Nutrition Finals and 17-23
normal blood sugar level
70-100 mg/dL
An intolerance to gluten is associated with
Celiac disease
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a group of clients about the functions of the liver and gallbladder. Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching as the purpose of bile? A. Digest fats B. Produce chyme C. Stimulate gastric acid secretion D. Provide energy
Correct Answer: A. Digest fats ~Bile is a product of the liver and aids in the digestion of fats.
A nurse is presenting an in-service session about nutrition. Which of the following simple sugars should the nurse identify as the carbohydrate found in milk? A. Lactose B. Sucrose C. Maltose D. Fructose
Correct Answer: A. Lactose ~The nurse should identify that lactose is a form of sugar that is found in milk.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client regarding protein intake. Which of the following foods should the nurse include as an example of an incomplete protein? A. Eggs B. Soybeans C. Lentils D. Yogurt
Correct Answer: C. Lentils ~Incomplete proteins are missing 1 or more of the essential amino acids necessary for the synthesis of protein in the body. Examples of incomplete proteins include lentils, vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds.
A nurse is caring for a client who has a new diagnosis of pernicious anemia(b12 deficiency). The nurse should expect the client's provider to prescribe which of the following medications for this client? A. Ferrous sulfate B. Epoetin alfa C. Vitamin B12 D. Folic acid
Correct Answer: C. Vitamin B12 ~The nurses should expect the client's provider to prescribe vitamin B12 to a client who has pernicious anemia.
"dys
abnormal
hematuria
blood in the urine
"carotid"
neck
Patients with chronic kidney disease often develop anemia due to
the inadequate production of erythropoietin.
The basic means of communication among health care team members is
the patient's medical record.
A major difficulty in treating hepatitis is that
the person usually has a poor appetite
A disadvantage of abdominal radiation for treatment of cancer is that
the structure and function of the intestines may be adversely affected.
The primary focus of medical nutrition therapy for burn patients in the acute or flow phase is
to use enteral or parenteral nutrition to reduce stress.
rectal surgery
- Clear fluid or nonresidue diet may be indicated after surgery to reduce painful elimination and allow healing. - Return to a regular diet is usually rapid.
type 1 vs type 2 diabetes
- Type 1: insulin-dependent, 5-10% of cases; autoimmune, genetic, environ. factors - Type 2: non-insulin-dependent, 90-95% of cases; older age, obesity, family hx, prior hx of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tol., phys. inactivity, race/ethnicity
Small intestines malabsorption disease results in:
-Steatorrhea (fat in feces) -Chronic diarrhea
After surgery (postoperative) consume high:
-Vid C -Protein
hiatal hernia
-a condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm -common with obese individuals
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
-inflammation of the colon and small intestine
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
-periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain -eliminate food allergens -eat more foods high in gas and flatulence
symptoms of diabetes and prevention
-thirst, excessive urination, weight loss, fatigue, nerve damage, blurred vision, poor wound healing and increased infections -A healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining normal body weight and avoiding tobacco use
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has COPD about dietary choices. Which of the following client selections indicates an understanding of the teaching? A. Chicken breast and corn on the cob B. Shrimp and rice C. Cheese omelet and turkey bacon D. Liver and onions
. Chicken breast and corn on the cob ~The nurse should identify that chicken breast is LOW IN CHOLESTEROL, and all vegetables, including corn, are CHOLESTEROL-FREE therefore, this food selection by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching.
Process of cancer development 3 phases
1. initiation-is the point at which a mutagen causes irreversible damage to the DNA. -caused by carcinogens 2. Promotion- *Reversible proliferation of the altered cells* -Increase in the altered cell population further increases likelihood of additional mutations -During promotion phase, it's *important that nurses teach patients to modify their lifestyles* 3. Progression- is the phase during which the cancer cells ad- vance and become a malignant tumor that is capable of metastasizing.
An optimal level for a serum triglyceride is less than
150 mg/dL.
Peptic Ulcer Disease
A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum -avoid smoking -avoid acid stimulants
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
A form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available.
cystic fibrosis
A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and stages
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers. • Acute HIV infection • Clinical latency (HIV inactivity or dormancy) Aids
Acute or Flow Phase- what is it, why increase nutrient and energy needs?
After the ebb phase, patients experience a period of in- creased cardiac output and metabolism known as the flow phase. During this time, the body has added nu- trient and energy demands because of metabolic stress, tissue growth, and repair. During this phase, the patient's blood flow and urine output begin to return to normal. Constant at- tention to fluid intake and output with evaluation for any signs of dehydration or overhydration is essential.
Acute Cardiovascular Responses
All of these responses are aimed at getting more blood, oxygen & fuels to working muscles and speed up removal of wastes.
food allergies
An immune system response to a food that the body perceives as harmful
A nurse in a provider's office is reviewing the medical records of a group of clients. The nurse should identify that which of the following clients are at risk for iron deficiency? (Select all that apply.) A. a postmenopausal client B. A client who is a vegetarian C. A middle adult male client D. A client who is pregnant E. A toddler who is overweight
B. A client who is a vegetarianD. A client who is pregnantE. A toddler who is overweight ~A client who is a vegetarian might require additional iron because of the limited availability of iron in vegetable sources. During pregnancy, maternal blood volume increases, and the fetus requires iron. Therefore, the RDA of iron for clients who are pregnant is increased to 27 mg/day. Toddlers who are overweight might get most of their calories from milk and from foods that are not considered healthy, which places toddlers at risk of iron-deficiency anemia.
high blood pressure (hypertension)
Blood pressure greater than 140/90; is the leading cause of strokes and a major risk factor for heart attacks and kidney failure. -Stage 1 hypertention -stage 2 hypertention
lobotomy
Brain surgery for the treatment of certain mental disorders
Burn Shock or Ebb Phase- what is it and what's the appropriate therapy?
Burn shock is a condition resulting from the loss of large amounts of fluid that occurs during the first hours until approximately the second day after a burn. To prevent shock, physicians replenish patients with large amounts of IV fluid and electrolyte therapy given as lactated Ringer's solution. After approximately 12 hours, when vascular permeability returns to normal and fluid losses begin to decrease at the burn site, in- fusions of albumin solutions or plasma help restore blood volume. After the patient receives fluid resuscitation, the dietitian establishes nutrition needs. Typically, nutrition therapy begins within 24 to 48 hours of injury.
A nurse is calculating the protein needs of a young adult client who weighs 132 lb. The RDA for protein for an adult who has no health medical conditions is 0.8 g/kg. How many grams of protein per day should the nurse recommend for this client? (Fill in the blank with the numeric value, rounding to 2 figures. Lead with a 0 if the answer is less than 1.)
Correct Answer: 4 ~8132/2.2 = 60 kg60 kg x 0.8 g = 48 g
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has a prescription for a low-sodium diet to manage hypertension. Which of the following client statements indicates the teaching has been understood? A. "I can snack on fresh fruit." B. "I can continue to eat lunchmeat sandwiches." C. "I can have cottage cheese with my meals." D. "Canned soup is a good lunch option for me."
Correct Answer: A. "I can snack on fresh fruit." ~The nurse should identify that fresh fruits contain little to no sodium and are a good snack for a client who has hypertension.
A nurse is reinforcing dietary teaching about a low-cholesterol diet with a client who has heart disease. Which of the following client statements indicates the teaching was effective? A. "I should remove the skin from poultry before eating it." B. "I will eat seafood once per week." C. "I should use margarine when preparing meals." D. "I can use whole milk on my oatmeal."
Correct Answer: A. "I should remove the skin from poultry before eating it." ~The client should remove the skin from poultry before eating because the skin contains the greatest amount of fat.
A nurse is reinforcing dietary teaching with a client who has AIDS and stomatitis(Sores in mouth) of the mouth. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? A. "You can suck on popsicles to numb your mouth." B. "Season food with spices instead of salt." C. "Avoid the use of a straw to drink liquids." D. "Eat foods at hot temperatures."
Correct Answer: A. "You can suck on popsicles to numb your mouth." ~The nurse should instruct the client to suck on popsicles or ice chips to numb the mouth.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching about a low-cholesterol diet with a client who had a myocardial infarction(Heart attack). Which of the following meal selections by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? A. Chicken breast and corn on the cob B. Shrimp and rice C. Cheese omelet and turkey bacon D. Liver and onions
Correct Answer: A. Chicken breast and corn on the cob ~The nurse should identify that chicken breast is low in cholesterol and all vegetables, including corn, are cholesterol-free; therefore, this food selection by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching.
A nurse is caring for a client during her first prenatal visit and notes that she is lactose intolerant. Which of the following foods should the nurse recommend as a calcium source for this client? A. Collard greens B. Cottage cheese C. Orange juice D. Broccoli
Correct Answer: A. Collard greens ~Collard greens are a good source of lactose-free calcium. One cup of collard greens provides approximately the same amount of calcium as the equivalent volume of 240 mL (8 oz) of milk. They also contain folic acid, which is a nutrient that women should consume during pregnancy to prevent birth defects.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with the parent of a school-aged child who has celiac disease(gluten allergy). Which of the following foods selected by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? A. Corn tortilla with black beans B. Pizza C. Canned soup D. Hot dogs
Correct Answer: A. Corn tortilla with black beans -Children who have celiac disease are placed on a gluten-free diet. Gluten is found in wheat, rye, and barley. Selecting products made from corn and beans indicates an understanding of the teaching.
A nurse is caring for a client who has protein malnutrition. Which of the following foods should the nurse identify as a source of complete protein? A. Eggs B. Cereal C. Peanut butter D. Pasta
Correct Answer: A. Eggs ~Complete proteins contain all of the essential amino acids to support growth and homeostasis. Examples of complete proteins include eggs, meat, poultry, seafood, milk, yogurt, cheese, soybeans, and soybean products.
A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who has end-stage renal disease and reports fatigue. The client's hemoglobin is 8 g/dL. The nurse should expect a prescription for which of the following medications? A. Erythropoietin B. Erythromycin C. Filgrastim D. Calcitriol
Correct Answer: A. Erythropoietin ~Erythropoietin stimulates the production of RBCs and is used to treat anemia associated with chronic renal failure.
A nurse is contributing to the planning of an in-service session about nutrition. Which of the following nutrient functions should the nurse include in the teaching? A. Fats provide energy B. Carbohydrates repair body tissue C. Fats regulate fluid balance D. Carbohydrates prevent interstitial edema
Correct Answer: A. Fats provide energy ~Fat serves as a stored energy source for the body, providing 9 cal/g of energy.
nurse is caring for a client who has osteoporosis and a new prescription for calcium supplements. Which of the following foods should the nurse recommend to promote calcium absorption? A. Fortified milk B. Ripe bananas C. Steamed broccoli D. Green leafy vegetables
Correct Answer: A. Fortified milk ~Fortified milk provides 2.45 mcg of vitamin D, which promotes calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Adults up to age 70 need 600 international units of vitamin D per day and 800 international units thereafter. Therefore, fortified milk is a good source of vitamin D.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching about dietary modifications for a client with newly diagnosed with cirrhosis. Which of the following foods should the nurse recommend? A. Grilled chicken B. Potato soup C. Fish sticks D. Baked ham
Correct Answer: A. Grilled chicken ~A client who has cirrhosis requires protein to compensate for the weight loss as a result of the disease. Increasing protein intake from animal or plant sources will also provide more energy.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a female client who has a new prescription for pravastatin to treat hyperlipidemia. Which of the following pieces of information should the nurse include in the teaching? A. Pravastatin can be taken with grapefruit juice. B. Pravastatin can be continued during pregnancy .C. Pravastatin should be taken with the morning meal. D. Laboratory testing to monitor WBC count is required.
Correct Answer: A. Pravastatin can be taken with grapefruit juice. ~Pravastatin, unlike other statins, such as lovastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin, is not affected by CYP3A4 inhibitors. It is safe for the client to consume grapefruit juice if desired.
A nurse is caring for an older adult client with dementia who gets up frequently to pace during meals and eats sparingly. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Provide finger foods for the client B. Offer food at fewer times each day to promote hunger C. Administer a benzodiazepine medication to the client before meals D. Assist the client in sitting still during meals using soft restraints
Correct Answer: A. Provide finger foods for the client ~Finger foods will provide nutrition and accommodate the client's behavior.
A nurse is reinforcing discharge teaching with a client who had a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? A. Reduce dietary sodium B. Decrease dietary potassium C. Restrict intake of soluble fiber D. Limit alcohol intake to 3 or fewer servings per day
Correct Answer: A. Reduce dietary sodium ~A temporary disturbance of the blood supply to the brain leads to TIAs, which are brief alterations in neurological function. The most common causes are atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid arteries and hypertension; therefore, the client should limit sodium intake to help control hypertension and prevent future TIAs.
A nurse in a pediatric clinic is talking with the parent of a toddler who states that her child will not sit at the table and eat with the family. She asks the nurse for recommendations for "finger foods" for her child. Which of the following foods should the nurse suggest? A. Slices of ripe banana B. Popcorn C. Slices of hot dogs D. Raw carrots
Correct Answer: A. Slices of ripe banana ~Toddlers should have about 8 oz (1 cup) of fruit per day. Bananas are nutritious and, as long as they are soft, do not present a choking hazard for young children.
A nurse is caring for a client who has peripheral edema. The nurse should identify that which of the following nutrients regulates extracellular fluid volume? A. Sodium B. Calcium C. Potassium D. Magnesium
Correct Answer: A. Sodium ~The nurse should identify that sodium regulates extracellular fluid balance as well as nerve impulse transmission, acid-base balance, and various other cellular activities.
A nurse is caring for a client who has a deficiency in vitamin D. Which of the following foods should the nurse recommend the client include in his diet? A. Whole milk B. Chicken C. Oranges D. Dried peas
Correct Answer: A. Whole milk ~The fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K require fatty substances or tissues to be dissolved as well as the presence of bile in the small intestine for absorption. Whole milk contains vitamins A and K and is often fortified with vitamin D.
A nurse is reviewing the laboratory findings of a client who has protein-calorie malnutrition. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?A. Decreased albumin B. Elevated hemoglobin C. Elevated lymphocytes D. Decreased cortisol
Correct Answer: A.Decreased albumin ~A decreased albumin level can be an indication of long-term protein depletion. Other potential conditions that result in decreased albumin levels include burns, wound drainage, and impaired hepatic function.
A nurse is reinforcing nutritional teaching with a client who is pregnant. Which of the following nutrients should the nurse instruct the client to increase in her daily diet? A. Iron B. Calcium C. Vitamin E D. Vitamin K
Correct Answer: A.Iron ~Iron supplements are recommended during pregnancy to promote adequate transfer of iron to the fetus and to support the expansion of the maternal RBC mass.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has lactose intolerance about dietary modifications. Which of the following food items should the nurse recommend? A. Bread B. Almond milk C. Lunchmeats D. Instant mashed potatoes
Correct Answer: B. ~Almond milkThe nurse should recommend lactose-free foods such as almond milk, soy cheese, soy yogurt, and lactose-free milk.
A nurse is collecting data from a school-aged child who has celiac disease. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Elevated sweat chloride B. SteatorrheaC. Clubbing of the fingers D. Jaundice
Correct Answer: B. ~SteatorrheaFoul, fatty, frothy stools known as steatorrhea are a manifestation of celiac disease, which is a malabsorption syndrome.
A nurse is updating the plan of care for a client who has celiac disease(allergy to gluten). Which of the following dietary selections should the nurse recommend for the client? A. Whole-wheat tortilla with black beans B. Baked chicken and rice C. Turkey and cheese sandwich D. Pasta with marinara sauce
Correct Answer: B. ~Baked chicken and rice The nurse should recommend baked chicken and rice as a dietary selection for a client who has celiac disease. Clients who have celiac disease should avoid foods containing gluten.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a young adult client who has a history of calcium oxalate renal calculi. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? A. "Drink fruit punch or juice with every meal." B. "Consume 1,000 milligrams of dietary calcium daily." C. "Take 1 gram of a vitamin C supplement daily." D. "Increase your daily bran intake."
Correct Answer: B. "Consume 1,000 milligrams of dietary calcium daily." -Clients who are prone to the development of calcium oxalate stones should consume the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calcium for their age. The RDA for calcium for adults 19 to 50 years old is 1,000 mg daily. Calcium should be obtained from dietary sources rather than supplements that can promote the development of renal calculi.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has COPD about maintaining proper nutrition. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? A. "I will increase my fluid intake when I eat a meal." B. "I will eat more cold foods at meals rather than hot foods." C. "I will avoid high-fat foods such as butter and gravies." D. "I will cook my meals instead of eating convenience foods."
Correct Answer: B. "I will eat more cold foods at meals rather than hot foods." ~The client should prepare more cold foods to eat because they provide a decreased feeling of fullness compared to hot foods.
A nurse is assisting with the planning of an in-service session about nutrition. How many of the amino acids must be obtained from dietary intake? A. 6 B. 9 C. 11 D. 15
Correct Answer: B. 9 ~Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids, which are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Nine amino acids are considered essential for the human body and must be obtained from the diet. These include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
A nurse is reinforcing dietary teaching with a client who has diabetes mellitus. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. Obtain sample menus from the dietitian to give to the client B. Ask the client to identify the types of foods she prefers C. Identify the recommended range of the client's blood glucose level D. Discuss long-term complications that can result from nonadherence to the dietary plan
Correct Answer: B. Ask the client to identify the types of foods she prefers ~The nurse should apply the nursing process priority-setting framework when planning client care and prioritizing nursing actions. Each step of the nursing process builds on the previous step, beginning with an assessment or data collection. Before the nurse can formulate a plan of action, implement a nursing intervention, or notify the provider of a change in the client's status, the nurse must first collect adequate data from the client. Assessing or collecting additional data will provide the nurse with the knowledge to make an appropriate decision. Therefore, the nurse should first ask the client about individual food preferences to provide an opportunity for the nurse to include these foods in her diet. Involving the client in the planning will help promote adherence to the dietary plan.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with an assistive personnel (AP) about dietary restrictions for a client who is taking phenelzine to treat depression. The AP's selection of which of the following foods for the client's lunch indicates an understanding of the instructions? A. Bologna on wheat bread B. Chicken salad C. Cheddar cheese and crackers D. Pizza with pepperoni
Correct Answer: B. Chicken salad ~Phenelzine is an MAOI. Clients taking MAOIs must avoid foods that contain tyramine due to a dangerous food-drug interaction. Foods high in tyramine include those that are processed and aged such as lunchmeats and cheeses. This menu selection does not contain foods high in tyramine; therefore, it is the best choice.
A nurse is reinforcing dietary teaching with a client who has a history of kidney stones. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? A. Consume foods containing vitamin C B. Drink 3.8 L (4 quarts) of water throughout the day C. Suggest almonds as a snack D. Limit sodium intake to 3 g per day
Correct Answer: B. Drink 3.8 L (4 quarts) of water throughout the day ~The nurse should instruct the client to drink 3.8 L of water per day to keep urine diluted and decrease the chance of kidney stone formation.
A nurse is planning care for a client who is postoperative following a gastrectomy. Which of the following strategies should the nurse suggest to help prevent dumping syndrome? A. Have the client drink plenty of water with meals B. Eliminate simple sugars and sugar alcohols from the client's diet C. Limit the client to 2 meals per day D. Offer the client meals that are low in protein or protein-free
Correct Answer: B. Eliminate simple sugars and sugar alcohols from the client's diet -sugar, honey, and sugar alcohols such as sorbitol and xylitol increase hypertonicity and propel food through the intestines faster than food without sweeteners.
A nurse is reinforcing dietary teaching with a client who has chronic renal failure. Which of the following food choices by the client indicates the teaching has been understood? A. Canned soup B. Grilled fish C. Pastrami D. Peanut butter
Correct Answer: B. Grilled fish ~protein such as fresh fish or poultry can minimize the risk of chronic renal failure worsening.
A nurse in a provider's office is collecting data from a client. The nurse determines the client's body mass index (BMI) is 21.2. This finding is classified as which of the following? A. Underweight B. Healthy weight C. Overweight D. Obese
Correct Answer: B. Healthy weight ~Body mass index is a measure of an individual's weight relative to height. A BMI from 18.5 to 24.9 is in the healthy range. Therefore, this client's weight is considered healthy.
A nurse is assisting with the planning of an in-service training session regarding nutrition. Which of the following minerals should the nurse include as a factor in oxygen transportation? A. Zinc B. Iron C. Phosphorus D. Magnesium
Correct Answer: B. Iron ~Iron transports oxygen via hemoglobin and myoglobin. It is also a component of enzyme systems.
A nurse is assisting with the planning of an in-service training session about various dietary practices. Which of the following pieces of information should the nurse recommend including in the teaching? A. Ovo-vegetarian diets exclude eggs. B. Kosher diets involve restrictions regarding how food must be prepared. C. Macrobiotic diets are plant-based and exclude all animals and seafood. D. Flexitarian diets exclude the consumption of dairy products.v
Correct Answer: B. Kosher diets involve restrictions regarding how food must be prepared. ~Kosher diets are guided by a set of laws regarding the processing, preparation, and eating of food.
A nurse is caring for an adolescent following a lumbar puncture. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Initiate NPO status for the adolescent B. Place the adolescent in a supine position C. Place a moist, warm pack on the adolescent's lower back D. Apply a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) to the adolescent's puncture site
Correct Answer: B. Place the adolescent in a supine position ~The nurse should place the adolescent in a supine position for 30 minutes to 1 hour following a lumbar puncture to decrease the risk of a post-dural puncture headache.
A nurse is contributing to the planning of an in-service session about nutrition. Which of the following pieces of information should the nurse recommend for the teaching? A. Fat breaks down into amino acids. B. Protein serves as an energy source when other sources are inadequate. C. Glucose breaks down into ammonia. D. Carbohydrates provide 9 cal/g of energy.
Correct Answer: B. Protein serves as an energy source when other sources are inadequate. ~Protein is used as an energy source for the body when carbohydrates and fat stores are unavailable or depleted.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a group of clients about nutrition. Which of the following definitions of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) should the nurse include in the teaching? A. The RDA is a comprehensive term that includes various dietary standards and scales. B. The RDA defines the level of nutrient intake that meets the needs of healthy people in various groups. C. The RDA defines the levels of nutrients that should not be exceeded to prevent adverse health effects. D. The RDA is the daily percentage of energy intake values for fat, carbohydrate, and protein.
Correct Answer: B. The RDA defines the level of nutrient intake that meets the needs of healthy people in various groups ~.The RDA represents daily requirements considered adequate for healthy people. RDAs are based on estimated amounts for each nutrient, including additional amounts for individuals such as women or infants.
A nurse is reinforcing dietary teaching with a client who has AIDS. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? A. Discard leftovers after 8 hours B. Use a separate cutting board for cutting poultry C. Thaw frozen foods at room temperature D. Store cold foods at 10°C (50°F) or less
Correct Answer: B. Use a separate cutting board for cutting poultry -The nurse should instruct the client to use a separate cutting board to cut raw poultry. Raw poultry can contain bacteria such as salmonella, which can contaminate other foods or work surfaces. Using a separate cutting board prevents cross-contamination of work surface areas when preparing food.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has constipation. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? A. Use bismuth subsalicylate regularly B. Consume a low-fiber diet C. Eat yogurt with live cultures D. Use bisacodyl suppositories regularly
Correct Answer: C Eat yogurt with live cultures ~Yogurt that contains live bacterial cultures provides dietary probiotics that can help maintain and promote bowel function.
A nurse in an urgent care center is collecting data from an infant who has laryngotracheobronchitis. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider as an indication of impending airway obstruction? A. Bradycardia B. Respiratory depression C. Nasal flaring D. Barking cough
Correct Answer: C. ~Nasal flaringAcute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) causes dyspnea and swelling of the upper airway. Indications of impending airway instruction include tachycardia, tachypnea, increasing restlessness, flaring nares, and intercostal retractions.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client regarding nutrition. Which of the following statements should the nurse include about nutrients? A. "Carbohydrates transport nutrients throughout the body." B. "Fats prevent ketosis." C. "Protein builds and repairs body tissue." D. "Carbohydrates help regulate body temperature."
Correct Answer: C. "Protein builds and repairs body tissue." ~Protein is responsible for building and repairing body tissues such as muscles, tendons, and collagen. The skin, hair, and nails are also made up of protein structures. A diet that is low in protein can impair wound healing.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has type 2 diabetes mellitus. The client states, "I eat pasta every day. I can't imagine giving it up." Which of the following responses should the nurse make? A. "Let's discuss this with your doctor; giving up pasta might not be necessary." B. "Is there another favorite dish you can substitute?" C. "You don't have to give up pasta; just adjust the amount you eat." D. "You can use no-added-salt tomato products on your pasta."
Correct Answer: C. "You don't have to give up pasta; just adjust the amount you eat. ~"The American Diabetes Association recommends individualizing carbohydrate restriction for each client. A careful evaluation of usual dietary practices and modifications is an important part of helping clients manage this disorder.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching about calcium intake with a client who is breastfeeding. Which of the following amounts of calcium is the daily recommended amount for a woman who is breastfeeding? A. 800 mg B. 400 mg C. 1,000 mg D. 2,000 mg
Correct Answer: C. 1,000 mg ~The nurse should instruct the client that 1,000 mg of calcium is recommended for women ages 19 and older, as well as those who are lactating. This amount of calcium is sufficient to meet the needs of the client and the infant because additional calcium is absorbed from the intestines.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who is beginning a vegan diet and is concerned about maintaining adequate protein intake. Which of the following food servings should the nurse recommend as having the highest amount of protein? A. 1/2 cup tomato soup B. 1/2 cup of raw broccoli C. 2 tbsp of peanut butter D. 1 cup penne pasta
Correct Answer: C. 2 tbsp of peanut butter -The nurse should determine that peanut butter is the best food source to recommend because it contains 7.11 g of protein per 2 tablespoons.
A nurse is assisting a client who has dysphagia with eating meals. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Add water to soups for a thinner consistency B. Encourage the client to use water to clear the mouth C. Ask the client to think of a food that produces salivation D. Remind the client to rest after meals
Correct Answer: C. Ask the client to think of a food that produces salivation ~To prevent dryness in the mouth during meals, which can be a risk factor for choking, the nurse should ask the client to think of a food that promotes salivation such as lemon slices or dill pickles.
A nurse is reviewing laboratory reports for a client who is receiving enteral feedings. Which of the following values indicates a complication of the enteral feeding that the nurse should report to the provider? A. Sodium 143 mEq/L B. Potassium 4.2 mEq/L C. BUN 25 mg/dL D. Glucose 185 mg/dL
Correct Answer: C. BUN 25 mg/dLA ~ BUN level of 25 mg/dL is above the expected reference range of 10 to 20 mg/dL and is an indication of dehydration, a complication of enteral feedings. The nurse should report this laboratory value to the provider.
A nurse is caring for a client from the Middle East who has celiac disease. Which of the following actions should the nurse take regarding the client's diet? A. Provide foods prepared according to kosher dietary law B. Ask the kitchen to prepare grits to meet the client's dietary need for grains C. Determine the client's dietary preferences D. Prepare a diet tray that includes vegetable and barley soup
Correct Answer: C. Determine the client's dietary preferences ~While generalizations are often made regarding traditional eating practices of clients based on their cultural background, individual food choices can deviate from these generalizations. The nurse should assess the client's dietary habits before planning for dietary needs.
A nurse is caring for a client with a BMI of 29 who expresses a desire to lose weight. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. Refer the client to a nutritionist B. Discuss eating strategies with the client C. Determine the client's intention to change current eating habits D. Instruct the client to perform 30 min of vigorous exercise daily
Correct Answer: C. Determine the client's intention to change current eating habits ~When using the nursing process, the nurse should first assess the client's readiness to commit to a change in behaviors.
A nurse is reviewing the dietary choices of a client who has chronic pancreatitis. Which of the following food items should the nurse suggest removing from the client's dietary choices for the following day? A. White rice B. Broiled cod C. Ice cream D. Canned peaches
Correct Answer: C. Ice cream ~Clients who have chronic pancreatitis should limit their fat intake to no more than 30% to 40% of their total calories. Ice cream is high in fat, with 48 g of fat in a 1-cup serving of vanilla ice cream. The client should choose healthier fat-containing options to support a balanced diet such as avocados and nuts.
A nurse is caring for an infant who has gastroenteritis and is dehydrated. Which of the following characteristics places the infant at a higher risk for electrolyte imbalances compared to an adult client? A. Lower amount of extracellular fluid B. Reduced body surface area C. Longer intestinal tract D. Decreased rate of metabolism
Correct Answer: C. Longer intestinal tract ~Compared to adults or older children, infants have a longer intestinal tract. This results in greater fluid losses, especially through diarrhea.
A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving intermittent enteral feedings through an NG tube. The specific gravity of the client's urine is 1.035. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Deliver the formula at a slower rate B. Request a lower-fat formula C. Provide more water with feedings D. Instill a lactose-free formula
Correct Answer: C. Provide more water with feedings ~The elevation in the client's specific gravity indicates dehydration. The nurse should provide more fluids by adding free water to feedings or instilling water between feedings. Another strategy is to request a formula that contains less protein.
A nurse is caring for a client who has scurvy. Which of the following vitamin deficiencies should the nurse identify as the cause of this disease? A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B3 C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin D
Correct Answer: C. Vitamin C ~Vitamin C deficiency produces signs and symptoms of scurvy, such as delayed wound healing and capillary fragility.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching about nutritious diets to a group of adult women. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching? A. "Include at least 3 g of sodium in your daily diet." B. "Limit wine consumption to 230 mL daily." C. "Include 2.5 cups of vegetables in your daily diet." D. "Limit water intake to 1.5 L each day."
Correct Answer: C." Include 2.5 cups of vegetables in your daily diet." ~Nutritious diets contain a variety of foods to ensure the required daily allowance of nutrients is ingested. The nurse should instruct the women to include 2.5 cups of vegetables and 2 cups of fruit into their daily diets. Fruits and vegetables should be a variety of colors to provide an assortment of nutrients.
A nurse is reviewing a client's 24-hour dietary recall. The client reports eating a slice of toasted white bread with butter, a banana, a glass of milk, and a cup of coffee for breakfast; grilled chicken, a baked potato, and a glass of milk for lunch; an apple and cheddar cheese for a snack; and 2 servings of chicken, 2 cups of steamed broccoli, and a glass of milk for dinner. The nurse should identify that this client's diet is deficient in which of the following food groups? A. Dairy B. Vegetables C. Fruits D. Grains
Correct Answer: D. ~GrainsThe nurse should identify that the client only consumed 1 serving of grains on the day of the 24-hour dietary recall. The recommendation is 3 or more ounce-equivalents of whole-grain products per day according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) dietary guidelines. Additionally, the choice of white bread is low in fiber, which can lead to constipation and an increased risk of developing hyperlipidemia. The USDA guidelines recommend that at least half of the grains consumed be whole-grain.
A nurse is reinforcing postoperative teaching with a client who had a partial gastrectomy about the management of dumping syndrome. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? A. "Consume at least 4 ounces of fluid with meals." B. "Take a short walk after each meal." C. "Use honey to flavor foods such as cereal." D. "Eat protein with each meal."
Correct Answer: D. "Eat protein with each meal." ~The client should eat meals that are high in protein and fat with low to moderate carbohydrate content. Protein should be included in every meal because it delays digestion, which helps reduce the manifestations of dumping syndrome.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has diabetes mellitus about food choices. Which of the following client statements indicates the teaching has been understood? A. "I will need to eliminate sweet desserts from my diet." B. "I should avoid using sucralose in my coffee." C. "I should consume alcohol between meals in moderation." D. "I should replace white bread with whole-grain bread."
Correct Answer: D. "I should replace white bread with whole-grain bread." ~Clients who have diabetes mellitus have the same fiber requirements as the general population. Fiber content can be increased by substituting white bread, which is made with refined grains, with whole-grain bread, which retains the outer layer of the grain that is higher in fiber.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching about nutrition with an older adult client. The client asks, "Do I need the same amount of nutrients that I did when I was younger?" Which of the following responses should the nurse provide? A. "Older adults need less protein." B. "Older adults need an increased amount of carbohydrates." C. "Older adults need an increased amount of iron." D. "Older adults need an increased amount of calcium."
Correct Answer: D. "Older adults need an increased amount of calcium." ~Older adults require increased amounts of calcium, as well as vitamins D, B12, and A.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who is at 10 weeks of gestation and reports frequent nausea and vomiting. Which of the following statements should the nurse make? A. "You should eat foods served at warm temperatures." B. "You should brush your teeth right after you eat." C. "You should try to eat sweet foods when you feel nauseated." D. "You should eat dry foods that are high in carbohydrates when you wake up."
Correct Answer: D. "You should eat dry foods that are high in carbohydrates when you wake up." ~The nurse should instruct the client to eat food high in carbohydrates such as dry toast or crackers upon waking or when nausea occurs.
A nurse is collecting data regarding a client's nutritional status during a community health screening. The nurse determines the client is consuming 500 calories per day more than his energy level requires. When will the client have gained 4.5 kg (10 lb)? A. 10 months B. 5 months C. 5 weeks D. 10 weeks
Correct Answer: D. 10 weeks ~Because 1 lb of body fat is equivalent to 3,500 calories, 500 calories each day for 7 days would mean 3,500 calories total and a 1 lb gain per week. So, at the rate of 1 lb per week, the client would gain 10 lb in 10 weeks.
A nurse is caring for a client who is recovering at home after receiving inpatient treatment for burn injuries. To increase the protein density of the client's meals, which of the following recommendations should the nurse share with the client's caregiver? A. Use sour cream instead of plain yogurt B. Add honey to cooked cereals C. Use salad dressing in place of mayonnaise D. Add chopped, hard-cooked eggs to soups and casseroles
Correct Answer: D. Add chopped, hard-cooked eggs to soups and casseroles ~Eggs are a good source of protein. Adding them to combination foods and coating meats with raw eggs before breading and cooking increases the protein density of those foods.
A nurse is contributing to the plan of care for a client with AIDS who has developed stomatitis. Which of the following interventions should the nurse recommend for the plan of care? A. Rinse the mouth with chlorhexidine solution every 2 hours B. Limit fluid intake with meals C. Provide oral hygiene with a firm-bristled toothbrush after each meal D. Avoid salty foods
Correct Answer: D. Avoid salty foods ~Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth, usually with ulcerations. Foods that are spicy, acidic, or salty should be avoided to prevent further irritation and damage to the oral mucosa.
A nurse is caring for a client who has diverticulitis and a new prescription for a low-fiber diet. Which of the following food items should the nurse remove from the client's meal tray? A. Canned fruit B. White bread C. Broiled hamburger D. Coleslaw
Correct Answer: D. Coleslaw ~Coleslaw contains raw cabbage, which is high in fiber. Clients who are following a low-fiber diet should avoid most raw vegetables.
A nurse is contributing to the plan of care for a client who has dumping syndrome. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? A. Consume beverages with meals B. Eat 3 large meals per day C. Include high-fiber foods in the diet D. Eat a source of protein with each meal
Correct Answer: D. Eat a source of protein with each meal ~The nurse should recommend eating a source of protein with each meal because protein delays gastric emptying.
A nurse is contributing to the plan of care for a client who adheres to Kosher dietary laws. Which of the following food selections should the nurse recommend? A. Baked pork chop B. Cheeseburger C. Ham and cheese omelet D. Grilled salmon
Correct Answer: D. Grilled salmon ~The nurse should recommend grilled salmon to a client who observes Kosher dietary laws. Grilled salmon is a fish with fins and scales, which can be consumed according to Kosher practices. Seafood with shells such as lobster or crab is prohibited.
A nurse is assisting with planning care for a client who has anorexia and nausea due to cancer treatment. Which of the following interventions should the nurse suggest? A. Serve foods at warm or hot temperatures B. Offer the client low-density foods C. Make sure the client lies supine after meals D. Limit drinking liquids when eating food
Correct Answer: D. Limit drinking liquids when eating food ~Drinking beverages with food leads to early satiety and bloating, which results in the client consuming fewer calories.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching about dietary therapy with a client who has dumping syndrome following gastric bypass surgery 4 days ago. Which of the following pieces of information should the nurse include in the teaching? A. Avoid foods containing protein B. Drink liquids during each meal C. Eat foods that contain simple sugars D. Maintain a supine position after meals
Correct Answer: D. Maintain a supine position after meals ~The nurse should instruct the client to lie supine after eating to help slow the rapid emptying of food into the small intestine. A client who has dumping syndrome should decrease the amount of food eaten at a time, eat small meals more frequently, and eliminate fluids at mealtime. Fluid shifts occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract when food contents and simple sugars exit the stomach too rapidly, attracting fluid into the upper intestine. This makes blood volume decrease, causing the client to experience nausea and vomiting, sweating, syncope, palpitations, increased heart rate, and hypotension.
A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving radiation therapy for breast cancer and reports a metallic taste in the mouth. Which of the following dietary recommendations should the nurse relay? A. Eat with metal utensils B. Limit coffee C. Avoid citrus fruits D. Offer mints
Correct Answer: D. Offer mints ~The nurse should encourage the client to suck on mints. Mints can overcome the metallic taste the client is experiencing as a result of the radiation therapy.
A nurse is assisting with the planning of an in-service session for a group of nurses regarding the role of enzymes in digestion. Which of the following enzymes has a role in the digestion of protein? A. Amylase B. Lipase C. Steapsin D. Pepsin
Correct Answer: D. Pepsin ~Pepsin is an enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa that breaks down protein into polypeptides. Other enzymes such as trypsin and aminopeptidase further break down the polypeptides into amino acids, which can be used by the body.
A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving radiation therapy for mouth cancer and reports a dry mouth. Which of the following dietary recommendations should the nurse provide? A. Offer graham crackers as a snack B. Avoid foods containing citrus C. Rinse the mouth with an alcohol-based mouthwash before eating D. Use gravies or sauces to soften food
Correct Answer: D. Use gravies or sauces to soften food ~The nurse should instruct the client to use gravies or sauces to soften foods and make them easier to eat.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with the parents of a child who has celiac disease. Which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the parents to omit from the child's diet? A. Cornflakes B. Reduced fat milk C. Canned fruits D. Wheat bread
Correct Answer: D. Wheat bread -Clients who have celiac disease should eliminate as much gluten as possible from their diets. Wheat, rye, and barley contain gluten and should be eliminated from the diet of a child who has celiac disease.
A nurse is caring for a group of clients on a medical-surgical unit. Which of the following disorders should the nurse identify as increasing the metabolic needs of the client? (Select all that apply.) A. COPD B. Hypothyroidism C. Cancer D. Parkinson's disease E. Major burns
Correct Answers: A. COPDC. CancerD. Parkinson's disease. Major burns ~Clients who have COPD develop hypermetabolism as a result of the increased amount of energy used to breathe. Cancer can cause a number of metabolic changes, including hypermetabolism as a result of the tumor growth. Clients who have Parkinson's disease develop hypermetabolism because they burn calories due to muscular rigidity. Finally, clients who have major burns develop severe metabolic stress, which includes hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a group of parents of toddlers about measures to reduce the risk of choking. Which of the following foods should the nurse increases the risk of choking in toddlers? (Select all that apply.) A. Hot dogs B. Grapes C. Bagels D. Marshmallows E. Graham crackers
Correct Answers: A. Hot dogs B. Grapes C. BagelsD. Marshmallows -Foods that are tubular or circular in shape such as hot dogs and grapes increase the risk of choking because they can completely block the throat when swallowed whole due to their shape and solidity. Foods that are hard to chew such as bagels and marshmallows can block the airway if swallowed before they are adequately chewed.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has gout and urolithiasis. The client asks how to prevent future uric acid stones. Which of the following suggestions should the nurse provide? (Select all that apply.) A. Take allopurinol as prescribed B. Exercise several times a week C. Limit intake of foods high in purine D. Decrease daily fluid intake E. Avoid lemonade
Correct Answers: A. Take allopurinol as prescribed B. Exercise several times a weekC. -Limit intake of foods high in purine
A nurse is contributing to the plan of care for a client who is receiving chemotherapy and has a protein deficiency. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? (Select all that apply.) A. Mix powdered skim milk into milk B. Add a raw egg to fruit smoothies C. Add a slice of cheese to hot vegetables D. Add honey to hot tea E. Mix yogurt into fresh fruit
Correct Answers: A.Mix powdered skim milk into milk C. Add a slice of cheese to hot vegetables E. Mix yogurt into fresh fruitDairy products are good sources of protein. Mixing powdered skim milk into milk, adding cheese to vegetables, and mixing yogurt into fresh fruit can provide the client with additional protein.
A nurse is collecting data from a client. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication of protein-calorie malnourishment? (Select all that apply.) A. Exophthalmos B. Dry, brittle hair C. Edema D. Butterfly rash on the face E. Poor wound healing
Correct Answers: B. Dry, brittle hairC. EdemaE. ~Poor wound healingDry, brittle hair that falls out easily suggests inadequate protein intake and malnutrition. Edema can occur when albumin levels are lower than the expected reference range; this finding indicates the client might be experiencing protein-calorie malnutrition. Poor wound healing suggests the client might be experiencing protein-calorie malnutrition. Adequate wound healing depends on the ingestion of sufficient protein, calories, water, vitamins (especially C and A), iron, and zinc.
A nurse in a provider's office is reinforcing teaching with a client about foods that are high in fiber. Which of the following food choices made by the client indicate an understanding of the teaching? (Select all that apply.) A. Canned peaches B. White rice C. Black beans D. Whole-grain bread E. Tomato juice
Correct Answers: C. Black beans D. Whole-grain bread ~Dried peas and beans, including black beans, are high in fiber and are a good choice for this client. Whole grains consist of the entire kernel of grain and are high in fiber.
Gastric surgery
Gastrectomy Serious nutrient deficits sometimes occur after a gas- trectomy. Because it lacks the normal nerve stimulus, the stomach becomes atonic and empties poorly. Food fermentation occurs, and this produces discomfort, gas, and diarrhea. Weight loss is common after extensive gastric surgery.
constipation
Hard, slow stools that are difficult to eliminate; often a result of too little fiber in the diet -Improve diet -Improve fibers -exercise
The most commonly used assessment tool to monitor ongoing blood glucose control and the risk of complications is
HbA1c.
The bacterium associated with peptic ulcer disease is
Helicobacter pylori.
Lipodystrophy
Lipodystrophy is a disproportionate gaining of fat mass in the neck and abdomen with a concurrent loss of body fat in the face, buttocks, arms, and legs. Often seen in individuals with aids
Nutrition counseling is a form of
Nutrition Intervention
Vaccine development stages before approved for use by the FDA:
Phase I: The vaccine is tested in small groups of healthy, low-risk participants • Phase II: The vaccine is tested in hundreds of high- risk and low-risk participants • Phase III: The vaccine is tested in thousands of high- risk participants for safety, efficacy, and side effects of the vaccine A combination medication consisting
Dumping syndrome
Rapid emptying of gastric contents into small intestines. Client experience ab pain, nausea, vomiting, explosive diarrhea, weakness, dizziness, palpitations & tachycardia.
A nurse is reinforcing dietary teaching with a client who has heart failure and is on a 2 g sodium diet. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? A. "I should use salt sparingly while cooking." B. "I can have yogurt as a dessert." C. "I should use baking soda when I bake." D. "I should use canned vegetables instead of frozen."
The correct answer is B
Artherosclerosis
The presence of fatty plaques in the blood vessels
Nutritional therapy for hypertension includes
a high calcium and potassium intake.
A risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes is
a history of gestational diabetes.
Medical nutrition therapy after a cholecystectomy(surgery to remove the gallbladder) consists of
a low-fat or moderate-fat diet to reduce gallbladder stimulation.
food intolerance
a negative reaction to food that doesn't involve the immune system
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is marked by
a rapidly declining T-helper lymphocyte count.
A problem that is most likely to affect the accuracy of patients' reported food intake is
a tendency to underreport food intake.
One hallmark of metabolic syndrome is
a triglyceride level of 150 mg/dl or greater
Medical nutrition therapy for acute glomerulonephritis consists of
adequate calories to maintain metabolic needs.
During the postoperative period, a patient who needs to be tube-fed should receive
adequate protein and calories to promote healing.
A potent hormone produced by the adrenal glands that acts on the distal nephron tubule to reabsorb sodium is
aldosterone.
To help alleviate nausea, an appropriate food choice is
alf a turkey sandwich with vegetable soup.
Total parenteral nutrition formulas provide protein in the form of
amino acids.
A readily absorbed, enteral formula that is composed of simple nutrient components that do not require further digestion is called
an elemental formula.
If a patient with cancer cannot take in enough food by mouth and the gastrointestinal tract is functional, the type of feeding that may be used to help meet his or her nutritional needs is
an enteral tube feeding.
A nurse is caring for a client who has xerostomia with a lack of saliva. The nurse should identify that which of the following nutrients will be affected by the lack of salivary amylase? A. Fat B. Protein C. Starch D. Fiber
answer: C. Starch ~Salivary amylase begins the process of digestion in the mouth with the initial break of down starches. The majority of starch breakdown occurs in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase.
Physical measurements of the body, including height, weight, and skinfold thickness, are referred to as
anthropometric measurements.
The absence of urine production, indicating kidney failure, is called
anuria.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy(2nd or 3rd try)
During hemodialysis, protein intake is usually
at least 1.2 g/kg.
It is important to weigh hospitalized patients
at the same time each day
Gallbladder surgery
avoid high fats, add fats back into diet SLOWLY
Elevated blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and serum uric acid levels are reflected in the laboratory finding of
azotemia.
Glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
A syndrome characterized by weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation resulting in an emaciated appearance is called
cachexia.
Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) drugs who develop lipodystrophy have an increased risk for
cardiovascular disease.
If a patient requires parenteral nutrition for an extended period of time, he or she should receive
central parenteral nutrition.
An example of a meal that may cause an increase in symptoms for a patient with peptic ulcer disease is
chicken curry.
A biochemical test used to detect anemia is
complete blood count
heart failure (HF)
condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen -Sodium intake (>2500mg/sodium)
Immediately before surgery, patients should
consume no foods or liquids for 8 hours to prevent aspiration.
The basic objective of diet therapy in congestive heart failure is to
control the fluid imbalance.
"Pathy"
damage
Anemia often develops in patients who receive chemotherapy because the drugs
damage the bone marrow.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart
The development of edema after surgery is the result of
decreased plasma protein levels.
The best way to prevent coronary heart disease is to
develop a heart-healthy lifestyle during childhood.
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Inflammation of pockets of tissue in the lining of the mucous membrane of the colon is referred to as
diverticulitis.
In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related infections or cancers, malabsorption of nutrients may be caused by
drug-nutrient interactions.
The term used to describe difficulty in swallowing is
dysphagia.
Clinical observations of a patient's general appearance may reveal
edema.
Low serum protein levels and loss of osmotic pressure result in
edema.
Nutrition therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome includes
eliminating food allergens and intolerances.
Patients with chronic kidney failure treated with peritoneal dialysis must consider energy needs based on
energy absorbed from the dialysate.
The mode of feeding that provides nutrition through a tube directly into the gut is called
enteral feeding.
It is common for patients with acute kidney failure to need
enteral nutrition.
The kidney is responsible for stimulating red blood cell production through
erythropoietin secretion.
Polyfasia
excessive hunger
ketoacidosis
excessive production of ketones, making the blood acid
Achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax
Acute HIV infection Clinical latency (HIV inactivity or dormancy) Aids
first stage of HIV infection, occurs right after a person is infected when the virus quickly replicates and kills immune cells - causes fever, vomiting very high viral load highly infectious, but may not know they have HIV Second stage:This period of opportunistic illnesses is so named because, at this point, the HIV in- fection has killed enough host-protective T lymphocytes to damage the immune system severely and to lower the body's normal disease resistance so that even the most common everyday infections have an opportunity to take root and grow Aids:Rapidly declining T-lymphocyte counts and the presence of opportunistic illnesses (Box 23.1) mark the terminal stage of Aids.
Gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
parenteral nutrition
giving nutrients through a catheter inserted into a vein can be considered if neither enteral feeding nor mouth feeding can take play
Inflammation of the tongue is called
glossitis.
The hormone considered to act in an opposite manner to insulin is
glucagon.
If a person is taking a calcium channel-blocking medication, he or she should avoid
grapefruit juice.
cancer prevention
healthy lifestyle, early detection, know your genetic risks, aim to breastfeed.
"colonary"
heart
The lipoprotein for which higher serum levels are desirable is
high-density lipoprotein.(HDL)
Studies indicate that exercise
improves uptake of glucose by the cells
DASH diet
increase fruit, vegetables, and low fat dairy; k, mg, ca
polydipsia
increased thirst
Dietary changes that help reduce the incidence of constipation include
increasing fluid intake.
"itis"
inflammation
Diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
stomatitis
inflammation of the oral muccose lining
Crohn's disease is a type of
inflammatory bowel disease.
Immediately following major burns, patients should be given
intravenous lactated Ringer's solution.
Blood losses may result in a deficiency of
iron
A medical test used to determine skeletal system integrity
is urinary calcium excretion.
"nephro"
kidney
nephrolithiasis is a mother word for:
kidney stones
The three common, long-term complications of diabetes affect cells in the
kidney, eye, and nerve tissue.
The massive edema of nephrotic syndrome is caused by
large protein losses in the urine.
steatosis
lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
Fat is carried in the bloodstream in small, wrapped packages called
lipoproteins.
Dietary modifications during the first 24-48 hours after myocardial infarction include
low energy intake.
Nutritional therapy for gallbladder disorders includes
low-fat intake.
Dietary care of a patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease includes
lowering dietary fat intake.
Blood cells that are a component of the immune system are
lymphocytes.
Defensive cells
macrophages, White blood cells(T cells and B cells)23.2) -A major function of T cells is to activate the phagocytes, which are the cells that destroy invaders and kill disease-carrying antigens. -A major function of B cells is to produce antibodies, which also kill antigens. Mast cells, and plasma cells
Persistent hyperglycemia during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of
macrosomia.
The primary focus of medical nutrition therapy for diabetes care is to
maintain glycemic control.
Dietary advice to help reduce the risk of cancer includes
maintaining a healthy weight.
A fundamental effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is
major weight loss.
intestinal surgery
may need parenteral nutrition, resume oral intake slowly, may need ostomy
During times of illness, diabetes is managed by
modifying the texture (e.g. liquid instead of solids) of the meal plan while still providing adequate carbohydrate
According to the therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) diet recommendations, most dietary fat should be
monounsaturated fat.
Compared with healthy children, children with cystic fibrosis need
more kilocalories.
A permanent, transmissible change in a gene is called a
mutation.
"neuro"
nerve
Nutrition diagnostic statements may include
nutrient deficiencies
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is compromised either by blockage or rupture of an artery
A client at 12 weeks of gestation reports practicing Hinduism. The provider states that the client needs more protein in her diet and suggests eating more meat. After the provider leaves the examination room, the client tells the nurse that eating animal products will cause her to miscarry. Which of the following responses should the nurse make? A. "Let's discuss other foods that are high in protein that you could substitute for meat." B. "Eating meat during pregnancy provides necessary protein and does not cause miscarriage." C. "Why do you think that eating animal products will cause you to have a miscarriage?" D. "Your doctor is recommending what is best for you and your baby."
orrect Answer: A. "Let's discuss other foods that are high in protein that you could substitute for meat." -Many cultures have beliefs about food that the nurse should respect. Discussing nonanimal protein sources can help the client identify foods that do not conflict with her religious and cultural beliefs.
A home health nurse is contributing to the plan of care for a client who is receiving chemotherapy and has neutropenia. Which of the following foods should the nurse include in the client's plan of care? A. Soft-boiled eggs B. Brie cheese made with unpasteurized milk C. Cold sandwiches made with deli meat D. Baked chicken
orrect Answer: D. Baked chicken ~Well-cooked meats, including baked chicken, do not pose a threat to clients who have neutropenia and may be included in the client's dietary plan. For optimal safety, poultry should be cooked until its internal temperature is 74°C (165°F).
A decrease in the activation of vitamin D in kidney disease results in
osteodystrophy.
A characteristic of cystic fibrosis is
pancreatic insufficiency
A widespread epidemic distributed throughout a region, continent, or the world is called a
pandemic.
If the gastrointestinal tract cannot be used to provide nutrition, then
parenteral nutrition may be used to supply nutrients.
The focus of a successful and effective nutrition plan of care is the
patient.
A blood pressure of 135/85 mm Hg would be classified as
prehypertension.
Adequate amounts of high-quality protein are essential while receiving cancer treatment to
prevent catabolism and promote anabolism.
One of the most common nutrient deficiencies among surgical patients is
protein.
Classic symptoms of glomerulonephritis include
proteinuria.
Food distribution for the patient with diabetes is characterized by
providing equal amounts of food at regular intervals.
For patients with chronic kidney failure, potassium intake is based on
serum potassium level.
The form of insulin that has its peak action between 2 and 4 hours after administration is the
short-acting form.
Symptoms of chronic renal failure include
shortness of breath
Early signs of diabetes may include
skin infections
One controllable risk factor for coronary heart disease is
smoking.
Medical nutrition therapy for congestive heart failure usually includes
sodium restriction.
The type of fiber that especially helps lower the risk of cardiovascular disease is
soluble dietary fiber.
The pancreatic hormone known as the referee for pancreatic hormonal control of blood glucose is
somatostatin.
A type of protein that may help prevent coronary heart disease is
soy protein.
GFR range
stage 1 90 stage 2 60-89 stage 3 30-59 stage 4 15-29 (end-stage renal disease) dialysis
The three major forms of medical treatment for cancer:
surgery: With early diagnosis and sound nu- trition support before and after surgery, surgeons may successfully remove many tumors providing patients with a good prognosis. radiation : This type of therapy involves high-energy radiography beams converging on the cancer site to kill or shrink tumors. chemotherapy: the health care team administers chemotherapy via general blood circulation throughout the body. Because che- motherapeutic medications are highly toxic, they also affect normal, healthy cells. some side effects may include :bone marrow(reduced red blood cells),GI track(trouble eating,vommitig naessae), Hair loss
bariatric surgery
surgical approach to extreme obesity, usually accomplished by stapling the stomach to create a small stomach pouch or bypassing the stomach through gastric bypass surgery
The type of diet recommended for a person with a kidney stone depends on
the composition of the stone.
A test used to evaluate breakdown of skeletal muscle is
the creatinine height index.
A common tool used to assist in dietary management of diabetes is
the food exchange system.
A laboratory test that indicates immune capacity is the
total lymphocyte count.
The type of diabetes that always requires treatment with insulin for survival is
type 1 diabetes.
cheilosis
ulceration of the lips
For patients with severe burns, an essential vitamin that may be needed in increased amounts during the healing process is
vitamin C
The vitamin needed to build connective tissue during the healing process is
vitamin C
Patients who are being treated with the drug warfarin should limit foods high in
vitamin K.
Physiologic symptoms of dumping syndrome are caused by
water being drawn from the blood into the intestine and decreasing the blood volume.
Dryness of the mouth from lack of normal secretions is called
xerostomia.
kidney disease
~A chronic disease, where kidneys gradually lose function. Kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, which are excreted through urine. ~symptoms: hypertension, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, decreased mental acuity, proteinuria, fatigue, and weakness ~Factors : <60y, obese, family history ~MNT: If acute can be stopped with meds -if chronic or a child diet change is needed
Methods of nutrition supports:
~Oral feeding: When the GI tract is functional, it is the preferred route of feeding ~Enteral Feedings: When a client cannot eat or drink, but the remaining portions of the GI tract are functioning, an alternate form of enteral nutrition (EN), delivered to the GI tract by tube, provides nutrition support. ~Parenteral Feedings: If a client cannot tolerate or absorb food or formula in the GI tract, alternative methods of nutrition sup- port are necessary.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
~Progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function ~Symptoms:weakness, shortness of breath, fatigue, Hypertension, malnutrition, bone and mineral disorders, anemia, and CVD. ~MNT: The dietitian will monitor the patient's nutri- tion status at regular intervals to identify dietary risk factors and to help prevent malnutrition.15
Immediate Preoperative Period
~The health care team often recommends fiber-restricted diets for several days before GI surgery to clear the surgical site of any food residue ~Commercial elemental formulas that are free of residue can supply a complete diet in liquid form. Clients can drink these formulas or take them through an enteral feeding tube.
kidney stones Disease (renal calculi)
~clumping together of calcium phosphate crystals, uric acid, and other substances in the kidneys ~Symptoms: Calcium Stones: Excess calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) or urine (hypercalciuria) -Uric Acid Stones: overly acidic urine, excess urinary excretion of uric acid, and low urine volume. ~MNT: Dietary modifications
Acute kidney failure
~decreased ability to filter waste products ~Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, muscle weakness, swelling in the lower extremities, itchy skin, confusion, ure- mia, and malnutrition. ~MTN: Nutrition support in acutely ill patients helps reduce the risks for energy and protein mal- nutrition.
Chronic nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
~group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine ~Symptoms: Severe edema and ascites, tissue wasting. hyperlipidemia, lipiduria, blood clotting abnormalities, and imbalances in several minerals ~MNT: replace protein lost in the urine, reduce the progression to CKD, and to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis.
Mouth, Throat, and Neck Surgery
~patients cant chew or swallow normally see if they can do ~liquids if not Enteral feeding (Nasogastric tubes)
Acute nephron disease or Glomerulonephritis
~protein in the urine ~symptoms: edema, hypertension ~MNT: Nephrologists and dietitians favor overall optimal nutrition support for growth with adequate protein.
endstage renal disease (ESRD)
~the final, irreversible stage of chronic renal failure in which there is little or no remaining kidney function ~Symptoms: The patient's GFR must decrease to less than 15 mL/min per 1.73m2 body surface area. ~MNT: Dialysis is the principal treatment for ESRD. -Hemodialysis is the use of an "artificial kidney machine" to remove toxic substances from the blood and to restore nutrients and metabolites to nor- mal blood levels -An alternate form of treatment is peritoneal dialysis, which has the convenience of mobility. During this process, the patient introduces the dialysate solution directly into the peritoneal cavity, where the peritoneal membrane serves as the filter in which metabolic waste products can pass into the dialysate for removal from the body.
Insulin is produced by the
α-cells of the pancreas.
