Nutrition Midterm
Which of the following accurately describes the term hypothesis?
An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon
What substance helps suspend fat in a watery digestive mixture, making fat more available to digestive enzymes?
Bile
Which of the following is an essential nutrient?
Carbohydrates
Breaking the link between two or more behaviors that encourage overeating, such as snacking while watching television
Chain-breaking
Which of the following is the best strategy to limit trans fat in the diet?
Choose natural peanut butter instead of peanut butter made with hydrogenated vegetable oils.
Which of the following is a rich source of saturated fatty acids?
Coconut oil
Changing one's frame of mind regarding eating, such as instead of overeating after a difficult day, try substituting other pleasures for rewards, such as a walk with a friend
Cognitive restructuring
Type of tissue that holds different structures in the body together
Connective Tissue
Which statement best describes nutrient density?
Consume foods that have the most nutrients when compared to their kilocalories.
Tracking foods eaten and conditions affecting eating
Contingency management
YOU GOT THIS!
DEFINITELY
Which of the following nutrient standards is referenced on the Nutrition Facts panel of a box of Cheerios™?
Daily Value
Class of sugars formed by chemically linking two monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Which of the following is true about the way we should eat to achieve good nutritional status?
Eat a wide variety of foods because no single natural food meets all human nutrient needs
Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamins?
Enable chemical processes in the body
Which of the following is not an appropriate measure to prevent eating disorders?
Encourage daily measurements of body weight.
Which of the following does not contribute to total energy expenditure?
Energy content of food
Which of the following statements describes a person with bulimia nervosa?
Engages in binge eating
Surface cells that line the outside of the body and all external passages within it
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
Excretion of fat-soluble vitamins
______ are mostly stored in the liver and adipose tissue.
Fat-soluble vitamins
Which of the following, upon digestion, is not normally absorbed directly into the bloodstream?
Fats
Which of the following is not a trigger for anorexia?
Feeling too thin in one's clothes
What is the name of the condition characterized by disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods, and osteoporosis?
Female athlete triad
Which of the following is best for preserving the vitamin content of foods?
Flash freezing
Which characteristic is more indicative of bulimia than anorexia nervosa?
Fluctuating weight
Which of the following combinations of monosaccharides is true?
Glucose and galactose form lactose.
Of the following foods, which one is lowest in sodium?
Grape juice
Are you going to rock this mid-term?
HECK YEAH
Which of the following is the leading nutrition-related cause of death in the United States?
Heart disease
Which large blood vessel is the first to receive most recently eaten nutrients, transporting them to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?
High-density lipoprotein
Which of the following traits is common among people with bulimia nervosa?
Impulsiveness
Which of the following is not a characteristic of anorexia?
Increased body temperature
Which of the following statements about micronutrients is true?
It is likely that all essential vitamins and minerals have been identified.
Which of the following is true about protein?
It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.
Type of tissue composed of highly branched, elongated cells that transport nerve impulses from one part of the body to another
Nervous Tissue
Fibers that mostly do not dissolve in water and are not fermented by intestinal bacteria
Nonfermentable (insoluble) fibers
Which of the following is true about the intake of vitamins?
Occasional lapses in vitamin intake should cause no harm.
Group of tissues designed to perform a specific function
Organ
What enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?
Pancreatic amylase
Which statement best describes the healthful diet principle of moderation?
Pay attention to portion size and plan your entire day's diet so that you don't overconsume nutrient sources.
Which of the following is characteristic of lipids?
Supply a concentrated form of fuel for the body
If a person does not eat enough carbohydrate to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?
The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.
Which of the following is not true of B vitamins?
They are stored in adipose tissue.
Which of the following is true about the absorption, transport, and storage of fat-soluble vitamins?
They are stored in the liver and fatty tissue.
Sterols are similar to triglycerides in which of the following ways?
They do not dissolve in water.
Which of the following statements is true about vitamin characteristics?
They help regulate chemical reactions in the body.
Glycogen is
a highly branched polysaccharide.
An essential amino acid
cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.
Micronutrients can be classified based on the presence of ______ in their chemical structures. According to this classification system, vitamins are organic and minerals are inorganic.
carbon
Zinc competes with ______ for absorption.
copper
Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will cause ______, meaning that the three-dimensional structure of the protein has been altered.
denaturation
Cooking an egg alters its appearance due to
denaturation.
Low fiber intake can cause constipation and force parts of the large intestine wall out from between the surrounding bands of muscle, forming many small pouches called
diverticula.
A useful strategy to reduce the risk of developing hypertension is
eat a kilocalorie-controlled diet to maintain a desirable body weight.
When it comes to choosing fruit, the Dietary Guidelines recommend
eating a variety of fruit—fresh, canned, or frozen.
The main function of glucose is to supply _______ for the body.
energy
Water regulates body temperature through heat loss via
evaporation.
When considering physical activity for weight control, keep in mind that aerobic activity, including brisk walking, jogging, or cycling, burns more ______ than resistance activity.
fat
"Hidden" fat includes
fat in crackers and other grain products.
A(n) _____ is the simplest form of lipid; it is a carbon chain, flanked by hydrogens, with an acid group at one end and a methyl group at the other end.
fatty acid
Current research suggests that most eating disorders are caused by
genetic predispositions.
Of the macronutrients, fats are the most significant dietary factor(s) associated with
heart disease.
The low blood potassium levels seen among people with eating disorders may cause
heart rhythm disturbances.
The ______ system is assisted by the lymphatic system and the physical barriers of the skin and gastrointestinal tract.
immune
Most plant proteins are ______ proteins, which means that they are low in one or more of the essential amino acids.
incomplete
Olive and canola oils contain a high percentage of _____ fatty acids.
monounsaturated
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth with salivary amylase.
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth.
Peristalsis refers to
muscular movement of materials through the GI tract.
Excessive sugar intake is related to development of dental caries because
oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars.
The disease phenylketonuria (PKU) illustrates how a nonessential amino acid can become conditionally essential as a result of a genetic disease. A person with PKU has a limited ability to metabolize the essential amino acid
phenylalanine.
Intracellular water volume depends primarily on the concentration of
phosphate and potassium.
The villi of the small intestine
provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.
The thermic effect of food
represents the calories needed to digest, absorb, and process ingested food.
The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting intake of ______ to less than 10% of calories.
saturated fatty acids
Most chemical digestion takes place in the
small intestine.
Active transport of ______ from the lumen of the intestine into the cells lining the intestine facilitates absorption of water from the gastrointestinal tract.
sodium
The major source of ______ in the American diet is processed foods.
sodium
The two most significant extracellular ions are
sodium and chloride.
About 95% of Americans exceed the Upper Level for
sodium.
To reduce their risk for many chronic diseases, Americans should limit their intakes of
solid fats.
When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecule is
stored as fat
Thermogenesis refers to all of the following except
the energy you require during sleep at night.
Nutrition is
the science that links food to health and disease.
According to the Food and Nutrition Board, what is the upper limit of fat (in grams) that should be consumed by a healthy person requiring 2,000 kilocalories per day?
78
Mary wishes to lose 5 pounds before her vacation in approximately 5 weeks. Her average consumption is 2,100 kilocalories per day. How many kilocalories should she consume daily to begin to lose this weight, assuming her activity pattern remains unchanged?
1,600 to 1,700
Martha is maintaining her current weight by eating 2,500 kilocalories per day. To lose 1 pound of fat per week, she would have to decrease her intake to how many kilocalories per day?
1,900 to 2,000
One serving of Raisin Bran cereal contains 50 percent of the 18 mg Daily Value for iron. How much iron will one serving of your cereal provide?
9 mg
The food grouping guidelines most recently released from the United States government are called
MyPlate.
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, released in 2008, advise a minimum of minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity for adults.
150
Men with body fat levels greater than _____ have increased health risks.
24%
When attempting to use body fat percentage to define obesity, body fat above _______ for men results in an obesity diagnosis.
24%
For a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms, the body mass index would equal
27.
An adult who follows a 2000-kcal Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern should consume ______ cups of milk or milk equivalents per day.
3
Bob is a 34-year-old male who weighs 150 pounds and is a long distance cycler. He is engaged in vigorous activity. Based on the MyPlate Calorie Guidelines, Bob needs approximately _______ kilocalories per day.
3000
When attempting to use body fat percentage to define obesity, body fat above ______ for women results in an obesity diagnosis.
37%
Carbohydrates provide ______ kilocalories per gram.
4
The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that Americans consume ______ of their total calories from carbohydrates.
45% to 65%
An adult who follows a 2000-kcal Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern should consume ______ ounce-equivalents from the Protein Foods group per day.
5.5
Water constitutes ______ percent of body weight.
50-70
How many grams of protein are needed per day by a male non-athlete, weighing 87 kilograms?
70
Just breath
Just breath
Which organ of the urinary system produces urine?
Kidney
Which of the following is not a monosaccharide?
Lactose
______ is a condition in which one lacks lactase. Symptoms include gas and bloating after consuming dairy products.
Lactose intolerance
Which of the following is a food source of cholesterol?
Lard
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend which of the following?
Limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars.
Which of the following nutrients can directly supply energy for human use?
Lipids
Gram for gram, which of the following contains the most cholesterol?
Liver
Which organ will first receive sugars after they are absorbed into the blood?
Liver
To which body part does blood travel to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide?
Lungs
After chylomicrons leave the intestinal cells, they are transported via what system?
Lymphatic
After digestion and absorption, which circulatory system carries fat and fat-soluble vitamins?
Lymphatic
Which of the following is not true of carbohydrate absorption?
Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver
Which of the following is true about mineral bioavailability?
Minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants.
Where does digestion begin?
Mouth
Type of tissue adapted to contract, to cause movement
Muscle Tissue
What enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein?
Pepsin
Which of the following is not among the criteria for diagnosing anorexia nervosa?
Persistent pattern of binge eating and purging lasting more than 3 months
Known as complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Which of the following electrolytes is especially important for proper heart rhythm?
Potassium
If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?
Protein synthesis will be limited.
Which meal contains foods from all food groups represented in MyPlate?
Refried beans, onions, tomatoes, and cheddar cheese wrapped in a tortilla; orange; and water
Which of the following is a function of potassium?
Regulation of fluid balance
Which of the following is among the criteria for diagnosing bulimia nervosa?
Repeated use of unsafe means to prevent weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting)
Forming a plan of action to respond to a situation in which overeating is likely, such as when snacks are within arm's reach at a party
Self-monitoring
For a person with anorexia nervosa, when is total hospitalization necessary?
Self-mutilation or threats of suicide
Altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating, such as removing foods from sight
Stimulus control
Which of the following vitamins are most readily excreted by the body?
Thiamin
Which of the following is not true about the regulation of fluid in the body?
Thirst is a reliable indicator of how much water should be consumed to replenish body fluids during illness.
Collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function
Tissue
Which of the following is true about an incomplete protein source?
To adequately meet protein needs from incomplete protein sources, a person would have to eat two complementary proteins.
Minerals are categorized based on the amount we need per day. Which of the following statements is correct?
Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg per day or less.
Which of the following does not help preserve the vitamin content of fruits and vegetables?
Trimming and peeling fruits and vegetables soon after purchase
______ are synthesized by the liver to transport fat to the rest of the body.
Very-low-density lipoproteins
Fibers that either dissolve or swell in water and are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine
Viscous (soluble) fibers
You are going to great!
YES I AM
The basic building block of a protein is called a(n)
amino acid.
Short chain proteins and ______ are the end products of protein digestion that can be taken up by the absorptive cells of the small intestine.
amino acids
The "Freshman 15" is the term used to describe the
amount of weight (in pounds) typically gained during freshman year of college.
Amylase is
an enzyme that digests starch.
A disorder characterized by extreme weight loss, distorted body image, and an extreme fear of obesity and weight gain is
anorexia nervosa.
According to MyPlate, food choices from the Grains group should include
at least half of the grain servings as whole grain cereals, breads, crackers, rice, or pasta every day.
The name for the minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive is ______. This represents about 60% to 70% of total energy expenditure.
basal metabolism
Minerals can
become part of body structures.
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride mainly serve as structural components of
bones and teeth.
A disorder in which frequent binging is followed by compensatory behaviors to rid the body of excess kilocalories is called
bulimia nervosa.
Understanding the abnormality of their behavior is more common among people with
bulimia nervosa.
Vitamins and minerals ______ be broken down to provide energy.
cannot
The essential nutrients
cannot be made by the body and therefore must be consumed to maintain health.
Consumption of a diet high in salt by a healthy individual will
increase urinary excretion of sodium.
The amount of water in each body compartment mainly is controlled by
ion concentration.
Obesity
is the number one lifestyle risk factor for hypertension.
In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the
kidneys.
The major fat-digesting enzyme is
lipase.
Nutrient-rich blood leaving the intestine goes by way of a vein directly to the
liver.
The type of malnutrition that results primarily from not consuming enough calories is called
marasmus.
The organelles that are known as the "power plants" or the "powerhouses" of the cell are the
mitochondria.
A simple sugar
monosaccharide
The energy expended to digest, absorb, and further process nutrients in food is called the ______ of food. This equals approximately 5% to 10% of energy intake.
thermic effect
The RDAs for nutrients are set
to cover the needs of 97% - 98% of the population.
Hydrogenation produces
trans fatty acids.
Basal metabolism is the energy expended
when resting, but awake, and in a fasting state.