Nutrition Final study guide - Chittom @ ICC
Which of the following statements describes the iron intake of older adults? - Iron needs of men increase throughout their lifetime. - Iron-deficiency anemia is more common among older adults than younger people. - Antacids tend to increase iron stores. - Elevated iron stores are likely for older people who eat red meat and take iron supplements. - Elevated iron stores impair immunity, which can lead to infectious diseases.
- Elevated iron stores are likely for older people who eat red meat and take iron supplements.
What proportion of adults in the US has high blood triglycerides? - 1/10 - 1/4 - 1/3 - 1/2 - 2/3
1/3
Two cups of a typical sports drink have approximately ____ calories. - 5-10 - 10-50 - 50-100 - 100-200 - 200-400
100-200
What is the RDA for vitamin D for a 20-year-old person? - 5 micrograms - 10 micrograms - 15 micrograms - 20 micrograms - 50 micrograms
15 micrograms
What is the RDA of vitamin E for adults? - 5 micrograms - 10 micrograms - 15 micrograms - 30 micrograms - 60 micrograms
15 micrograms
What percentage of the US population is deficient in vitamin D? - 6 - 16 - 26 - 36 - 46
16
It's recommended that an athlete consume _____ of calories from fat. - 15 to 35 percent - less than 20 percent - 25 to 50 percent - 20 to 35 percent - 45 to 65 percent
20 to 35 percent
In the US, beverages currently represent about _____ of a person's total energy intake. - 5% - 10% - 15% - 20% - 25%
20%
Louis is an 80-year-old man. How much have his energy needs declined since he was 30 years old? - 5 - 15 - 25 - 35 - 45
25
A lactating mother produces approximately ____ of milk each day. - 12 oz - 18 0z - 25 oz - 28 oz - 32 oz
25 oz
Peak bone mass is developed by age ____. - 5 - 10 - 15 - 30 - 60
30
Using animal data to extrapolate to humans, researchers estimate that it would take a person _____ years of restricting energy intake to 30% of normal, to increase life expectancy by 3 years. - 5 - 7 - 10 - 15 - 30
30
In the United States, annual sales of bottle water average to about ___ gallons per person. - 12 - 35 - 50 - 75 - 90
35
Which activity is most likely to be fueled primarily by lactic acid? - 100-meter run - A tennis serve - 400-meter run - 2 hour hike - 5-mile run
400-meter run
What is the UL for phosphorus? - 1200 - 2500 - 3500 - 4000 - 4500
4000
About what percentage of diabetes cases are diagnosed as type 1? - 1 to 2 - 3 to 5 - 5 to 10 - 10 to 12 - 15
5 to 10
What percentage of people in the United States has at least one major risk factor for coronary heart disease by age 20? - 10 - 20 - 30 - 40 - 50
50
What percentage of vitamin K is derived from foods? - less than 5 - 25 - 50 - 85 - 95
50
Demetrius weights 170 pounds at the start of his workout, but weights 167 pounds after his competition. How much fluid does he need to consume? - 2 cups - 3 cups - 4 cups - 6 cups - 8 cups
6 cups
At what age should breastfed infants be offered complementary foods? - 1 month - 3 months - 6 months - 9 months - 1 year
6 months
About how much iron does the usual US diet provide per 1000 calories? - 3 to 5 mg - 6 to 7 mg - 10 to 12 mg - 15 mg - 18 mg
6 to 7 mg
About how many meals each week are eaten outside the home by adolescents? - 7 - 10 - 14 - 17 - 21
7
In the United States, women who live to the age of 85 can expect to survive an additional ____ years on average. - 3 - 5 - 7 - 9 - 11
7
About what percentage of people with hypertension are overweight or obese? - 50 - 60 - 70 - 80 - 85
70
About ____ of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver. - 20% - 30% - 50% - 70% - 90%
90%
What is a desirable blood level for triglycerides? - <125 mg/dL - <150 mg/dL - 150 to180 mg/dL - 180 to 200 mg/dL - <240 mg/dL
<150 mg/dL
What level of HDL cholesterol puts a person at high risk for coronary heart disease? - <40 mg/dL - 30-40 mg/dL - 40-50 mg/dL - 50-60 mg/dL - ≥59 mg/dL
<40 mg/dL
What is prediabetes? - Another name for gestational diabetes - a consistent fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dL - an A1C below 5.7% - A condition similar to metabolic syndrome except that blood pressure is normal - a disorder in which some complications of diabetes have developed but a diagnosis of diabetes has not yet been made
A consistent fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dL
Which of the following accurately describes the link between led exposure and nutrition? - Absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach. -Lead toxicity is most prevalent in children around the time of puberty. - Federal regulations have successfully prevented widespread lead toxicity. - The symptoms of lead toxicity can be reversed by adding iron to the diet. - Lead exposure is extremely rare in the United States.
Absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach.
Which member of the vitamin E family is maintained in the body? - Alpha-tocotrienol - Alpha-tocopherol - Beta-tocopherol - Gamma-tocotrienol - Delta-tocopherol
Alpha-tocopherol
Which of the following is a correct statement about the US adult population's physical activity? - Half of adults get physical activity, but no exercise. - Approximately 80% of adults do not meet physical activity guidelines. - Approximately 20% of adults get no physical activity. - One-fourth of adults are sedentary. - Approximately 60% of adults don't exercise regularly.
Approximately 80% of adults do not meet physical activity guidelines.
Which of the following is true of molybdenum? - Average daily intakes fall within the suggested range of intakes. - A deficiency can lead to diabetes-like symptoms. - Liver is the only significant source. - The RDA is 0.1 mcg per day. - It does not have an RDA because not enough is known about it.
Average daily intakes fall within the suggested range of intakes.
Which carotenoid has the highest vitamin A activity? - Beta-cryptoxanthin - Lycopene - Lutein - Beta-carotene - Zeaxanthin
Beta-carotene
Which statement is not true about how the body uses iron? - Most iron entering the body is recycled. - Iron can be lost from bleeding and sweating, as well as through the GI tract, skin, and urine. - Blood loss is the only way body loses iron. - Surplus iron is stored in the muscles. - Iron is carried in the blood by transferrin.
Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron.
Which of the following is true about the association between diet and chronic diseases? - A moderate weight loss can help improve blood glucose but rarely blood lipids or blood pressure. - While heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer are four distinct diseases, they all have similar causes and treatments. - Quantity, not variety, is the key to getting the health benefits of fruits and vegetables. - Chronic diseases are neither caused by nor prevented by diet alone. - People who follow dietary advice will likely eliminate most, if not all, of their risk for a chronic disease.
Chronic diseases are neither caused by nor prevented by diet alone.
Which of the following is a natural toxicant found in lima beans? - Cyanogens - Solanine - Goitrogens - Hallucinogens - Narcotic-llike substances
Cyanogens
A child with breaded ribs is likely deficient in which vitamin? - A - B12 - C - D - E
D
Which of the following vitamins may reduce the risk of heart disease by slowing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins? - A - E - K - D2 - D3
E
Consumers depends on the FDA and the ____ to keep pesticide use within safe limits. - CDC - USDA - FTC - WHO - EPA
EPA
Which disorder is seen in premature infants deficient in vitamin D? - Rickets - Xerophthalmia - Muscular dystrophy - Erythrocyte hemolysis - Oestomalacia
Erythrocyte hemolysis
Which of the following statements accurately describes healthy snacking advice? - Parents should teach children not to snack so that they are hungry at mealtimes. - Children should be discouraged from snacking when their parents are not present. - Children should be given an abundance of pocket money to purchase snacks at school, where options are always healthier. - Exceptionally active children can enjoy high-calorie snacks like pudding or pancakes. - Snacks, like potato chips, should be available to children so that they fulfill their cravings for nutrient-poor foods, which then "frees them up" to make healthy choices at mealtime.
Exceptionally active children can enjoy high-calorie snacks like pudding or pancakes.
What industry controls are in place to help prevent foodborne illnesses? - The United States does not import foods from any countries that do not monitor food safety at the government level. - Foods like fish, meats, and nuts must display the country of origin on the label. - The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points system identifies potential hazards with all domestic and imported foods. - All countries that trade meats, seafood, and produce routinely monitor their products for safety. - Because it comes with the knowledge growing location, the farm-to-table movement has eliminated nearly all food safety concerns.
Foods like fish, meats, and nuts must display the country of origin on the label.
All of the following are supplements that dangerous to health and are banned by most professional sports organization except - HMB - anabolic - hGH - DHEA - androstenedione
HMB
How does vitamin A affect bone health? - It stimulates uptake of calcium from the intestines. - It promotes synthesis of specific bone proteins involved in the mineralization process. - It assists the enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur. - It inhibits oxidation of bone mucopolysaccharides, thereby preserving bone crystal integrity and promoting growth. - It ensures the formation of healthy bone matrix in utero.
It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur.
Which of the following statements is true of iron deficiency? - It can cause mental impairment and brain damage. - It mainly affects the very elderly. - It often is accompanied by zinc deficiency. - Treatment often includes increased consumption of vegetables high in goitrogens. - Worldwide, the incidence is rare, thanks in large part to iodized salt.
It can cause mental impairment and brain damage.
Which of the following is true of fluoride? - A deficiency causes the condition fluorosis. - Toxicity is unknown. - A deficiency can lead to pica. - It is added to about 25% of community water systems in the US. - It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.
It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.
At birth, a single dose of vitamin _____ is given by intramuscular injection. - A - D2 - D3 - E - K
K
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? - A - D2 - D3 - E - K
K
Which of the following statements accurately describes vitamin A's role in vision? - Retionic acid is the form required for synthesis of retinoblasts. - Light causes retinal shift from a cis to a trans configuration. - Retinol is the form bound to beta-carotene in the corneal membrane. - Pigment molecules in the retina are composed of vitamin A and the protein elastin.
Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a trans configuration.
Which of the following is destroyed by bacteriophages added to processed meat and poultry? - Listeria monocytogenes - Vibrio vulnificus - Staphylococcus aureus - Lactobacillus acidophilus - Clostridium perfringens
Listeria monocytogenes
Michael and his friends dined at a hibachi chain restaurant where Japanese dishes were grilled tableside by theatrical chefs. Afterward, Michael experienced facial flushing, chest pain, and throbbing headaches. His symptoms most likely were caused by which food additive? - BHA - Sulfites - Nitrites - BHT - MSG
MSG
What is a difference in the incidence of coronary heart disease between men and women? - Men's risk for coronary heart disease goes up significantly at age 45; women's at age 55 to 60. - Men are more likely to die from coronary heart disease than women. - After age 60, women are more likely to die from coronary heart disease than men - Women have a higher risk for developing coronary heart disease but men have a higher risk of dying from it. - Women's overall risk for coronary heart disease may be higher because they have higher homocysteine levels.
Men's risk for coronary heart disease goes up significantly at age 45; women's at age 55 to 60.
Which of the following groups is at higher risk for type 2 diabetes? - women - men - caucasian - Native Americans - alcoholics
Native Americans
Which of the following is a recommended strategy for honoring children's mealtime practices? - Offer vegetables that are raw or undercooked and served separate from other foods. - Serve varied, spicy flavors to entice a child's taste buds. - Cook food until very hot to keep a child from eating too quickly. - Allow children to eat at the "grown-up" table using china and silverware. - Try a series of gourmet foods with fancy names to build the child's cultural awareness.
Offer vegetables that are raw or undercooked and served separate from other foods.
Which type of arthritis most commonly disables older people? - osteoarthritis - Rheumatoid arthritis - Gout - Fibromyalgia - Psoriatic arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Which of the following accurately describes vitamin D from the sun? - Sunscreens with an SPF of 8 or higher increase vitamin D synthesis. - Only about one-half of the world's population relies on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D nutrition. -Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity. - For someone living in Chicago, vitamin D stores from the summer months are usually sufficient to meet the needs during the winter. - Pigments in dark skins increase vitamin D synthesis.
Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity.
Which of the following can help to minimize the effects of an occasional alcoholic drink in the milk of lactating women? - Drink alcohol before breastfeeding, rather than after. - Breastfeed immediately after drinking prior to alcohol entering the blood stream. - Pump and discard the milk following alcohol consumption. - Consume alcohol on an empty stomach. - Scientific evidence recommends consuming a glass of alcohol while lactating, and it will have no effect on milk.
Pump and discard the milk following alcohol consumption.
Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status? - All vitamin A comes from protein-rich foods. - Dietary protein ensures synthesis of the vitamin's GI tract transporter. - Adequate protein intake reduces the risk for infection from bacteria that degrade the vitamin. - Retinol-binding protein serves as the vitamin's transport carrier inside the body. - Protein frees vitamin A from its lipid bonds.
Retinol-binding protein serves as the vitamin's transport carrier inside the body.
Which of the following is a light-sensitive pigment of the retina? - Rhodopsin - Opsin - Melanin - Chlorophyll - Xanthophylls
Rhodopsin
What measurement is useful for detecting iron deficiency in its earliest stage? - Hematocrit - Serum iron level - RBC count - Serum ferritin - Transferrin saturation
Serum ferritin
What is an easy way to quickly estimate water loss and fluid needs following physical activity? - Multiply body weight (kg) by 1 percent to determine liters of water loss. - Multiply duration of activity (min) by body weight (kg) to determine mL of water loss. - Subtract air temperature (°F) from body weight (lbs) and then multiply by 5 to determine mL of water loss. - Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss. - Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and divide by the relative humidity.
Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss.
Which of the following is true of cancer? - Although it can originate anywhere in the body, cancer is one single disorder. - In almost all cases, the role of diet in cancer is to protect against its development. - Among environmental risk factors, the two known to cause cancer are radiation and smoking. - There are many cancers, and they have different characteristics. - While not a risk factor for cancer, obesity increases the risk of dying from cancer because fat cells interfere with chemotherapy.
There are many cancers, and they have different characteristics.
Which of the following is true of food assistance programs of the Older American Act? - eligibility begins at 50 - There are no income limits for eligibility. - Meals on Wheels is generally preferred to congregate meals. - Currently, only luncheon meals are offered. - Meals for people with special dietary needs are offered, but less frequently than regular meals.
There are no income limits for eligibility.
What is the UL for vitamin K? - 200 micrograms / day - 400 / day - 600 / day - 800 / day - There is no UL.
There is no UL.
Which of the following is a correct statement about prenatal supplements during pregnancy? - Prenatal supplements typically contain higher amounts of iron, protein, and calcium. - They are particularly beneficial for women with inadequate dietary intakes or women carrying multiple fetuses. - Very few doctors recommend daily multivitamin-mineral supplements. - They are only properly absorbed if eaten on an empty stomach. - Prenatal supplements typically contain additional energy, omega-3 fatty acids, and calcium needed by the mother.
They are particularly beneficial for women with inadequate dietary intakes or women carrying multiple fetuses.
Which of the following accurately describes free radicals? - They are destroyed by air pollution. - They arise from normal metabolic reactions. - They promote cell repair and act as an anti-inflammatory agent. - They are immune to the presence of antioxidant nutrients. - They are more common in infants and children than adults and the elderly.
They arise from normal metabolic reactions.
Which of the following is true of hypertension treatments? - treatment with medicine often includes more than one drug - a low-sodium diet is more beneficial to women than men - weight loss alone rarely achieves significant results - almost always, medicines are the most effective treatment - research results on the effectiveness of the DASH eating plan are still inconclusive
Treatment with medicine often includes more than one drug.
Which individual does not have any of the coronary risk factors that may indicate the need for a medical examination before starting a fitness program? - a 52-year-old woman who has high fasting blood glucose - a 30-year-old male with hypertension - a 40-year-old male with a BMI of 28 - a 25-year-old sedentary female with a family history of heart disease - a 50-year-old male with a 42-inch waist circumference
a 40-year-old male with a BMI of 28
A stroke is ____. - an aneurysm in the brain - a myocardial infarction - a cerebrovascular accident - the 15th leading cause of death in the US - not related to hypertension
a cerebrovascular accident
Iron balance is maintained in the body mainly through ____. - absorption - excretion - gluconeogenesis - glycolysis - bile production
absorption
What is the Healthy Eating Plate? - an alternative to the USDA's MyPlate that focuses on the links between diet and health - a vegetarian alternative to the USDA's MyPlate - a 1200 kcalorie weight reduction diet - a phytochemical-rich diet - a carbohydrate counting plan
an alternative to the USDA's MyPlate that focuses on the links between diet and health - a vegetarian alternative to the USDA's MyPlate
Vitamin E functions primarily as ______. - a peroxide - a coenzyme - an antioxidant - a free radical - an immune stimulant
an antioxidant
What is prothrombin? - A storage protein for vitamin K - A transport protein for vitamin E - An active protein needed for bone formation - An inactive protein needed for blood clot formation - A soluble protein that decreases the "stickiness" of RBCs
an inactive protein needed for blood clot formation
What is the most likely reason for a pregnant woman to crave a nonfood item like laundry starch or ice? - a change in hormones - a hypoglycemia episode - a physiologic need for fluid - a physiologic need for sodium - anemia due to iron-deficiency
anemia due to iron-deficiency
What does phosphorus do in the body? - participates in blood clotting - helps maintain gastric activity - acts as principal intracellular electrolyte - stabilizes protein shape - assists in energy metabolism
assists in energy metabolism
The type of disease that is characterized by arterial plaque and that is the major cause of cardiovascular disease is _____. - thrombosis - hypertension - atherosclerosis - cholesterolemia - metabolic syndrome
atherosclerosis
On what are the infant recommendations for vitamins and minerals based? - average amounts present in body tissues of thriving infants - adult RDA scaled down to infants on a per kg body weight basis - an out-of-date scale from the 1950s - average amounts consumed by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers - average amounts found in breast milk
average amounts consumed by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers
Which of the following measurements puts a person at high risk for coronary heart disease? - total blood cholesterol below 200 mg/dL - BMI between 25 and 29.9 - fasting triglycerides of 150 to 199 mg/dL - blood pressure of 140/90 or higher - LDL cholesterol under 100 mg/dL
blood pressure of 140/90 or higher
Which of the following is a good source of vitamin K? - pumpkin seeds - bananas - corn - brussel sprouts - egg yolks
brussel sprouts
Abnormally low calcium levels in the blood results in _____. - calcium dysfuntion - calcium tetany - myosinotoxicosis - calmodulin dysfunction - hyperkalemia
calcium tetany
By routing blood supply through ____, sweat evaporates which cools the skin and underlying blood. - blood vessels near the kidneys - arteries in the cooler extremities of the body - capillaries just under the skin - deep veins in the cooler areas of the body - blood vessels surrounding the lungs
capillaries just under the skin
Regular aerobic workouts gradually improve heart and lung function that causes _____ for more efficient oxygen delivery. - resting heart rate to increase - cardiac output to increase - bp to increase - stroke volume to decrease - anaerobic capacity to increase
cardiac output to increase
Though some may experience unpleasant side effects, all of the following supplements have demonstrated research findings that they may perform to some extent as claimed except - carnitine - dietary nitrate - sodium bicarb - creatine - beta-alanine
carnitine
Which of these therapies may be used to treat iron overload? - gastric bypass surgery - chelation - vitamin C supplements - calcium supplements - blood transfusion
chelation
_____ is a postexercise snack that has been shows to increase muscle glycogen stores and protein synthesis. - almonds - bananas - cheese - chocolate milk - whole-grain tortillas
chocolate milk
With the help of sunlight, the body can synthesize vitamin D from a precursor made from _____. - cholesterol - tryptophan - beta-carotene - eicosapentanoic acid - histamine
cholesterol
Upon absorption, fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within ____ before entering the bloodstream. - albumin - cholesterol - chylomicrons - liposoluble binding proteins - osteocalcin
chylomicrons
Which of the following foods is high in potassium and low in sodium? - canned cream corn - corn on the cob - instant banana pudding - frozen apple pie - corn flake cereal
corn on the cob
The most common form of cardiovascular disease is ____. - hypertension - congestive heart failure - elevated blood cholesterol - myocardial infarction - coronary heart disease
coronary heart disease
An athlete getting ready to compete in the 100-meter dash will rely primarily on ____ for quick energy in this event. - fat - lactate - creatine phosphate - adenosine diphosphate - glucose
creatine phosphate
Periods of time during development in which events can occur that will have irreversible effects on later development are called _____. - anencephaly - gestation - fetal programming - critical periods - genetic mutations
critical periods
Of these foods, which is a significant source of iodine? - dairy products - kale - orange juice - processed foods - brussel sprouts
dairy products
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with two common problems of aging: osteoporosis and ____. - dysphagia - dementia - atrophic gastritis - cataracts - gout
dementia
The first step in carbohydrate counting is to ____. - determine an appropriate carb allowance - figure out the amount of added sugar currently consumed - determine the ideal body weight - make a list of favorite foods - determine the appropriate protein intake
determine an appropriate carb allowance
Consuming a sports beverage to obtain carbohydrates is recommended ____. - during all vigorous-training activities - during exhausting endurance activities lasting more than 1 hour - only during competition - once activities continue past 40 minutes - just before an athlete "hits the wall"
during exhausting endurance activities lasting more than 1 hour
The best way to add antioxidants to the diet is to _____. - rely on supplements to meet RDA - combine dietary intake and supplementation - add a selenium supplement to a diet rich in vitamin E - eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily - create a diet rich in low-carb, high-protein foods
eat a generous amount of fruits and vegetables daily
To reduce the risk of cancer, the American Cancer Society recommends ______. - taking dietary supplements - eating whole grains - engaging in 75 minutes of vigorous exercise daily - excluding red meats from the diet - avoiding potatoes and other starchy foods
eating whole grains
What US population group is at the highest risk for vitamin D deficiency? - infants - elderly - adult women - children ages 2-12 years - whites living in tropical areas
elderly
Salt that dissociate into ions are called _____. - electrolytes - osmolytes - diuretics - antidiuretics - angiotensinogens
electrolytes
Which of the following represents a risk of formula feeding? - Lead-deficiencies in available water sources for infants over 6 months old - Excessive fluoride levels in available water sources for infants of any age - Inadequate fluoride levels in available water sources for infants under 6 months old - Lack of sufficient FDA oversight on currently available formulas - Lack of sufficient FDA testing for contamination with Salmonella
excessive fluoride levels in available water sources for infants of any age
What is polydipsia, a common symptom of untreated diabetes? - increased urge to urinate - excessive fluid losses - excessive thirst - excessive hunger - multiple electrolyte deficiencies
excessive thirst
Activities lasting longer than 20 mins will gradually start using more ____ for fuel and less _____. - lactate; glucose - lactate; fat - glycogen; fat - fat; glucose - fat; creatine phosphate
fat; glucose
An athlete's first sign of dehydration is typically _____. - fatigue - dizziness - intense thirst - intense sweating - mental confusion
fatigue
Which of the following dietary components may protect against cancer? - fiber - inositol and biotin - certain saturated fats - protein from animal sources - certain sugars
fiber
Of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States, how many have some relationship with diet? - two - four - five - six - eight
four
C-reactive protein is a marker for ____. - extent of heart damage following a heart attack - future risk for heart attack or stroke - degree of arterial wall damage - extent of plaque buildup - hypertension risk
future risk for heart attack or stroke
A sudden cessation of sweating in a person engaged in outdoor sports activities may be a sign of ____. - heat stroke - dehydration - hypothermia - exertional distress - heat stress
heat stroke
What is the role of omega-3 fatty acids in immune function? - maintain healthy skin and other epithelial tissues as barriers to infection - regulate T-cell responses - help resolve inflammation when it is no longer needed for the immune response - protect against oxidative damage - help maintain an effective immune response
help resolve inflammation when it is no longer needed for the immune response
All of the following are features of an ideal pregame meal except - high- protein, providing 30 kcal per kg of body weight - vegetable and fruit juices, providing 100-200 kcal - high carb, low fiber, and low fat providing 300-800 kcal - high fiber, providing 200-300 kcal and liberal amounts of fluid - bulky, fiber-rich foods providing at least 800 kcal
high carb, low fiber, and low fat providing 300-800 kcal
What is a characteristic of an atherogenic diet? - low saturated fat - high trans fat - plant based - moderate calcium - high fiber
high trans fat
What type of diet does research suggest can provide endurance athletes with ability to go longer without fatigue? - mixed diet - low carb diet - no-carb diet - low-fat diet - high-carb diet
high-carb diet
Cravings and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivities induced by _____. - iron-deficiency anemia - deficiencies in the body - careless and inappropriate selection of foods - hormone changes - overconsumption of that particular food
hormone changes
All of the following are signs or symptoms of preeclampsia except: - hypertension. - severe headaches. - swelling of hands, feet, and face. - hypoglycemia. - sudden weight gain of approximately 1 lb per day
hypoglycemia
How is the concentration of electrolyte charges measured? - by weight - in milliequivalents - by amperes - by mass - in millijoules
in milliequivalents
One difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that in type 1 diabetes _____. - insulin therapy is always required - obesity is a factor - only children are affected - the diagnosis is based on a fasting plasma glucose of 150 mg/dL or higher - there are few, if any, symptoms
insulin therapy is always required
What term describes water that resides between cells? - diuretic fluid - interstitial fluid - intracellular fluid - intravascular fluid - avascular fluid
interstitial fluid
The increased needs for _____ during pregnancy cannot be met by diet or existing stores so supplements are recommended. - protein - calcium - iron - zinc - vitamin B12
iron
What other nutrient deficiency is common among people with iodine deficiency? - calcium - iron - vitamin C - vitamin D - zinc
iron
____ is an important nutrient for the transport of oxygen in the blood and in muscle tissue and in energy transformation reactions. - iron - calcium - thiamin - vitamin C - sodium
iron
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ___. - affects the lymphatic system of cows - is also known as mad cow disease - cannot affect people - affects the cow's milk production - is passed to humans via the unsafe handling of red meat
is also known as mad cow disease
Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes _____. - affects only adults - is much more likely to be associated with obesity - has a different set of complications - does not have the same symptoms - is diagnosed with a fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dL
is much more likely to be associated with obesity
All of the following reasons that alcohol should not be used to rehydrate the body except - it has a diuretic effect - it inhibits glycogen breakdown - it slows reaction time - it impairs the body's ability to regulate temp - it can lead to sports-related injuries
it inhibits glycogen breakdown
What toxic substance contained in calcium supplements made from bone meal, oyster shell, or dolomite? - arsenic - lead - cyanide - ricin - hydrazine
lead
Retinol-binding protein picks up vitamin A from the ____ and carries it to the blood. - intestines - kidneys - liver - pancreas - gallbladder
liver
Longevity is defined as ____. - long duration of life - a person's age in years from date of birth - maximum number of years of life attainable by a species - average number of years lived by people in a given society - a person's perceived mental well-being
long duration of life
Low bp is generally a sign of ___. - anemia - lung disease - kidney failure - short life expectancy - long life expectancy
long life expectancy
Microangiopathies that develop in people with diabetes can lead to _____. - impaired nutrient absorption - weight loss - loss of liver function - hypertension - loss of kidney function
loss of kidney function
What is sarcopenia? - loss of central visual activity - loss of muscle mass and strength - softening of bones - difficulty swallowing - paralysis of GI tract muscles
loss of muscle mass and strength
Which of the following is not a risk factor for hypertension? - low calcium intake - high salt intake - aging - genetics - more than who alcoholic drinks a day
low calcium intake
In weight training, muscle strength can best be emphasized by performing a - low number of reps with heavy weight - low number of reps with lighter weight - high number of reps with heavy weight - high number of reps with lighter weight - sufficient reps with any weight to induce exhaustion
low number of reps with heavy weight
Which of the following are examples of heavy metals? - mercury and lead - iron and chromium - carbon and nitrogen - molybdenum and fluoride - manganese and magnesium
mercury and lead
Which one of these foods contains a substance that inhibits absorption of nonheme iron? - orange juice - pork - chicken - milk - fish
milk
Dietary protein needs of an athlete can best be met by consuming ____. - moderate amounts of high-quality protein in 4 to 5 small meals each day - 1 gram of protein per kilogram of body weight - supplements in addition to a healthy diet - meat, poultry, or fish at every meal - over 2.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight
moderate amounts of high-quality protein in 4 to 5 small meals each day
Dietary protein needs of an athlete can best be met by consuming _____. - Moderate amounts of high-quality protein in 4 to 5 small meals each day - 1 gram of protein per kg of body weight - supplements in addition to a healthy diet - meat, poultry, or fish at every meal - over 2.2 grams of protein per kg of body weight
moderate amounts of high-quality protein in 4 to 5 small meals each day
Where are the highest concentrations of zinc in the body? - liver and pancreas - brain - small intestine - blood - muscle and bone
muscle and bone
What organ system is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its critical period? - cardiovascular - circulatory - digestive - nervous - endocrine
nervous
Vitamin K deficiency is most likely in which of the following groups? - young adults - elderly - newborns - teenagers - middle-aged adults
newborns
Physically, people with untreated hypertension will - have headaches - feel dizzy - experience ringing in the ears - fatigue easily - not feel anything
not feel anything
The developing brain depends heavily on ____, and the mother's intake of during pregnancy may improve an infant's brain function and cognition. - essential amino acids - omega-3 fatty acids - iron - saturated fats - vitamins B6 and B12
omega-3 fatty acids
Vitamin K participates in the synthesis of prothrombin and ____. - osteocalcin - adipose tissue - calbindin - calciferol -teratogen
osteocalcin
An adult deficient in vitamin D may experience a softening of the bones, which is called ____. - rickets - osteomalacia - kertomalacia - hyperkeratosis - osteopenia
osteomalacia
The DASH diet plan may prevent hypertension and ____. - dehydration - ulcerative colitis - osteoporosis - constipation - diabetes
osteoporosis
Dietary calcium deficiencies result in _____. - osteoporotic bones - calcium tetany - calcium rigor - mineralization - calcitonin
osteoporotic bones
Of these foods, which is the best source of zinc? - oysters - potatoes - eggs - watermelon - tomato juice
oysters
The A1C is a test to measure ____. - fasting plasma glucose - non-fasting blood glucose - percentage of hemoglobin with glucose attached - cumulative values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood glucose - the amount of glucose in the urine
percentage of hemoglobin with glucose attached
The process in which immune cells engulf and then destroy foreign antigens is known as _____. - antigenesis - phagocytosis - cytotoxicosis - inflammation immunization
phagocytosis
An individual is described as _____ when they have the endurance to engage in daily activities, as well as enough reserve energy to handle added challenges. - conditioned - moderately fit - moderately active - physically fit - sedentary
physically fit
What is the name for the accumulation of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous connective tissue in the artery walls? - plaque - fatty streaks - emboli - aneurysm - thrombus
plaque
When compared to breast milk or infant formula, cow's milk contains too much _____ and too little ___. - protein, carb - protein, fat - fat, protein - fat, carb - carb, protein
protein, carb
Oestocalcin _______. - is a vitamin K-deficiency disease in children. - binds calcium in the GI tract to enhance absorption. - requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals. - is a disease characterized by softening of the bones. - binds to vitamin K and is excreted in feces.
requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals.
What part of the eye contains billions of molecules of vitamin A? - cornea - sclera - retina - macula - choroid
retina
What is the alcohol form of vitamin A? - retinal - beta-carotene - retinol - retinoic - Alpha-carotene
retinol
Which of the following foods in particular must be restricted in the diet of a person taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug to treat Parkinson's disease? - red meat - sauerkraut - salmon - cruciferous vegetables - chocolate
sauerkraut
Which of the following is the only significant source of human methylmercury exposure? - seafood - legumes - unfiltered water - undercooked poultry - rice oil
seafood
Betty was diagnosed with a pressure ulcer, which means she has damaged to her _____. - skin - colon - mouth - stomach - eye
skin
Heat stroke shares all of the following symptoms with hypothermia except ___. - mental changes - confusion - loss of consciousness - clumsiness - slow heart rate
slow heart rate
Antibiotics and antacids often contain large amounts of ____. - sugar - sodium - sorbitol - lactose - niacin
sodium
Low blood levels of _____ is referred to as a hyponatremia. - water - sodium - glucose - potassium - calcium
sodium
Of these body organs and glands, which one is involved in immunity? - liver - pancreas - parathyroid gland - kidneys - spleen
spleen
A heart attack is _____. - severe angina - an aneurysm in the chest - sudden tissue death caused by blockages of vessels that feed heart muscle - a heart valve malfunction - an abnormal surge of blood into the heart's left ventricle
sudden tissue death caused by blockages of vessels that feed heart muscle
Children who are allowed to choose freely from a variety of foods, usually select foods that are high in _____. - iron - fiber - sugar - protein - fat
sugar
Ready-to-eat-or-drink supplements can be ideal when - the athlete only has 30 minutes before competition. - the athlete can't eat solid food due to a nervous stomach. - the athlete wants a meal that provides "complete nutrition." - substituted for regular meals. - the athlete wants a low-carb pregame meal.
the athlete can't eat solid foods due to a nervous stomach.
What is alpha-lactalbumin? - the main carb in human breast milk - the main carb in cow's milk - a fatty acid in human breast milk - the chief protein in human breast milk - the chief protein in cow's milk
the chief protein in human breast milk
Gestation is generally divided into equal periods called _____. - quarters - quintiles - semesters - trimesters - periods
trimesters
Activity that is a 7 or 8 on a scale of perceived exertion where an individual can talk, but it is difficult, is ____. - overload - vigorous - light - moderate - anaerobic
vigorous
Which of the following did researchers recognize first? - vitamin D - vitamin K - Calcitrol - vitamin A - vitamin E
vitamin A
Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Your friend is careful about her health and only purchases organic and all natural foods. Based on this information alone, which of the following foods would you recommend your friend regularly buy at the grocery store? - whole-grain bread - vitamin D-fortified milk - vitamin A-fortified carrot juice - wheat germ - vitamin K-rich whole grain cereals
vitamin D-fortified milk
While athletes are encouraged to eat a diet high in antioxidant-rich foods, research findings are conflicting in regards to _____ as a way to prevent against exercise-induced oxidative stress. - increased vitamin C intake from fruits - vitamin E supplementation - increased beat-carotene intake from foods - incorporation of vitamin E-rich oils - increased intake of fruits and vegetables
vitamin E supplementation
The activity of the anticoagulant drug warfarin is affected by its interaction with _____. - vitamin K - grapefruit juice - sodium - aged meats - vitamin B12
vitamin K
Which of the following is a good indicator of an older adult's physical abilities? - walking endurance - arm strength - overall flexibility - posture - body composition
walking endurance
Which of the following defines potable water? - water fit for drinking - water that must be boiled before drinking - water that is filled with contaminants - water suitable only for use on lawns and gardens - water to which fluoride has been added
water fit for drinking
When is sushi safe to eat? - after the fish has been frozen for 6 hours - after a master chef has examined it for harmful microbes - when fresh fish is labeled of "sushi grade" - when cooked seafood and other ingredients are combined - when it is wrapped in seaweed and combined with fresh vegetables
when cooked seafood and other ingredients are combined
Calcium supplements should be taken _____. - with a meal to enhance absorption of calcium - with iron supplements to enhance absorption of iron - with a meal to circumvent adverse nutrient interactions - in large doses all at once - in doses of 500 mg or more
with a meal to enhance absorption of iron
Which of the following is an example of a flexibility activity? - yoga - swimming - power walking - lifting free weights - pilates
yoga