nutrition module 9 = water soluble vitamins

What percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if women consumed sufficient folic acid before conception and in early pregnancy?

50%

Inside the cell, vitamin C functions primarily by ______.

being a cofactor that facilitates certain chemical reactions

People suffering from which disease are very weak and have poor muscular coordination?

beriberi

Because it is produced by intestinal bacteria and found in a wide variety of foods, a deficiency of the B vitamin, ______ is rare.

biotin

A group of chronic diseases characterized by cells that have undergone damage is

cancer

Aging, family history, using tobacco, and being exposed to radiation are all risk factors for

cancer

Individuals with excess body fat and are obese have a higher risk of _____.

cancer

People who consume two or more alcoholic drinks daily have higher risks for ____ of the mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, liver, breast, colon, and rectum.

cancer

A(n) ______ is an environmental factor, such as radiation, tobacco smoke, or a virus that triggers cancer.

carcinogen

Alcohol, sodium nitrate, trans fat, and arsenic are all examples of diet related ________, or cancer causing agents.

carcinogens

Premature infants and people recovering from serious diseases and injuries may have a conditional need for

carnitine.

High doses of Vitamin C prevent the common cold.

false - While Vitamin C does enhance the immune system and is necessary for optimal function, high doses do not prevent the common cold, COVID-19 or other viral diseases.

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

fat soluble vitamins

collagen

fibrous protein that gives strength to connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and tendons

A diet adequate in _____________ is recommended for preventing neural tube defects.

folate

Heat, oxidation and ultraviolet light can destroy 50-90% of

folate

Homocysteine may be a biochemical marker or risk factor for ______. Multiple choice question.

heart disease

Folate is easily destroyed by

heat. ultraviolet light. oxidation.

myelin sheath

structure that wraps around and insulates a part of certain nerve cells

The degenerative brain disorder associated with thiamin deficiency is called _______ - _________ syndrome and often occurs in alcoholics

wernicke-korsakoff

What are some good food sources of folate?

Asparagus Liver Leafy vegetables

vitamin B-6

B vitamin component of the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP); important for energy metabolism, particularly protein metabolism

vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)

B vitamin that is a component of coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate

folate

B vitamin that is a component of the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate (THF), includes folic acid, and is important for energy metabolism, DNA synthesis, and homocysteine metabolism

What are the three nutrients that work together to improve psychological health and cognitive function?

B-12, folate, and B-6

Which of the following are food sources of niacin?

Beef liver Tuna Salmon

Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin?

Biotin

Which vitamin strengthens connective tissue by forming numerous cross-connections between the amino acids in collagen?

C

What transports fatty acids into the mitochondria?

carnitine

In order to make phospholipids and acetylcholine, the body needs the vitamin-like compound called

choline

Vitamin C is different than the rest of the B vitamins in that it does not function as part of a

coenzyme

When a water-soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is known as its ______function.

coenzyme

Connective tissue gets its strength from the protein

collagen

Vitamin C is unstable in the presence of

heat, oxygen, copper, light

Cooking meat at high temperatures may cause the formation of the ______ _______ carcinogen.

heterocyclic amine

Some medical experts believe that antioxidant supplements may ____ the risk for certain types of cancer.

increase

hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen

Pernicious anemia is a condition caused by the

lack of intrinsic factor

folic acid

manmade version sold as supplements and added to foods

The cells grow progressively larger, leading to a condition called ____________ anemia.

megaloblastic

This type of anemia can also result from a deficiency of

vitamin B-12

Vegans need to be concerned about getting an adequate intake of ______ because plant foods are not good food sources of this micronutrient.

vitamin B-12

Most cases of vitamin B-12 deficiency result from

problems with intestinal absorption

A _________ promotes production of free radicals.

prooxidant

Taking excessive amounts of vitamin C may be harmful because in high doses the vitamin has _____ effects which promotes the production of free radicals.

prooxidant

Vitamin C can affect free radicals due to its____ properties.

prooxidant or antioxidant

With insufficient folate intake, immature ____________ cannot divide because they cannot form enough ____________ for two new nuclei.

red blood cells; DNA

Treatment of pernicious anemia usually consists of

regular B-12 injections

Which vitamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because it is readily excreted in urine?

thiamin

Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates?

thiamin

In chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins are

used as coenzymes.

riboflavin

a component of two coenzymes that play key roles in energy metabolism, yogurt, and other milk products are some of the best sources of this vitamin.

thiamin

a water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates.

Which of the following are signs of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

abnormal eye movements distorted thought processes staggering gait

Which of the following are functions of vitamin D in the body? Check all that apply.

absorption of calcium and phosphorus, maintenance of normal blood calcium, production and maintenance of healthy bones

vitamin e

acts as an antioxidant in the body.

In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that

add carbon dioxide to other compounds.

In the United States, people at risk for niacin deficiency include those with

anorexia nervosa. alcoholism. tryptophan metabolism disorder.

Dermatitis, anemia, convulsions, depression, and confusion are all signs of a vitamin ______ deficiency.

b-6

Which of the following processes require thiamin pyrophosphate? Check all that apply.

breakdown of carbohydrates to yield ATP, synthesis of neurotransmitters

One role of lipoic acid in the body is with

antioxidants

_____ ______is more bioavailable than the naturally occurring folate.

folic acid

A type of neural tube defect in which the spine does not form properly before birth and the bones fail to enclose the spinal cord is called

spina bifida

The neural tube in the human embryo eventually develops into the ______.

spinal cord brain

A disease has metastasized when cancer

spreads

Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C?

strawberries citrus fruits broccoli

What is present in fruits and vegetables, has antioxidant activity, and may help prevent cancer?

vitamin C phytochemicals carotenoids

Why does vitamin C enhance the absorption of nonheme iron?

vitamin C donates an electron to nonheme iron making it more absorbable vitamin C forms a complex with iron, enhancing the body's ability to absorb the mineral

People sometimes take this vitamin to treat PMS, morning sickness and carpal tunnel syndrome, even though there is not strong scientific evidence that it works.

B-6

Choose the functions of carnitine.

Transports fatty acids into the mitochondria Aids the mitochondria in removing excess organic acids

Most animals, unlike humans, do not need a daily source of vitamin C because they

are able to synthesize the vitamin.

Unlike most animals, humans ______ able to synthesize vitamin C.

are not

Excess consumption of vitamin A can result in which of the following conditions?

birth defects, liver damage, hair loss

Which of the following are functions of vitamin K in the body? Check all that apply.

blood clotting, bone health

Although commonly used for this purpose, scientific studies do not show that megadoses of vitamin __ prevents the common cold.

c

Vitamin ___ strengthens connective tissue by forming numerous cross-connections between the amino acids in collagen.

c

_____ is a fibrous protein that gives strength to connective tissue.

collagen

Meats like beef, pork and lamb are associated with an increased risk for ______ cancer.

colorectal or colon

Three leading causes of cancer death for women are ______.

colorectum cancer lung and bronchus cancer breast cancer

Inositol may be conditionally essential in

diabetes, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis

Folate is expressed in ____ _____ _____ to account for the different in absorption of folic acid and folate.

dietary folate equivalents

thiamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because

excess vitamin can be excreted in the urine.

Carnitine has been proven to be a useful aid for exercise and weight loss. (t/f)

false

Taking folic acid supplements can cure the anemia and nervous system damage of a B-12 deficiency. (t/f)

false

Taking supplements in folic acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 will lower a person's risk for heart disease. True false question.

false

Taking supplements in folic acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 will lower a person's risk for heart disease. (T/F)

false

Taurine is found in fruits and vegetables.

false

The absorption of vitamin B-12 occurs more readily when vitamin B-12 is in its natural form versus the synthetic form of the micronutrient. (t/f)

false

Taking supplements of ______ may mask a deficiency of B-12.

folic acid

What is the name of the synthetic form of folate that is found in supplements and added to fortify food?

folic acid

Which of the following are physical signs that may indicate ariboflavinosis? Check all that apply.

glossitis, eye disorders, cheilosis

Biotin's roles in the body includes ______.

glucose synthesis amino acid breakdown fatty acid synthesis

prooxidant

substance that promotes production of free radicals

vitamin-like compounds

substances that maintain normal metabolism but are not essential since the body can synthesize them

glossitis

swollen and sore tongue

The body needs choline to _____.

synthesize a part of a phospholipid in the liver. as part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. produce phospholipids in cell membranes.

Which form of vitamin B-12 is more readily absorbed?

synthetic form of vitamin B-12

Although plants do not contain _____, vegetarians do not develop a deficiency of this compound, suggesting that it isn't essential.

taurine

A total parenteral solution is a liquid mixture

that provides nourishment to those who are unable to eat normally and is administered intravenously.

The water-soluble vitamins include

the B vitamins. vitamin C.

The recommendation that women of childbearing age should consume sufficient folic acid before conception and in early pregnancy is because

the neural tube forms about 21 days after conception. many women are not even aware they are pregnant until after the development of the neural tube.

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin?

vitamin C

Synthesis of bile, production of hormones, and immune system function are all roles of _____.

vitamin C

Which of the following factors affect the bioavailability of a vitamin? Check all that apply.

- rate of movement through GI tract - food processing and preparation techniques - whether the source of the vitamin is a whole food or a dietary supplement

Some research studies indicate that psychological health and cognitive function can be improved with supplementation of ______, though more research is necessary before these results are conclusive.

B-12, folate, and B-6

What are the best ways to detect cancer in its early stages?

Various screening methods Regular health checkups

The thiamin deficiency disease _______ is characterized by weakness, poor muscular coordination, and decreased functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

beriberi

Which disease is associated with a thiamin deficiency?

beriberi Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Regular health checkups and various screening methods can detect ______ in its early stages.

cancer

metastasized

cancer that has moved from one tissue to other parts of the body

pernicious anemia

condition caused by a lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by vitamin B-12 deficiency, nerve damage, and megaloblastic red blood cells

Spina bifida occurs when

embryo's spine does not form properly and the bone does not enclose the spinal cord.

neural tube

embryonic structure that eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord

In the body, pantothenic acid is important for

energy metabolism. fatty acid synthesis.

What has decreased the incidence of neural tube defects by about 30%?

enrichment of foods with folic acid

carcinogen

environmental factor, such as radiation, tobacco smoke, or a virus, that triggers cancer

High intake of fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of cancers of the

esophagus. stomach. lungs.

There is consistent evidence that vitamin C can prevent CVD. (t/f)

false

Thiamin is necessary to prevent neural tube defects.

false

Water-soluble vitamins are stored in significant amounts in the human body. (t/f)

false

Which of the following are considered signs and symptoms of scurvy?

fatigue and petechiae swollen gums loose teeth

Which of the following are functions of vitamin C? Check all that apply.

formation and maintenance of collagen Donating electrons to free radicals synthesis of neurotransmitters

Which foods contain the richest sources of folate?

fortified cereals enriched grains

A swollen and sore tongue is a possible sign of the riboflavin deficiency condition known as

glossitis

Signs and symptoms of ariboflavinosis include

glossitis. cheilosis.

Intestinal enzymes are necessary to remove ___________ from naturally-occurring folate.

glutamates

Click to select good food sources of vitamin B-12 from the list below.

ground beef patty, tuna canned in water, fortified breakfast cereal, milk fat-free

Any type of anemia leads to symptoms of fatigue, pale skin, cold hands and feet, and shortness of breath. This is due to poor _____ delivery to the cells.

oxygen

Although rare, deficiencies of the vitamin _____ _______ may cause headaches, fatigue and impaired muscle coordination.

pantothenic acid

vitamins that are required for fatty acid synthesis.

pantothenic acid and biotin

Choose the foods that will enhance the absorption of nonheme iron.

peppers citrus fruits (foods high in vitamin c)

A condition characterized by severe sensory nerve damage is called ____ ______

peripheral neuropathy

What is the name of the condition characterized by severe sensory nerve damage?

peripheral neuropathy

People who lack intrinsic factor and thus cannot absorb Vitamin B-12 develop the disease called

pernicious anemia

lecithin

phosphatidylcholine; phospholipid found in egg yolk that acts as an emulsifier in certain foods

One suggestion for preserving vitamin C is to store vitamin C rich foods in the

refrigerator

Choose functions of pantothenic acid.

releases energy from macronutrients needed for fatty acid synthesis component of coenzyme A

Milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin?

riboflavin

Which vitamin is a component of the two coenzymes FMN and FAD that play key roles in energy metabolism? Multiple choice question.

riboflavin

Which of the following B vitamins plays a direct role in the production or maintenance of red blood cells? Check all that apply.

vitamin b-6, vitamin b-12, folate

Smokers, alcoholics, and people who do not eat fruits and vegetables are most at risk for a _____ deficiency.

vitamin c

biotin

vitamin component of a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions that add carbon dioxide to other compounds

pantothenic acid

vitamin component of coenzyme A (CoA)

Abnormal eye movements, staggering gait, and distorted thought processes are all signs of ___-______ syndrome

wernicke-korsakoff

Which vitamin cannot be used when vitamin B-12 is unavailable?

Folate

Megaloblastic anemia can result from a deficiency of which vitamins?

Folate B-12

Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?

Fruits and vegetables

Which of the following can result from exceeding the UL for vitamin C? Check all that apply.

Gastrointestinal distress, such as nausea or diarrhea kidney stones False readings for medical tests for diabetes or blood in the feces

_______ is a toxic amino acid and vitamin B-6 plays a vital role in keeping it from accumulating in the blood.

Homocysteine

Liver, legumes, broccoli, and orange juice are all good sources of

folate

Rank the steps involved in cancer development and progression beginning with a healthy, specialized cell.

1. genes that control cell division in a healthy, specialized cell is damaged by a carcinogen 2. with repeated damage, one abnormal cell divides uncontrollably 3. malignant cells become a tumor 4. invasive cells multiplies, tumor grows and interferes with normal tissue functioning 5. malignant cells enter circulatory or lymphatic systems (metastasize)and form new tumors in other parts of the body 6. tumor stimulates development of its own blood supply

Choose the first and final step in cancer development and progression.

1st. an inherited tendency triggers damage to the genes in a cell that control cell division final: tumor stimulates development of its own blood supply

The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume _____ micrograms of folic acid daily to help prevent neural tube defects.

400

Which of the following are functions of vitamin C?

Collagen synthesis Immune system functioning

What are some signs and symptoms of a vitamin B-6 deficiency?

Convulsions Dermatitis Anemia

What makes cancer causation a complex process?

Nutritional states Genetic makeups Lifestyle practices

Which of the following foods are good sources of thiamin?

Nuts Legumes Pork wheat germ enriched breads and cereals

Petechiae are a symptom of scurvy. What is petechiae?

Pinpoint hemorrhages in skin

Megaloblasts form during a folic acid deficiency because

RBC precursor cells are unable to make new DNA.

Megaloblasts form during a folic acid deficiency because Multiple choice question.

RBC precursor cells are unable to make new DNA.

What are some food sources of riboflavin?

Spinach Milk Yogurt

Which of the following roles does vitamin C play in the body?

Synthesis of bile Immune function Production of hormones

Which of the following are functions of vitamin B-6?

Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan Production of heme synthesis of dopamine from tyrosine Explanation The vitamin B-6 coenzyme is essential for amino acid metabolism, heme synthesis, and production of some neurotransmitters.

Why is a vitamin B-12 deficiency more common among older adults?

They are unable to release the vitamin from animal protein. HCI production in their stomachs declines.

Shellfish, poultry, meat, and eggs are all good sources of which vitamin?

Vitamin B-12

Since this vitamin is only found in animal products, people who eat little/no meat are at risk for a deficiency of ______.

Vitamin B-12

Put the following steps that relate to vitamin B-12 in the order in which they occur in the body.

Vitamin B-12 is freed from food protein; intrinsic factor is produced. Vitamin B-12 binds with intrinsic factor. The vitamin B-12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into the blood. Vitamin B-12 is stored

______ plays a vital role in keeping homocysteine from accumulating in the blood by converting it to cysteine.

Vitamin B-6

What are some food sources of vitamin B-6?

Walnuts Beef Salmon

Match the vitamin's role in the body to its corresponding vitamin.

d - bones; hormone a - vision k - clotting e - antioxidant that prevents breakdown of vitamin a by donating electrons b-6 - amino acid metabolism

The prevalence of neural tube defects has _____ by about 30% since enrichment of foods with folic acid began in 1998.

declined

Which of the following are signs of pellagra?

dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis

High doses of B vitamins are safe to take.

false

Folate functions in metabolic reactions that involve the transfer of single carbon groups, including synthesis of DNA, amino acids, and neurotransmitters. Which of the following physical problems result from folate deficiency? Check all that apply.

megaloblastic anemia, spina bifida

ariboflavinosis

riboflavin deficiency disease characterized by fatigue, inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the mouth and throat, and glossitis

cheilosis

scaling and cracking of the skin around the corners of the mouth

Vitamin C absorption occurs in the

small intestine

scurvy

vitamin C deficiency disease

malignant tumors

masses of cancerous cells

benign masses (tumors)

noncancerous tumors that are usually harmless

Pork, legumes, enriched grains and Brewer's yeast are all good sources of which vitamin?

thiamin

complete each sentence about folate deficiency.

- With insufficient folate intake, immature ____________ cannot divide because they cannot form enough ____________ for two new nuclei.

It is unlikely that any vitamins still need to be discovered. Which of the following statements provide evidence of this? Check all that apply.

- babies grow and thrive on infant formulas, which are synthetic liquid diets containing vitamins and other nutrients known to be essential for health. - very ill people who cannot eat solid food can be kept alive for years on liquid synthetic feedings that contain all known nutrients, including vitamins.

Which of the following are examples of carcinogens that trigger cancer?

A virus Tobacco smoke Radiation

Most cases of a vitamin ___ deficiency result from problems associated with intestinal absorption, not from inadequate intakes.

b-12

The vitamin _______ is sometimes taken to treat PMS, morning sickness or carpal tunnel syndrome, even though it has not been proven to be effective.

b-6

Cells require vitamin ______ to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate.

b12

In regards to preventing Alzheimer's disease, CVD and the common cold, research as to vitamin Cs role is

inconclusive, although it lessens the length of a cold, but doesn't prevent it.

A healthy diet designed to reduce cancer risk would include

increasing your intake of fruits. increasing your intake of whole grains. limiting consumption of red meat.

gastritis

inflammation of the lining of the stomach

A vitamin-like compound that may be conditionally essential in diabetes is

inositol

How is a total parenteral solution administered?

into a vein

The factor secreted by the stomach which facilitates the absorption of vitamin B-12 is called

intrinsic factor

Choose functions of niacin. Multiple select question.

involved in at least 200 reactions involved in the pathway that releases energy from macronutrients used to make NAD and NADP

A common food additive added to certain foods such as salad dressings and ice cream for its emulsifying properties is called

lecithin

To decrease the risk for cancer, one can

limit intake of fried meats. limit intake of alcohol. limit intake of red meat.

The vitamin-like compound that removes carbon dioxide from compounds is ______ ______

lipoic acid

total parenteral solution

liquid mixture that provides nourishment to those who are unable to eat normally; administered intravenously

The risk of a vitamin B-12 deficiency is small because the _____ has enough vitamin B-12 stored in it to last 5 to 10 years.

liver

Three leading causes of cancer death for men are ______

lung and bronchus colorectum prostate

The American Cancer Society recommends you do the following in order to reduce cancer risk.

maintain a healthy weight become physically active avoid exposure to tobacco

Which of the following are functions of vitamin E in the body? Check all that apply.

maintaining nervous tissue, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage, maintaining immune system function

During a folic acid deficiency, RBC precursor cells fail to divide, get released into the bloodstream and result in the condition known as

megaloblastic anemia

The deficiencies of both vitamin B-12 and folate can result in _______.

megaloblastic anemia

Characteristics of pernicious anemia include

megaloblastic red blood cells. nerve damage. vitamin B-12 deficiency.

A disease has ______ when cancer spreads to other tissues.

metastasized

What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12?

milk poultry meat

Cancer is characterized by cells that have undergone damage or ______ to certain genes.

mutations

The maintenance of _____ ______ that wrap around parts of certain nerve cells is the one vital function of vitamin B-12 that does not involve folate.

myelin sheath

vitamin B-12

needed for folate metabolism and maintenance of the myelin sheaths.

Biotin

needed for synthesizing glucose and fatty acids.

Long-term vitamin E deficiency may result in _______.

nerve damage, blindness, impaired immune system function

Adequate folate status is critical early in pregnancy because the __ ____ forms about 21 days after conception.

neural tube

The recommendation made by the U.S. Public Health Service recommends that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily to help prevent _____.

neural tube defects

A liquid mixture that provides nourishment to those who are unable to eat normally is called a

total parenteral solution.

An increased risk of cancer is associated with obesity. True false question.

true

Vegans are at risk for a votamin B-12 deficiency.

true

Vitamin C enhances the body's disease-fighting abilities.

true

megaloblastic anemia

type of anemia characterized by large, immature red blood cells; deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B-12 can lead to this form of anemia

spina bifida

type of neural tube defect in which the spine does not form properly before birth and fails to enclose the spinal cord

Folate's metabolic roles are related to those of ______. Diets that lack either vitamin produce a number of identical deficiency signs and symptoms. Multiple choice question.

vitamin B-12

riboflavin

vitamin B-2; important for energy metabolism as part of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

niacin

vitamin B-3; important for energy metabolism as part of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

Rank in order the sequence of events in the digestion and absorption of vitamin B-12.

1. hydrochloric acid separates b12 from animal protein 2. the stomach secretes intrinsic factor 3. B-12 binds to intrinsic factor (IF) 4. the IF/B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart 5. B-12 binds to a carrier molecule for transport in the blood

folate

A B vitamin found naturally in foods

Vitamin C can act as a(n) ______ by donating electrons to radicals. In excess, however, vitamin C may act as a(n) ______ by promoting radical production.

antioxidant; prooxidant

vitamin C

ascorbic acid; cofactor that performs a variety of important cellular functions, primarily by donating electrons to other compounds

The risk of a vitamin B-12 deficiency is _____.

low

food-cobalamin malabsorption

malabsorption of vitamin B-12 due to the inability to release the vitamin from animal protein during the digestive process

A ________ cell does not perform the specialized functions of the cells from which it was derived.

malignant

When a cell becomes _______, it does not perform the specialized functions of the cells from which it was derived.

malignant or cancerous

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter associated with attention, learning and memory, muscle control, and other nervous system functions

Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, and enriched breads are all good sources of

niacin

only four of the water-soluble vitamins have an established UL. Identify the problems associated with excessive intakes of each of the following water-soluble vitamins.

niacin - skin flushing b-6 - nerve damage vitamin c - diarrhea and gi tract discomfort folic acid - can mask b-12 deficiency

Smokers need more vitamin C daily than non-smokers because

of the greater stress placed on the lungs due to the oxidative damage.

A vitamin B-12 deficiency is more common in which group due to the fact that the HCI production in their stomach declines?

older adults

Maintaining the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cell axons is a function ______.

only of b-12

Beef, salmon, potatoes, and sweet red peppers are all good sources of ______.

vitamin B-6

Match the typical disease signs and symptoms with the vitamin that is deficient in the person's diet.

riboflavin - inflammation of mouth and tongue, inflamed skin, and cracking of the tissue at the corners of the mouth thiamin - weakness, loss of appetite, poor coordination, and severe edema vitamin b-12 - megaloblastic anemia despite adequate folate intake; eventually progresses to nerve degeneration, paralysis, and death vitamin c - weakness, slow wound healing, bone pain, bleeding gums, and petechiae niacin - poor appetite, weakness, and weight loss; eventually progresses to dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis

The British physician, James Lind, designed a very simple experiment that found a cure for

scurvy

Where does vitamin C absorption occur?

small intestine

What is added to processed meats and is classified as a carcinogen?

sodium nitrate

Why is lecithin added to certain foods?

to help keep watery and fatty ingredients mixed

anencephaly

type of neural tube defect in which the brain does not form properly or is missing

Which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate?

vitamin B-12

Beef, salmon, potatoes, and sweet red peppers are all good sources of ______

vitamin B-6