Nutrition Final
One average-sized can of beer contains about the same amount of alcohol as
1 1/2 ounces of vodka.
In the average healthy person, about how much time is required by the liver to process the alcohol in a typical drink?
1 hour
What amount of salt provides the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for sodium?
1 teaspoon
What is the range of daily protein intake, in g/kg, recommended for athletes by fitness authorities?
1.2-1.7
What minimum reduction from the usual intake of energy in people brings about measurable improvements in body fat, blood pressure, insulin response, and blood lipids?
10%
A vitamin supplement labeled as "high potency" contains an amount that is
100% or more of the Daily Value.
What is the recommended daily calcium intake for young adults?
1000 mg
A person is at high risk for signs of illness and diminished work capacity when the BMI first drops below
17
What is the RDA for iron for females 19-50 years old?
18 mg
What is the highest total blood cholesterol concentration (mg/dL) that falls within the desirable range?
199
According to body mass index values, what fraction of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight or obese?
2/3
How many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins?
20
Which of the following would be classified as a polypeptide?
20 amino acids bonded together
On a food label, the "% Daily Value" table compares key nutrients per serving for a person consuming how many kcalories daily?
2000
If a person consumed the upper AMDR limit for protein as part of a diet providing 2500 kcalories, approximately how many grams of protein would be ingested?
219
What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight women?
23-34%
What would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birthweight of 8 lbs?
24 lbs
According to the current dietary recommendations, what is the maximum percentage of total energy intake that added sugar should contribute in the diet?
25
Which of the following ages (years) is typically associated with people having the densest bone?
28
With alcoholic beverages, the ratio of proof to alcohol percentage is
2:1.
At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass?
30-40 yrs
A person's highest bone density is achieved by around age (years)
30.
According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum daily intake of cholesterol on a 2500-kcalorie diet?
300 mg
Approximately what percentage of U.S. children between 2 and 19 years of age are overweight?
32
According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?
35
A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed
35 inches.
People who smoke require additional vitamin C in the amount of
35 mg.
What is the upper range of fat intake in the AMDR?
35%
What is the approximate kcal content of one pound of body fat?
3500
What is the recommended minimum weight gain, in lbs, of a normal-weight woman who is expected to bear twins?
37
What is the RDA for protein for a 48-kg woman?
38 g
How many weeks is the usual duration of a full-term pregnancy?
38-42
About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach?
4 hours
Binge drinking is defined as the successive consumption of
4-5 drinks.
At what age does the normal infant first develop the ability to swallow solid food?
4-6 months
Which of the following blood glucose concentrations (mg/dL) is most consistent with hypoglycemia?
40
There is a high risk of obesity-related health problems when a man's waist circumference begins to exceed
40 inches.
According to most dietary guidelines, what percentage of the day's total energy intake should be furnished by carbohydrates?
45-65
For every decade beyond the age of 30, what is the percentage decrease in the need for total kcalories?
5
How many subgroups comprise the vegetable food group?
5
Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. How much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam's restriction?
5
Which of the following is the standard classification for a low-birthweight infant?
5 1/2 lbs or less
Approximately what minimum percentage of all grains consumed by a person should be whole grains?
50
What would be the physiological age of a 75-year-old woman whose physical health is equivalent to that of her 50-year-old daughter?
50 years
Which of the following figures falls within the carbohydrate range of the AMDR?
50%
What is the minimum daily amount of dietary carbohydrate necessary to spare body protein from excessive breakdown?
50-100g
The number of extra kcalories per day needed to produce a normal supply of milk during the first six months of lactation is approximately
500.
What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults?
6
The weight (lbs) of a healthy newborn infant ranges from
6 1/2-8
The normal blood pH range is approximately
7.35-7.45.
What is a normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose?
70-100
What is the highest age group recognized in the Dietary Reference Intakes?
71 years and older
Approximately what percentage of a person's life expectancy is dependent upon his personal behavior?
75
In the United States, what is the adult RDA for vitamin C?
75-90 mg
The association between overweight and health risks disappears by age
75.
What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrates, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, and 5 g of alcohol?
755
How much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000 mg?
950
Which of the following correctly identifies a specific food intake behavior?
A desire to eat without feelings of hunger is called appetite
What is macrosomia?
A high-birthweight infant
Among the following, which is the most important strategy for an underweight person who wishes to achieve a healthy body weight?
A high-kcalorie diet plus regular exercise
What is a congregate meal?
A meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community center
What is the amino acid pool?
A mix of essential and nonessential amino acids derived from protein breakdown and dietary protein intake
What is a free radical?
A molecule with at least one unpaired electron
What is a precursor?
A substance that is used to synthesize another compound
What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?
ATP
What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism?
About 2/3
Which of the following was a finding of the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study?
About one-fourth of the infants and toddlers failed to consume even one serving of fruits or vegetables daily
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron absorption?
Absorption of heme iron is about 50% higher than nonheme iron
The percentages of kcalorie intakes for protein, fat, and carbohydrate that are thought to reduce the risk of chronic diseases are termed the
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
What term describes the increase in energy expenditure that occurs in a person who fractures a leg?
Adaptive thermogenesis
What are the principles of diet planning?
Adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety
Which of the following is NOT among the factors that are effective in regulating the body's water balance?
Adrenaline
What is the chief risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?
Age
Alberta is a 20 year old who has been a vegetarian for 3 years. She comes to you for advice after reading some material online by the Meat Promoters of America organization. One of their statements is: "...vegetarians are at risk for protein deficiency because they cannot consume all of the essential amino acids necessary for healthy individuals." How should Alberta be advised?
Although many foods don't provide all the essential amino acids individually, she could consume complementary proteins throughout the day, which would provide all the essential amino acids she needs
If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?
Amino acids
Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body's metabolic rate?
Amount of lean body tissue
Which of the following defines a coenzyme?
An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme
Which of the following is NOT among the recognized symptoms of zinc deficiency?
Anemia
Which of the following proteins inactivates foreign bacteria and viruses?
Antibodies
Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C?
Antioxidant agent
Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time?
Any allergic reactions can be detected
Which of the following describes the basic function of a coenzyme?
Attaches to an enzyme and allows a chemical reaction to take place
What is the term given to the child who is hyperactive with severe and impulsive behavior?
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Major sources of cholesterol include all of the following EXCEPT
Avocados
Irreversible nerve damage has been reported in people taking large doses of vitamin
B6.
What is the primary means for degradation of soluble fibers in the large intestines?
Bacterial enzymes
According to the USDA Food Patterns, which of the following protein foods should be most limited?
Baked beans
To fully utilize the concepts of MyPlate requires the consumer to
Be internet active
Even in preschoolers whose habits are being established, existing dietary attitudes are relatively resistant to change. How should wise parents react?
Be patient and persistent
John is 60 years old and has been experiencing numbness in his hands for the past 3 months. His doctor suspects that John is not producing enough hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor and encourages him to eat more foods containing vitamin B12. What is wrong with this suggestion?
Because John has no intrinsic factor, he cannot efficiently utilize vitamin B12 from natural sources and would need a vitamin B12-fortified food or supplement
What term identifies the characteristic tingling sensations and reddening of the skin after ingesting a pharmacologic dose of nicotinic acid?
Bilateral symmetrical dermatitis
Which of the following events is specific to a salt-sensitive individual?
Blood pressure increases as salt intake rises
Which of the following is NOT a normal body response to pregnancy?
Body water level decreases
Which of the following is an anthropometric measure?
Body weight
Which of the following are all used to compute a woman's BMR?
Body weight, height, and age
Where is the majority of the body's magnesium found?
Bones
Which of the following are characteristic of the conditions diabetes and hypoglycemia?
Both benefit from the inclusion of fiber-rich foods and consumption of smaller, more frequent meals
Which of the following is characteristic of children who regularly eat breakfast or skip breakfast?
Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on IQ tests than those who eat breakfast
Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium?
Broccoli
John is looking to increase his dietary sources of vitamin C. However, he expresses a strong dislike for all citrus fruits. Which of the following shopping lists would you recommend?
Brussels sprouts, broccoli, strawberries
According to nutrition labeling laws, what two minerals must be listed on the package label as a percent Daily Value?
Calcium and iron
Which of the following sources of lipids should be substituted for saturated fats to help lower blood cholesterol levels?
Canola oil
Which of the following is(are) best suited for slowing alcohol absorption?
Carbohydrate snacks
Which of the following is a major function of magnesium?
Catalyst in energy metabolism
What are the thickenings that occur to the lenses of the eye, thereby affecting vision, especially in the elderly?
Cataracts
Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?
Certain green vegetables
Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form?
Chicken
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 are applicable to all population groups except
Children under 2 years of age
What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?
Chyme
What mineral is part of vitamin B12?
Cobalt
What is a chief function of the B vitamins?
Coenzyme participation
Which of the following explains why B vitamin deficiencies lead to lack of energy?
Coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts
What protein is intimately involved in the formation of scar tissue in wound healing?
Collagen
What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?
Condensation
What type of reaction is required to bind two molecules of glycine together and release a molecule of water?
Condensation
Which of the following characteristics is shared by vitamins B6, B12, C and folate?
Consumption prevents anemia
Which of the following is a common source of lead poisoning in infants?
Contaminated water used to make infant formula
Which of the following steps should be undertaken by the parent or guardian to ensure that young people eat well?
Control the availability of food
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a source of high-quality protein in human nutrition?
Corn
Which of the following statements reflects current knowledge of food choices in pregnancy?
Cravings and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivities induced by hormones
What name is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins?
Critical period
Which of the following is NOT an effective therapy for constipation?
Decreasing fiber intake
A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following?
Dehydration
What is the process by which heat or acidity disrupts the normal shape of a protein chain?
Denaturation
Food exchange systems were originally developed for people with
Diabetes
Which of the following is NOT a known health risk for being underweight?
Diabetes
In the study of protein nutrition, what term describes the amount of amino acids absorbed from a given amount of protein consumed?
Digestibility
Your cousin Emily is a vegetarian. Since you have just learned in your nutrition class that nonheme iron is absorbed less efficiently than heme iron, you want to make sure Emily is getting enough iron. What should you recommend Emily do to maximize her iron absorption?
Eat her nonheme iron sources with a glass of orange juice
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic related to the fat content in food?
Eating high-fat foods typically leads to underconsumption of kcalories.
Which of the following individuals would most likely NOT need an iron supplement?
Elderly female
Which of the following practices is NOT consistent with achieving a healthy diet?
Emphasis on solid fats
What is the function of bile?
Emulsifies fats
Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child?
Engage the individual in at least 1 hour per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity
What is the function of MFP factor?
Enhances iron absorption
What part of the GI tract prevents a person from choking while swallowing?
Epiglottis
When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration?
Epinephrine
What primary factor governs the quality of a food protein?
Essential amino acid content
Which of the following is known to cause discolored enamel of the teeth?
Excessive fluoride in the water
If a dietary supplement poses a significant risk of illness to consumers, what agency must prove harm before removing the product from the market?
FDA
When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?
Fat, carbohydrate, and protein
Which of the following nutrients requires the greatest time for digestion?
Fats
What is the first stage of liver deterioration in heavy drinkers?
Fatty liver
What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis?
Female athlete triad
Which of the following does NOT decrease the metabolic rate?
Fever
Which of the following is NOT one of the six classes of nutrients?
Fiber
Which of the following is involved in the clotting of blood?
Fibrin
Which of the following is NOT a source of dietary carbohydrates?
Fish
Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants?
Five months
Among all the vitamins, which is believed to be most vulnerable to interactions with drugs?
Folate
As a means to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in newborn infants, grain products are fortified with what nutrient?
Folate
Which of the following is known to enhance iron absorption?
Foods containing vitamin C
You have just been hired by the World Health Organization to promote nutrition education and policies in a small country in Asia, whose population has a high prevalence of goiter. Which of the following policies would be the best to implement with respect to iodine status, cost, and efficiency?
Fortify the salt with iodine
What is the storage site of bile?
Gallbladder
Which of the following animal-derived proteins is classified as a poor-quality protein?
Gelatin
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?
Glucagon
Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?
Glucose
What term describes how quickly glucose is absorbed from a food after ingestion, how high blood glucose rises as a result, and how quickly blood glucose returns to normal?
Glycemic response
After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body?
Glycogen
Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose?
Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain
What disorder is associated with the body's breakdown of purines?
Gout
Which of the following foods is highest in folate?
Green, leafy vegetables
Jenny is 34 years old and has a BMI of 28. Her body type could be described as "pear-like." John is 55 years old with a BMI of 28, and a body type that is "apple-like." Why is John more likely than Jenny to be at risk for degenerative diseases?
He has central obesity
Jim is a 45 year old who eats fast food at least 3 times a week and smokes a pack of cigarettes each day. He just had a physical examination and was told that his body mass index is 24. In what category would Jim's BMI be classified?
Healthy weight
Which of the following is a major function of chloride?
Helps maintain gastric acidity
What is the primary role of the normal, thriving intestinal bacterial population?
Helps prevent infectious bacteria from attacking the system
What iron-containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream?
Hemoglobin
Aggressive treatment should be introduced in overweight people if they have which of the following risk factors?
High LDL and low HDL
Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk?
High blood pressure
What is another term for hypertension?
High blood pressure
Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health?
High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion
What lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol back to the liver from the periphery?
High-density lipoprotein
What is the predominant sweetener used in formulating beverages?
High-fructose corn syrup
Of the following foods, which would be the only source of vitamin B12?
Hot dog
Whole-grain flour contains all parts of the grain with the exception of the
Husk
What adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity?
Hyponatremia
Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following is among the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Increase physical activity
Which of the following is a feature of being overweight and pregnant?
Increased prevalence of caesarian section
What is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status?
Infant's birthweight
In what population group are choking and vomiting most serious?
Infants
Which of the following is an important function of selenium?
Inhibits the formation of free radicals
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the vitamins?
Inorganic
In vegetarians, the RDA is higher for
Iron
Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children?
Iron
Which of the following is found in the first stage of iron deficiency?
Iron stores decline, as assessed by serum ferritin
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency in children?
It affects brain function before anemia sets in
Which of the following is a feature of peristalsis?
It consists of wavelike muscular contractions resulting from alternate tightening and relaxing of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles
Which of the following is a significant factor associated with interpretation of body composition values?
It is possible that muscular people may be classified as overweight
Which of the following is a general feature of a vitamin?
It may contain nitrogen
Which of the following is a feature of an essential amino acid?
It must be supplied by the diet
Which of the following is the most likely reason that teachers promote the consumption of midmorning snacks for children?
It provides carbohydrate for maintenance of blood glucose and brain function
Which of the following foods' kcalories would be considered as part of one's discretionary kcalorie allowance?
Jam
What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?
Kidneys
What is the principle carbohydrate of milk?
Lactose
What organ is affected by colitis?
Large intestine
What should be the parent's response when a one-year-old child wants to clumsily spoon-feed himself?
Let the child try to feed himself so that he will learn
Which of the following lipids is an essential nutrient?
Linoleic acid
What is the primary organ that metabolizes fructose and galactose following absorption?
Liver
What organ is the major site for gluconeogenesis?
Liver
Ben is worried that his family history of heart disease and his BMI of 28 are putting him at very high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. What would a clinician advise Ben to help lower his risk?
Lose weight as this can lower both blood cholesterol and blood pressure
What is sarcopenia?
Loss of muscle mass and strength
Your roommate Bob has just come back from the doctor, where he was subjected to a blood lipid profile analysis. The doctor recommended he make dietary changes because the cholesterol results put him at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Which of the following results is consistent with the diagnosis?
Low DLD and high DHD
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of metabolic syndrome?
Low blood glucose
Which of the following is NOT a common problem of pregnancy?
Low blood pressure
Which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation?
Low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids
What is the primary function of insulin?
Lowers blood glucose levels
Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats?
Lymphatic
What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?
Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass
Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc?
Meats and whole-grain cereals
Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells?
Metabolism
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency and behavior?
Mild iron deficiency impairs energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis
Which of the following are allowed in the diet of a lactovegetarian?
Milk products and plant foods only
What would be the primary principle of wise diet planning as related to protein nutrition?
Moderation
Which of the following is a characteristic of body weight changes associated with pregnancy?
Most women are unable to lose all of the weight that was gained during pregnancy
Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?
Muscle weakness
What is the oxygen-carrying protein of muscle cells?
Myoglobin
What two systems coordinate all digestive/ absorptive processes?
Nervous and endocrine
A low-protein diet in which corn is a principal food has been found to cause a deficiency of what vitamin?
Niacin
What element is found in proteins but NOT in carbohydrates and fats?
Nitrogen
What term defines the condition of infant tooth deterioration resulting from chronic exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle?
Nursing bottle tooth decay
Your aunt Gladys has a family history of heart disease. She decides to begin eating a bowl of oatmeal every morning to help lower her blood cholesterol. After about a month of following this routine, her cholesterol declined about 5 points. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this effect?
Oatmeal is high in soluble fibers that trap bile, causing the body to use more cholesterol for bile replacement
Which of the following is a characteristic of the response to stress?
Older men and women tend to lose their ability to adapt to stress
Which of the following is a feature of cholesterol?
Only about 10% of the body's total cholesterol is extracellular
What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?
Order of amino acids in the peptide chain
What is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is more concentrated?
Osmotic pressure
What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?
Over 85 years
What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?
Pancreas
What type of compound is lecithin?
Phospholipid
Which of the following minerals is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?
Phosphorus
What is the name given to the ingestion of nonnutritive substances?
Pica
What organ of the pregnant woman is central to the exchange of nutrients for waste products with the fetus?
Placenta
In which of the following are ample amounts of carbohydrates almost always found?
Plant Foods
Which of the following leading causes of death in the U.S. does NOT bear a relationship to diet?
Pneumonia and influenza
What is a bolus?
Portion of food swallowed at one time
What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman?
Preeclampsia
Which of the following describes an infant born during the 36th week of pregnancy?
Preterm
You have been asked to help a top nutrition researcher conduct human experiments on vitamin C. As the subjects walk into the laboratory, you distribute all the vitamin C pill bottles to the girls and all the placebo pill bottles to the boys. The researcher instantly informs you that there are two errors in your research practice. What steps should you have done differently?
Prevented yourself from knowing what was in the pill bottles, and distributed the bottles randomly to the subjects
What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?
Processed foods
Which of the following is NOT among the features of potassium in nutrition?
Processed foods are a major source
What types of enzymes are responsible for hydrolyzing the proteins in foods?
Proteases
What is the function of mucus in the stomach?
Protects stomach cells from gastric juices
What is the structure of an enzyme?
Protein
Which of the following is an example of a micronutrient?
Protein
Which of the following food groups is actually consumed in amounts greater than recommended by the USDA?
Protein foods
Which of the following is NOT a feature of high-fiber foods?
Provide more energy per gram than processed foods
What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride?
Public water
In general, what are the chief consequences of nutritional deprivation in the lactating mother?
Reduced quantity of milk
What is the most important predictor of a person's mobility in the later years?
Regular physical activity
Factors known to be related to a disease but not proven to be causal are called
Risk factors
Which of the following terms is used to describe a cut of meat having a low fat content?
Round
Which of the following is a general characteristic of sodium in processed foods?
Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis
Which of the following is a feature of the Nutrition Facts panel on a food label?
Saturated fat must be listed
Which of the following is the richest source of iodine?
Seafood
Which of the following nutrients has functions similar to those of vitamin E?
Selenium
Which of the following is a program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers' markets and roadside stands?
Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program
Which of the following is a characteristic of food serving sizes?
Serving sizes on food labels are not always the same as those of the USDA Food Guide
Jenny has just learned that she is one month pregnant (1st trimester). She has been looking forward to all the ice cream, chips, and cakes she has seen women on TV and in the movies eating when they are pregnant. What is the most appropriate advice for Jenny?
She does not have increased energy needs in the first trimester and should not indulge herself
What component accounts for the usually sweet taste of fruits?
Simple sugars
Jim, a college baseball player, tells you that he has started to take glutamine supplements. How would you advise him?
Since single amino acids do not occur naturally in foods, they offer no benefit to the body and may even be harmful
Which of the following is associated with the presence of fat in the GI tract?
Slowing of the process of digestion and absorption
What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?
Small intestine
When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity?
Sodium and chloride
Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?
Source of energy
Which of the following is a type of neural tube defect?
Spina bifida
Which of the following is NOT a simple carbohydrate?
Starch
After a hamburger is eaten, in what organ is the hydrolysis of its proteins initiated?
Stomach
What part of the gastrointestinal tract is the predominant site of dietary fat hydrolysis?
Stomach
A food scientist is developing a new and improved cereal bar. She consults with you to ask in what order the ingredients should be listed on the food label. The ingredients are: Sugar: 30 g, Puffed wheat: 28 g, Dry milk powder: 5 g, Red food coloring: 35 mg, Salt: 2 g. What is the appropriate order in which to list these ingredients on the food label?
Sugar, puffed wheat, dry milk powder, salt, red food coloring
What is the primary cause for belching?
Swallowing air
Which of the following is the body's first response to the absorption of abundant amounts of carbohydrate?
Synthesis and storage of glycogen
Which of the following is a possible fate of acetyl CoA?
Synthesis to fatty acids
What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of a nutrient represent?
The Maximum amount from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people
A health magazine contacted you for your expert opinion on what measure best describes the amounts of nutrients that should be consumed by the population. Your reply should be:
The Recommended Dietary Allowances because they represent the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people.
What is meant by the term "motility" in reference to the GI tract?
The ability of the GI tract muscles to move
What is mastication?
The act of chewing
What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food?
The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body
Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?
The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition
You are working as a nutrition consultant in a women's health clinic and have been advising patients to make sure they consume about 400 micrograms of folate every day. One patient is aware that folate helps prevent birth defects but she isn't sure why she should take it if she is not pregnant. Which of the following is the most appropriate reply?
The neural tube develops early on in pregnancy, oftentimes before the woman realizes she is pregnant
Why does the FDA advise against consumption of certain fish such as swordfish and tilefish by women of childbearing age?
The omega-3 fatty acids may induce premature labor
Which of the following is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another?
The side group
Which of the following is a research finding on vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?
The skin's capacity to synthesize the vitamin is reduced
What is meant by protein turnover?
The synthesis and degradation of body proteins
Which of the following is a characteristic of preterm infants?
They are often underweight and have difficulty breathing
What is the most likely explanation for the increased prevalence of obesity in children over the past 30 years?
They eat more and are less active physically
Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism?
They frequently show symptoms of overhydration such as mental lapses and disorientation
Which of the following is NOT among the properties of electrolytes?
They include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles
Which of the following is a feature of public school food programs?
They must follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans
What is the main reason for dieting in the elderly?
To pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose
What is the process whereby an amino group is combined with a keto acid to form an amino acid?
Transamination
In which form are most dietary lipids found?
Triglycerides
What amino acid is used to synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin and the vitamin niacin?
Tryptophan
The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are a little hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which of the following foods would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?
Turkey
Your nephew Jimmy, who is 10 years old, has told you that his body doesn't make insulin. He confides in you that he craves candy but was told by his parents that he can only eat sugar-free snacks. From which of the following conditions does Jimmy most likely suffer?
Type 1 diabetes
Which of the following best describes the normal pH of the stomach?
Very acidic
What is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine?
Villi
According to nutrition labeling laws, the amounts of what two vitamins must be listed on the package label as a percent Daily Value?
Vitamin A and C
Which of the following vitamins is stored primarily in muscle tissue?
Vitamin B6
Which of the following vitamins is known to deactivate histamine, a substance that causes nasal congestion?
Vitamin C
What nutrients appear to help prevent cataract formation?
Vitamin C and vitamin E
Which of the following nutrients does not yield energy during its metabolism?
Vitamins
What is the acronym for the food assistance program designed to help nutritionally at-risk children, infants, and pregnant women?
WIC
What is the body's most indispensable nutrient?
Water
Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?
Water
In addition to energy, what are the principal end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrates?
Water and carbon dioxide
Which of the following does NOT describe a national trend in eating habits of Americans?
We eat more high fiber foods
You work with a primary care physician to help newly pregnant women plan their diets. What vital information is needed to formulate a plan of weight gain?
Weight and height
Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber?
White rice
Which of the following is NOT a common dietary source of trans fats?
Whole milk
Which of the following product labels always denotes a whole-grain product?
Whole-wheat
Which of the following is one explanation for the generally lower tolerance for alcohol in women in comparison to men?
Women consume more of their alcohol in sweetened drinks
Which of the following is a feature of physical activity and bone health?
Working the muscles places stress on bones, which promotes bone density
Which of the following foods is nutrient dense and also qualifies as a "good source" of calcium?
Yogurt with 150g of calcium
Deficiency of which of the following minerals is associated with retarded growth and sexual development in children?
Zinc
Fatty acid oxidation results in the direct production of
acetyl CoA.
Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of
amino acids.
A child who drinks a lot of milk at the expense of other foods is at high risk of showing signs of
anemia.
The adolescent growth spurt
begins and ends earlier in girls than in boys.
A measure of the rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed
bioavailability.
An index of a person's weight in relation to height is called
body mass index.
Infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for
botulism.
The neural tube develops into the
brain and spinal cord.
The most highly fortified foods on the market are
breakfast cereals.
A food that represents a visible fat would be
butter.
All of the following factors are known to enhance the absorption of iron EXCEPT
calcium from milk.
After you and your friend Dolores share pretzels and animal crackers, she announces that she wants to start digesting her food by watching television. You inform Dolores that
carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth through the action of amylase, so she has already begun digesting the snacks.
All of the following describe influences of television and video gaming on nutrition EXCEPT
children are exposed to thousands of TV commercials each year but their requests for advertised foods are heeded by their parents only one-fourth of the time.
The Heimlich maneuver may be helpful in conditions associated with
choking.
You and your friend John are planning a college graduation party and you want to include healthy snack alternatives. You select fruit, veggies, low-fat dips, low-fat cheeses, whole-wheat crackers, and low-fat potato chips. John says he has heard about the fat replacer olestra in the potato chips and asks you how it works. You reply that olestra
contains a fat-like substance that the body's enzymes can't break down and therefore cannot be absorbed.
Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?
control the passage of food through the GI tract
The hydrolysis of ATP that often occurs simultaneously with the synthesis of many compounds is an example of
coupled reactions.
Riboflavin needs are more difficult to meet when the diet is low in
dairy foods.
Jim went for his annual medical check-up and was diagnosed with heartburn. Which of the following actions is most likely causing Jim's condition?
defective lower esophageal activity
A person with a fasting blood glucose concentration of 129 mg/dL would be classified as
diabetic.
Jake is getting ready for spring training and is sitting down to a dinner of half a chicken, a rib-eye steak, black beans, and 5 slices of bacon. He has been eating typical dinners like this for about a month and has since gained 7 pounds, while exercising only briefly. When Jake asks why he doesn't see an increase in his biceps or abs, the proper response should be
dietary protein alone does not contribute to muscle accretion.
A person with dysphagia has
difficulty swallowing.
The process by which food is broken down into absorbable components is called
digestion.
Jane is visiting with her doctor during her 2nd trimester of pregnancy and has just revealed her strange cravings. The doctor declared that Jane is experiencing pica, which is causing her intense craving for
dirt.
To help alleviate pregnancy-related nausea, all of the following actions are recommended EXCEPT
eat large, infrequent meals so as to limit contact time with food.
A person's customary intake of foods and beverages over time defines her or his
eating pattern
All of the following are common causes of heartburn EXCEPT
eating too slowly.
Tissue swelling that results from water accumulating between cells is known as
edema.
Refined grain products contain only the
endosperm
An empty-kcalorie food is one that contains
energy/calories and little or no protein, vitamins, or minerals
A child known to be allergic to peanuts who begins to show signs such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, and severe abdominal discomfort is most likely in immediate need of a life-saving injection of
epinephrine.
A nutrient needed by the body and that must be supplied by foods is termed a(n)
essential nutrient.
The single most effective way to teach nutrition to children is by
example.
The major cause of insulin resistance is related to
excess body weight.
In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of
excessive fluid retention.
A popular eating plan that promises quick weight loss is known as a(n)
fad diet.
The effects on metabolism from starvation are similar to those from
fasting.
Bile is known to assist in the absorption of
fat only.
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy?
fats
Protective factors for osteoporosis include all of the following EXCEPT
female gender.
In general, modifying a diet that by substituting complex carbohydrates for pure sugars results in a diet that is higher in
fiber.
An adverse reaction to food that does NOT signal the body to form antibodies is termed a
food intolerance.
The addition of calcium to some orange juice products by food manufacturers is most properly termed nutrient
fortification
Brenda is in her 26th week of gestation and has a family history of diabetes. Her pre-pregnancy BMI was 26, and she has gained 35 lb. If she does not make appropriate dietary changes, she is at high risk for developing
gestational diabetes.
The process by which an amino acid is used to make glucose is termed
gluconeogenesis.
Glycolysis is the conversion of
glucose to pyruvate.
All of the following compounds may be synthesized from cholesterol EXCEPT
glucose.
A person who is starving is losing
glycogen, protein, and fat.
The series of reactions involving the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as
glycolysis.
A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day is most likely making a food choice based on
habit
A major cause of rancidity of lipids in foods is exposure to
heat and oxygen.
Adverse side effects of typical low-carbohydrate diets include all of the following EXCEPT
high blood pressure.
Research in obese people seems to show that there is less susceptibility to health problems provided that the excess body fat is distributed around the
hips and thighs.
The maintenance of the body's constant internal conditions is guided by the principle known as
homeostasis.
A person who exhibits a physiological need to eat is most likely experiencing the sensation of
hunger.
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed
hydrolysis.
The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent
hypertension.
In the scientific method, a tentative solution to a problem is called the
hypothesis.
Typical foods chosen by a person with bulimia nervosa during a binge include all of the following EXCEPT
ice cream.
An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is to
increase physical activity.
The most common cause for the development of ulcers is
infection from H. pylori.
The most common cause of iodine deficiency is
insufficient intake of iodine from foods.
In the body, water that resides between cells is known as
interstitial fluid.
Biotin can be synthesized by
intestinal bacteria.
Goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of
iodine.
Low levels of blood hemoglobin most likely indicate a deficiency of
iron.
Important factors in the selection of a margarine product include all of the following EXCEPT
it should contain primarily omega-3 fatty acids.
An example of a behavior modification technique for weight control is to
keep a record of your eating habits.
A person with fruity odor on the breath demonstrates evidence of metabolic
ketosis.
Pernicious anemia results from a combination of lack of intrinsic factor and
lack of hydrochloric acid.
The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of
lactate and glucose.
Your roommate Demetrius is participating in a weightlifting course and complains of a burning pain during workouts. You explain to Demetrius that the rapid breakdown of glucose in his muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate, which leads to a fall in pH within the muscle and that the muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate to
lactate.
All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance EXCEPT
lactose in the diet
Adverse effects on organs such as the liver from the presence of excess body fat is known as
lipotoxicity.
A high risk of heart attack correlates with high blood levels of
low-density lipoproteins.
All of the following are documented benefits for people following a vegetarian diet EXCEPT
lower rates of anemia
All of the following are features of older pregnant women in comparison with younger pregnant women EXCEPT
maternal mortality rates are lower.
A typical cell contains "powerhouses," which is another name for the
mitochondria.
If a dancer and a typist are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be heavier because she has
more muscle mass
An increase in exercise accompanied by a decrease in body weight is an example of a
negative correlation
Tryptophan can be used in the body to synthesize
niacin.
A person who is edentulous has
no teeth.
Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are known as
oils.
Lipids that are solid at room temperature are known as
oils.
Low- or reduced-fat milk should NOT be given routinely to a child until after the age of
one year.
An aerobic reaction is one that requires
oxygen.
Before publication in a reputable journal, the findings of a research study must undergo scrutiny by experts in the field according to a process known as
peer review
Inspection of hair, eyes, skin, and posture is part of the nutrition assessment component known as
physical examination.
Nonnutrient substances found in plant foods that show biological activity in the body are commonly known as
phytochemicals
The living bacteria found in yogurt are known as
probiotics.
Protein-hydrolyzing enzymes are commonly known as
proteases.
An important function of fat in the body is to
protect vital organs against shock.
Which of the following is an example of a macronutrient?
protein
The body's need for water increases on a diet high in
protein.
Sulfur is present in practically all
proteins.
Nutrient dense refers to foods that
provide more nutrients relative to calories
Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to
provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.
If a child is reluctant to try a new food, it is best to
quietly remove it and present it again at another time.
The feeling of satisfaction resulting from consumption of a meal is termed
satiety.
To maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, all of the following activities are considered acceptable EXCEPT
saunas.
What type of deficiency is caused by inadequate absorption of a nutrient?
secondary
Your uncle Carlos has survived two heart attacks, and recently asked if he might be deficient in selenium, which he had just heard is essential to heart health. You are aware of his food habits and explain that his condition could not be the result of a dietary deficiency of selenium because
selenium is prevalent in most food groups.
Studies of adults show that longevity is related, in part, to all of the following EXCEPT
short periods of sleep.
A person with a pressure ulcer has damage to her
skin.
Infants should not be given canned vegetables due to excessive amounts of
sodium.
Oil that is partially hydrogenated sometimes changes one or more of its double bond configurations from
solid to liquid.
All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration EXCEPT
spastic muscles.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Pediatric Society, breastfeeding of full-term infants is
strongly recommended.
Which of the following most accurately defines the term organic?
substances with carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds
A major side effect from the regular use of some antipsychotics, antidepressants, and corticosteroids is
substantial weight gain.
When consumed in excess, all of the following can be converted to body fat and stored EXCEPT
sugar, corn oil, alcohol
To prevent and treat the high incidence of constipation in the elderly, all of the following practices are known to be effective EXCEPT
taking vitamin B12 injections.
What is the chief reason people choose the foods they eat?
taste
A principal reason that congregate meals are preferable to Meals on Wheels is that
there are more social benefits to congregate meals.
Beriberi results from a deficiency of
thiamin.
A diagnosis of constipation is made when a person's number of bowel movements per week first drops to under
three.
What single behavior contributes to the most deaths in the United States?
tobacco use
A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a
triglyceride.
Intra-abdominal fat is the same as
visceral fat.
A similar type of anemia is produced when there is a deficiency of either
vitamin B12 or folate.
A person who shuns dairy and spends most of her time indoors would likely benefit from a supplement of
vitamin D.
