Nutrition Midterm

Major chronic diseases, such as heart disease, certain cancers, and cirrhosis of the liver, may be related to ________.

eating a poor diet

The main function of vitamins is to ________.

enable chemical reactions in the body to occur

The principal function of dietary carbohydrate is to provide ________.

energy

Which of the following weight-loss medications has been prohibited by the FDA?

ephedrine

In the process of swallowing, food cannot normally enter the trachea because the ________.

epiglottis covers the larynx

All of the following are diagnostic criteria of bulimia nervosa except

excessive caloric restriction

Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of ________.

fat

When vitamins and/or minerals are added to a food product in amounts in excess of at least 10% above that originally present in the product, the food is designated as ________.

fortified

_______ is defined as fiber that is added to foods and provides health benefits.

functional fiber

Which hormone is made in the stomach and increases hunger?

ghrelin

The body is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as protein, by a process referred to as ________.

gluconeogenesis

The human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly _________________ as fuel.

glucose

Which is NOT a complex carbohydrate?

glucose

The enzyme sucrase breaks down sucrose into ________.

glucose and fructose

A kilocalorie is a measure of

heat energy

Energy-dense foods are ________.

high in calories

Functions of the large intestine include ________.

housing bacterial flora that keep the GI tract healthy, absorption of water and electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, the defecation of feces

The factor that most affects your BMR is

how much lean body mass you have.

All of the following are true of the alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein except

it tends to be rigid and retains its structure.

"The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water one degree Celsius" is the definition of ________.

kilocalorie

Marasmus usually is associated with a deficiency of

kilocalories

Primary lactose maldigestion results from ________.

lactase insufficiency

The principal sugar found in milk is ________.

lactose

Which hormone is produced in fat tissue that helps regulate body fat by signaling the reduction of food intake in the brain?

leptin

Which hormone signals a decrease in food intake?

leptin

If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to meet a body need, that amino acid is referred to as a(n)

limiting amino acids

A triglyceride is an example of a ________.

lipid

Which of the following is a cosmetic procedure and not a way to lose weight?

liposuction

Lipids with high polyunsaturatd fatty acid content are ____________ at room temperature.

liquid

Nutrient-rich blood leaving the intestine goes by way of a vein to the

liver

Bile is formed in the ___________ and stored in the ___________.

liver, gallbladder

Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to tissues?

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Proteins can be described as ________.

made of building blocks called amino acids

In North America, the main sources of protein are ________.

meat, seafood, and dairy products

Which of the following meals represents the most nutrient-dense meal?

medium apple, fat-free milk, turkey sandwich on whole grain bread, carrot slices

Lipids can be described as ________.

mostly fats and oils

Human digestion of food begins in the _______, where the enzyme _____ breaks down a small amount of starch.

mouth, amylase

If no glucose is available from dietary carbohydrate, glucose in the blood may be derived from ________.

muscle glycogen and liver glycogen

All persons with diabetes ________.

need to eat a diet that will control their blood sugar

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the pancreas ________.

neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum

Cholesterol is ________.

not essential in the diet; the human body can synthesize it, not found in foods of plant origin, an important part of human cell membranes and is necessary to make some hormones

Foods that provide a greater contribution to nutrient needs than calorie needs are said to be ________.

nutrient dense

A monounsaturated fatty acid contains

one double bond

Insulin is made in the ________

pancreas

The major fat-digesting enzyme is

pancreatic lipase.

All of the following are sources of cholesterol except

peanut butter

Which of the following contributes to the growing obesity epidemic?

people are less active, portion sizes are too large, and people eat too many ready-to-eat foods prepared outside the home.

The chemical bond joining adjacent amino acids is called a(n) _____________ bond.

peptide

A coordinated muscular contraction that propels food along the GI tract is called ________.

peristalsis

Binge eating disorder differs from bulimia nervosa in that binge eating disorder involves

recurrent bingeing but not purging

Which of the following describes the sensation of having enough to eat?

satiety

Lard, butter, and cream are rich sources of ________.

saturated fatty acid

A hereditary condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in the amino acid sequence of a protein chain is

sickle cell anemia

All of the following cancers are related to obesity except

skin

Most digestion takes place in the

small intestine

Villi are found mainly in the ________.

small intestine

Which factor(s) affect food choice?

social needs, food costs, food marketing, lifestyle.

Secretions from the pancreas include ________.

sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

Lipids with high saturated fatty acid content are ____________ at room temperature.

solid

The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is ________.

starch

One would be likely to see positive protein balance in all of the following conditions except

starvation

Ketosis may result from ________.

starvation, a diet of less than 50-100 grams of carbohydrate per day, and untreated diabetes mellitus

The lower esophageal sphincter is located between the ________.

stomach and esophagus

When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecule is

stored as glycogen and/or fat.

All of the following describe the fate of excess protein except

stored as muscle protein

An important function of carbohydrates is to ________.

supply energy

Which activity burns the most calories per hour?

swimming slow freestyle laps

Heartburn is caused by ________.

the back flow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

Wilma is an alcoholic. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is

the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces.

Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to ________.

the liver

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are ________.

the maximum daily intake level not likely to cause harmful effects

High protein diets may be harmful for

those with kidney disease

Which hormone affects BMR levels?

thyroid hormone

The major function(s) of the stomach is/are ________.

to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme

An Adequate Intake (AI) is set for a nutrient when ________.

too little research is available to establish an RDA

Under the current law on nutrition labeling, the Nutrition Facts panel must include ________.

total calories from fat

Lipoproteins are important for ________.

transport of fats in the blood and lymphatic system

The body energy that can be stored in almost unlimited amounts is

triglyceride

After digestion and absorption, dietary carbohydrates may be ________

used for energy, converted to glycogen and stored in liver and muscle tissue, and synthesized into fat

A vegetarian who eats only plant foods is a(n)

vegan

What is lanugo?

very fine, soft hair on the face and arms of people with anorexia nervosa

The type of fat that is stored in the abdominal region is called

visceral fat

One of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, and also a good source of plant sterols is

walnuts

Weight loss during a low-carbohydrate diet is primarily due to what?

water loss

Labeling laws require that ingredients in food products be listed on the container in descending order of their ________.

weight

Which of the following represents the most energy-dense meal?

whole milk, peanut butter and jelly sandwich on white bread, tortilla chips

Individuals with lactose maldigestion can usually tolerate small amounts of ________.

yogurt, non fat milk, and cheddar cheese

About 60 percent of your daily energy needs is determined by

your basal metabolic rate.

Which nutrient is an inorganic substance?

zinc

How many calories does unsaturated fat provide?

9 calories per gram

Which of the following is true about protein intake in the United States?

About 70 percent of the protein we eat in the United States comes from animal products.

Which pH best describes the environment of the stomach when stimulated?

Acidic

Which of the following surgeries reduces the functional volume of the stomach?

Gastric bypass

Which of the following are sources of carbohydrates?

Grains, fruits, vegetable.s

High levels of ______ in the blood are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

HDL

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest proportion of protein?

HDL

A suppressed appetite due to gastric bypass surgery is thought to be caused by which of the following?

Individuals who have had the surgery have a smaller stomach pouch and thus produce less ghrelin.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of protein?

Most significant energy source for humans

Which is required on a food package?

Name and address of the food manufacturer

A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a(n)

Nutrient claim

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?

Order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain

Which of the following is not a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Palm Oil

What enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein?

Pepsin

Which of the following is not true about pepsin?

Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment.

Which of the following yield greater than 4 kcalories per gram?

Plant fats

Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is set high enough to meet the needs of 97 to 98% of the population?

Recommended Dietary Allowances

Which of the following contains a rich supply of omega-3 fatty acids?

Salmon

Proteins are digested in which areas of the body?

Stomach and small intestine

Which claims are NOT closely regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?

Structure/function claims

Which of the following is characteristic of lipids?

Supply a concentrated form of fuel for the body

Two cups of lettuce salad would equal a cup from which MyPlate food group?

Vegetable

Examples of water-soluble vitamins include ________.

Vitamin C and the B vitamins

Which of the following prescription weight-loss medications prevents the breakdown of fat?

Xenical

Celiac disease is best treated by ________.

a gluten free diet

Gluten is best described as ________.

a protein found in wheat and related grains

The taste sensation umami can best be described as ________.

a savory or meaty taste derived from the amino acid glutamate

The child with kwashiorkor has all the following conditions except

a skin-and-bones appearance.

A circular muscle that can open and close and acts to regulate the flow of materials in one direction is referred to as ________.

a sphincter

Sorbitol is ________.

a sugar alcohol, absorbed and metabolized more slowly than glucose and other sugars, and used in candies and gums

The stomach is protected from digesting itself by producing ________.

a thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach

The basic building block of a protein is called a(n)

amino acid

Glucose, galactose, and fructose ________.

are monosacchirides

A person diagnosed with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid products containing ________.

aspartame

David thinks he is overweight and calculated his BMI to be 20. David should interpret this value as his being

at a healthy weight

To be defined as a "good" source of calcium, a food must contain ________.

at least 10% of the Daily Value for calcium in 1 serving of the food

The main objective of Healthy People 2020 is to help Americans ________.

attain high-quality, longer lives free from preventable death and disease

The essential nutrients

cannot be made by the body and therefore must be consumed to maintain health.

An essential amino acid

cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.

Lipoproteins contain all of the following components except

carbohydrate

Sugars, starches, and dietary fibers are examples of ________.

carbohydrates

Energy-yielding nutrients include ________.

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

The three elements in simple sugar are ________.

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

For a health claim to be made about a food product, it must NOT contain more than ________.

4 gram saturated fat

If a can of soup provides 4 servings and has 100 kcal per serving, how many kcal are in the entire can?

400

Of the total day's energy intake, most dietary guidelines recommend that carbohydrates provide _____________ of energy.

45-65%

If you walk about 10,000 steps daily, approximately how many miles do you walk per day?

5

MyPlate groups foods into _____ major categories.

5

Jack weighs 176 pounds (80 kilograms). What would be his RDA for protein?

64 grams

Normal blood glucose levels range between ________.

70 and 100 mg/dL

Hydrogenation produces what kinds of fat?

Trans fatty acids

In which form are most dietary lipids found?

Triglycerides

Currently, the best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is _____ grams per kilogram of body weight per day.

0.8

Which of the following nutritious foods is the most energy dense?

1 cup of granola

What counts as a cup in the dairy group?

1 cup of yogurt

Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?

20

Which of the following is considered a desirable blood level for total cholesterol?

200 mg/dl or less

The reference calorie intake for calculating percent Daily Values on Nutrition Facts labels is ________.

2000 kcal

If a person consumed 35% of a diet providing 2500 kcalories from protein, approximately how many grams of protein would be ingested?

219

What is the approximate TEF of a 260-calorie plain bagel?

26

The energy value of dietary carbohydrates is _____ kcal per gram

4

The nutrient standards used on Nutrition Facts panels are called ________.

Daily Values

The small intestine is divided into three segments. List them in descending order.

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) reflects average daily needs?

Estimated Average Requirements

Mandatory labeling of foods is regulated by the ________.

FDA

Gram for gram, which provides the most energy?

Fats

Which of the following is true about Olestra?

It cannot be digested, therefore it leaves the body.

Which is NOT true of water?

It is an organic substance

Which of the following combinations of foods would provide the most dietary fiber?

Kidney bean salad, turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, fresh apple, milk.

Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive organ system?

Kidneys

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

Linoleic

Which of the following is not true about an incomplete protein source?

Lower quantities of this source could be eaten to get adequate quantities of essential amino acids.

After chylomicrons leave the intestinal cells, they are transported via what system?

Lymphatic

What eating behavior does MyPlate encourage?

Make at least half your grains whole grains

Which of the following is a risk factor for heart disease?

Total blood cholesterol level greater than 200 mg/dl

What measure best describes the amounts of nutrients that should be consumed by the population?

The Recommended Dietary Allowances because they represent the daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of nearly all healthy people

Which of the following is not correct about eating disorders?

The highest prevalence is among African-American women.

If a person does not eat enough carbohydrate to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?

The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.

Which is true about the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

They apply to people in Canada and the U.S, They differ by age group, They include Recommended Dietary Allowances and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, and They were created by the Food and Nutrition Board.

Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids?

They do not dissolve in water.

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by

acting as buffers

The absorptive process that requires energy in the form of ATP is ________.

active absorption

Which of the following is not a class of nutrient?

alcohol

Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by ________.

bacteria

Which of the following dietary or nutritional factors may worsen gastroesophageal reflux disease?

being over weight, consuming a high fat diet, alcohol and caffeine consumption, consumption of large meals

Which of the following BMI values is considered healthy?

between 18.5 and 25

Which of the following is NOT an enzyme?

bile

A stroke ________.

blocks blood flow in the brain

The edema in children with kwashiorkor is the result of fluid leaking into

body tissues from the bloodstream because of decreased blood protein levels.

Energy trapped by the body from food is used to ________.

build new compounds, move the muscles, transmit nerve impulses, and balance ions within cells

Which of the following is classified as an insoluble fiber?

cellulose

The main reason for hydrogenating fats is to

change a liquid fat to a solid fat

Kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The reason is that

children have been weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels.

Which hormone is released when the stomach is distended?

cholecystokinin

Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile?

cholesterol

Blockage of a major artery is caused by a blood clot. These clots may form when ________.

cholesterol plaques build up in artery walls

Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by carbohydrates?

contain more kcalories than protein

The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is

converted to urea

Many factors influence food choices. Which factor relates to the knowledge, beliefs, religion, and traditions shared by a group of people?

culture

Consuming more than 60 grams of fiber per day poses some health risks, such as ________.

decreased mineral absorption due to chemical binding by the fiber, blockage of the intestinal tract, and decreased appetite in some individuals

Cooking an egg alters its appearance due to

denaturation

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for nutrients are ________.

designed to meet the nutrient needs of 97 to 98% of individuals in a specific life stage

One of the easiest ways to assess if you are at a healthy weight is to

determine your BMI

Dietary sugars and starches are called "protein sparing," which means ________.

dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy

The breakdown of dietary starch to glucose in the small intestine is considered ________.

digestion

All of the following are uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT ________.

hypertension

Low blood glucose is called ____________, whereas high blood glucose is called ____________.

hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia

Reading food labels helps consumers ________.

identify amounts of salt or sodium in the product, determine the sugar content of the product, determine amount and kind of fat in the product, choose foods with dietary fiber

A sensible idea for preventing constipation is to ________.

include more whole grain breads, beans, and apples in the diet

When increasing fiber intake, always ________.

increase fluids

Nutrition-related objectives of Healthy People 2020 include ________.

increasing vegetable intake, increasing calcium intake, and reducing childhood obesity

Which of the following cannot add fat to the body?

inorganic nutrients

The best type of fiber to eat for reducing constipation is ________.

insoluble fiber

While _________ suppresses gluconeogenesis, ____________ increases glycogen breakdown.

insulin, and glucagon

Lecithin is a type of

phospholipid

Phytochemicals are ________.

plant substances that provide health benefits

Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include ________.

promoting digestion of protein, destroying bacteria and viruses found in foods, dissolving dietary minerals for improved absorption

Kwashiorkor usually is associated with a deficiency of

protein

Of all the dietary substances that increase satiety, which of these will have the most dramatic effect?

protein

Which of the following is not true about water?

provides energy

The stomach empties into the small intestine through the

pyloric sphincter.