zoochemicals
Bones consist of
a layer of periosteum. bone marrow. cortical and trabecular bone
The best environment for a healthy immune system is Multiple choice question.
a variety of gut microbiota
Kyphosis is
abnormal condition of a bending in the spine
Choose symptoms of zinc deficiency.
acne-like rash lack of appetite metallic like taste and smell
The B vitamins play a role in metabolism by
acting as coenzymes
The majority of salt present in the American food supply is Multiple choice question.
added during food processing.
The amount and location of ______ in the body are important predictors of cardiovascular disease risk.
adipose tissue
Coenzymes play an important role in metabolism because they
aid in the function of activating enzymes.
A weight loss regimen on the internet claims that 10 minutes of physical activity each day is all you need to lose weight. A more successful plan would Multiple select question.
also include dietary strategies to reduce energy intake. incorporate 60 to 90 minutes of physical activity per day. also include behavior modification strategies, such as self-monitoring of diet and exercise.
Increases in allergies and autoimmune diseases may be attributed to
alterations to the microbiota.
he fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called ______ fluid.
amniotic
The body increases fluid conservation by producing hormones. The ______ hormone forces the kidneys to conserve water. The kidneys respond by reducing urine flow.
antidiuretic
Current evidence indicates that multivitamin and mineral supplements
are not effective at preventing chronic disease among the general population.
The functions of fluoride include Multiple select question.
blocking growth of bacteria. helping teeth resist acids. mineralizing tooth enamel.
Diuretics are a common medication given to lower
blood pressure
Direct calorimetry measures the amount of
body heat released by a person.
A ______ is the instrument used to determine the calorie content of a food.
bomb calorimeter
Choose the functions of the immune system.
break down aged and dying cells remove abnormal cells prevent infection
The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?
calcium
Choose the minerals that have a role in building/maintaining bone strength. Multiple select question.
calcium magnesium phosphorus
When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include Multiple select question.
calcium deposits in organs. gastrointestinal distress.
The vitamin content of fresh fruits and vegetables
can be lost through improper handling
Alpha carotene, beta-carotene, and be
cartenoids
Which of the following micronutrients participate in fluid and electrolyte balance?
chloride potassium sodium
To improve intake of antioxidant nutrients,
choose a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables.
Some minerals, such as copper and selenium, work as ____________ , Incorrect Unavailable, enabling various proteins, such as enzymes, to function.
cofactor
The consequences of osteoporosis are
decreased physical ability. bone fractures. pain and deformity.
The names of the four tocotrienols are called what?
delta beta gamma alpha
Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits
demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.
Oxidative stress has been linked to the development of
diabetes. eye diseases. cancer.
The most extensively studied benefit of probiotics is the reduction of
diarrhea.
What accounts for the huge variation in cancer rates from country to country? Multiple select question.
environmental exposures modifiable lifestyle factors
Vitamins are considered to be ______ nutrients.
essential
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are considered to be _____ vitamins. Multiple choice question.
fat-soluble
Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus work together to maintain
fluid balance in the body.
Select the sources of fluoride.
fluoridated water seaweed tea
What are good nondairy food sources of vitamin D? Multiple select question.
fortified breakfast cereals fortified orange juice
About 80% of the zinc in the diet of Americans is provided by
fortified cereal fish meat and poultry dairy products
Recall that selenium has numerous functions, including
glutathione peroxidase activity. thyroid hormone metabolism.
Selenium deficiency symptoms include
heart damage. muscle pain and wasting.
A magnesium deficiency can cause
heartbeat
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is ______ basal metabolic rate (BMR).
higher than
The Set Point Theory of weight maintenance proposes that
humans have a genetically predetermined body weight. humans have a genetically predetermined body fat content. the body closely regulates the body weight and body fat content.
The method of estimating total body fat by weighing the individual on a standard scale and then weighing him or her submerged in water is known as ______. Multiple choice question.
hydrostatic weighing.(underwater weighing)
A high intake of chloride, usually in the form of sodium chloride, is linked to
hypertension.
Supplementation may be required to meet the RDA for vitamin D for individuals with Multiple select question.
inadequate sun exposure. vegan diets. milk allergies.
During which phases of the life cycle does the rate of bone formation exceed the rate of bone loss?
infancy childhood young adulthood
During the enrichment of refined grain products, _______ , Correct Unavailable is the only mineral added, whereas the selenium, zinc, copper, and other minerals lost during refinement are not replaced.
iron
Rickets
is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints.
Clusters of lymphoid tissue situated along the lymph vessels that trap and destroy pathogens are called _____. Multiple choice question.
lymph nodes
What is the leading cause of legal blindness among North American adults over the age of 65?
macular degeneration
Based on current evidence, the National Institutes of Health
makes no recommendation, neither for nor against, use of multivitamin and mineral supplements.
Mindful eating involves _____.
making wise eating decisions recognizing physical hunger and satiety cues awareness of food preparation
The bomb calorimeter works by: Multiple choice question.
measuring the heat given off by a food as it is burned
Highly trained athletes are at risk for bone loss if
menstruation becomes irregular or ceases altogether.
Supplementation may be required to meet the RDA for vitamin D for individuals with
milk allergies. vegan diets. inadequate sun exposure.
Potassium performs many of the same functions as sodium, such as
nerve impulse transmission. regulating fluid balance.
The public, private, and non-profit organizations are currently working together to find a solution to the public health crisis of , Correct Unavailable, now considered an epidemic in the United States.
obesity
is a debilitating chronic disease that leads to about 2 million bone fractures each year in the United States.
osteoporosis
Zinc toxicity can occur from
overconsumption of zinc-fortified foods zinc supplements
Factors leading to female adulthood obesity include
periods of stress and boredom. excess weight gain during pregnancy. childhood obesity.
Name the minerals that may help to lower blood pressure.
potassium calcium magnesium
It is illegal for supplement makers to claim that a dietary supplement Multiple select question.
prevents cancer. cures dementia. treats osteoporosis.
The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ____ of nutrients.
processing digestion absorption
Among typical Americans, deficiencies of phosphorus are
rare because the mineral is widespread in the diet. rare because the hormonal control of phosphorus is effective.
Medications for the treatment of hypertension include
relaxants of the small muscles lining the blood vessels. diuretics.
As perspiration evaporates, heat energy is Multiple choice question.
released from body.
The , Incorrect Unavailable metabolic rate is calculated instead of a basal metabolic
resting, rmr
Hypertension with a known cause such as kidney disease is called _____. Multiple choice question.
secondary
A diet plan promoted in a fashion magazine states, "Eat all you want and lose 10 pounds in 2 weeks." This statement does NOT agree with sound weight loss recommendations, such as
set a goal of one pound weight loss per week. control problem eating behaviors.
A person with ______ would be at risk of developing a chloride deficiency.
severe foodborne illness bulimia nervosa
High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to
skeletal damage. tooth mottling.
Micronutrients are needed in _____ quantities and are vital to every aspect of human health. Multiple choice question.
small
Groups who are at high risk of a vitamin E deficiency include
smokers. preterm infants.
Excess dietary may increase blood pressure.
sodium
Common sites for osteoporotic fractures include
spine wrist pelvis
Which of the following are examples of lymphoid tissues?
spleen bone marrow lymph nodes thymus
Environmental factors that may promote obesity include
stressful work conditions. abundance of fast food establishments. lack of safe outdoor recreation facilities.
The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from
supplements. antacids. laxatives.
Other considerations for bariatric surgery in addition to patient selection criteria include
surgical expenses might not be covered by medical insurance. the need to plan small frequent meals after surgery. follow-up surgery may be needed to correct stretched skin.
The health problems associated with excess body fat include
surgical risks. liver damage. bone and joint disorders.
Sources of provitamin A carotenoids include
sweet potatoes. carrots. broccoli.
Exercise is beneficial for bone health because Multiple choice question.
the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density.
High intakes of dietary carotenoids do not result in toxicities because
the efficiency of carotenoid absorption from the small intestine declines as intake increases. the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids into vitamin A is slow and regulated.
Calcium absorption is increased by
the presence of lactose in the diet. high blood levels of parathyroid hormone. pregnancy.
the energy used for the digestion, absorption, and processing of food is called the
thermic effect of food
Water aids in the removal of waste products from the body
through the production of urine.
The chemical name for the four forms of Vitamin E is
tocopherols
Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by
topical fluoride treatments. fluoride tablets. toothpaste.
Daily consumption of Brazil nuts is not advised because they contain such a high level of selenium.
true
For most people, the largest proportion of daily fluid loss is due to
urine production
What are some of the proposed causes of the increase in allergies and autoimmune diseases?
use of antibiotics makeup of the microbiota infectious disease rates changes in diet
What are some reasons an individual may choose to avoid dairy products?
vegan diet avoid antibiotics and hormones milk protein allergy lactose intolerance
Which of the following vitamins are implicated in bone health?
vitamin K vitamin D
The B vitamins and vitamin C are _____ vitamins. Multiple choice question.
water-soluble
The Body Mass Index is defined as:
weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters weight in pounds multiplied by 703, and divided by the square of the height in inches
The primary consequence of hypercarotenemia is
yellowing of the skin.