Nutrition Notecards-Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Fetus, amniotic fluid, and placenta weigh...

11 pounds

Uterus and breasts weigh...

6 pounds

What action should a pregnant woman take if she is interested in beginning a regular physical activity program during pregnancy?

Consult a physician

Thick in consistency, similar to cream with a high fat and calorie content

Hind milk

A gradual weight loss of...-...pounds per month is the recommended rate of weight loss for nursing mothers.

1-4

Which of the following are reasons to avoid alcohol when trying to become pregnant?

1. alcohol decreases estrogen production 2. alcohol increases risk for birth defects

What are some common characteristics shown by the fetus during the second trimester of pregnancy?

1. begin to kick 2. may suck it's thumb

Adequate folate intake at least 8 weeks prior to conception helps prevent...

1. birth defects 2. premature birth

What are the factors associated with inhibition of the let-down reflex?

1. fatigue 2. nervous tension 3. lack of confidence

Compared to the needs of nonpregnant women, the RDA for..is increased during pregnancy.

1. iron 2. iodide 3. zinc

Iodide needs are increased during pregnancy for prevention of...

1. learning disabilities 2. stunted growth

What are the adverse health effects associated with iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy?

1. low birth weight infants 2. increased risk for fetal death 3. preterm delivery

What are the three factors during pregnancy that are associated with optimizing the infant's ability to thrive?

1. prenatal care 2. adequate diet 3. education

Which of the following dietary components must be increased to support pregnancy?

1. protein 2. carbohydrates 3. calories

Select all of the reasons zinc is important for male fertility...

1. synthesis of reproductive hormones 2. production of sperm 3. function of antioxidant enzymes

Allowing an infant to sleep with a bottle of formula or breast milk can promote...

1. tooth decay 2. ear infections

Which of the following nutrients may help to limit destruction of eggs or sperm by free radicals in the body?

1. vitamin E 2. Vitamin C 3. Zinc

What is offered as part of the WIC program?

1. vouchers for foods 2. health assessments

Human milk is sufficient to meet nutrient needs of most infants for the first....months of life. After that time, complementary foods are necessary to provide adequate nutrition.

4 to 6

Maternal fat stores weigh...

4-8 pounds

The Estimated Energy Requirements during breastfeeding is an additional.....calories per day.

400-500

When choosing a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement, what should one look for on the label in order to ensure the product is safe?

USP symbol

Which organization said, "Breastfeeding should continue for 2 years with the appropriate introduction of solid foods after the first 6 months."

World Health Organization

To decrease the risk for birth defects, what type of beverage should the mother avoid in preparation for and during pregnancy?

alcohol

For a successful pregnancy outcome, it is best for an overweight woman to achieve a healthy body weight...

before becoming pregnant

Most women are physically capable of....their infants.

breastfeeding

The changes in nutrient needs from pregnancy to breastfeeding include a...in folate and iron needs and an....in needs of calories, Vitamins A,C, and E, riboflavin, copper, chromium, iodide, manganese, selenium, and zinc.

decrease; increase

Nausea typically stops after the...trimester of pregnancy.

first

The mother should consume...each time the infant nurses.

fluids

The period of intrauterine development of offspring

gestation

An excessive increase in blood glucose that occurs during pregnancy is a condition commonly referred to as...

gestational diabetes

A preterm infant is likely to have low...

iron and calcium levels

Fluoride,.., and vitamin.... are relatively low in human milk.

iron; D

For infants younger than 6 months of age, supplemental water...

is not recommended

....is the period of milk secretion following pregnancy.

lactation

Compared to cow's milk, human milk contains....essential fatty acids.

more

At thirteen weeks...

most organs are formed and the fetus can move

the egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops

ovum

The brain releases the hormone...to allow the breast tissue to let down or eject milk from the lobules.

oxytocin

Ideally, women should begin to receive prenatal care...

prior to becoming pregnant

350-450 additional calories should be consumed during the...

second trimester

Around 450 additional calories should be consumed during the...

third trimester

Siblings born in close succession are more likely to be born with a lower...than those farther apart in age.

birth weight

Cell division requires...., which is one of the reasons why the RDA for this vitamin increases so much during pregnancy and why it is a recommended supplement for women of child bearing age.

folate

is a B vitamin that is important for DNA synthesis and homocysteine metabolism.

folate

PCOS is the leading cause of...

infertility

Women with uncontrolled diabetes are...likely to give birth to infants with birth defects than women with normal glucose metabolism.

more

Within the first thirty hours..

the zygote divides

the fertilized ovum; the cell resulting from the union of the ovum and sperm

zygote

Which foods should be increased in a vegan diet to meet the nutritional needs during pregnancy?

1. beans 2. grains 3. seeds 4. nuts

What are the potential risks associated with pregnancy and birth by women over the age of 35?

1. increased risk of low birth weight 2. increased risk for preterm delivery

What are the health benefits associated with regular physical activity during pregnancy?

1. promotes and easier delivery 2. decreased risk of pregnancy complications 3. decreased risk of developing gestational diabetes

Cow's milk should never be used in infant feeding until the infant is at least...months old.

12

During the first trimester, the pregnant woman's weight should increase by ...-....pounds.

2-4

The ideal age for pregnancy is between...years of age

20 to 35

According to the AHA, adults should consume no more than...milligrams of dietary cholesterol per day.

300

Birth defects impact one in....babies born in the U.S.

33

A successful pregnancy includes a gestation period longer than....weeks.

37

The normal duration period of pregnancy is.... to...weeks.

38 to 42

Blood during pregnancy weighs..

4 pounds

Which organization said, "Infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months, with the combination of breastfeeding and infant solid foods up until one year."

American Diabetic Association

Vitamin needs generally increase from pre-pregnancy RDAs/ALs by up to 30% for most of the B vitamins and even greater for vitamin..... and....

B6 and folate

Thick yellowish fluid that contains antibodies and Lactobacillus bifidus factor

Colostrum

The....provides key recommendations for weight management during pregnancy and lactation.

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

What vitamin plays a role in the metabolism of amino acids and the synthesis of DNA?

Folate

Thin in texture, similar to skim milk

Fore milk

What is the consequence of a woman consuming too few calories while breastfeeding?

Milk production and output will decrease

Within the first four days...

cell numbers increase

The developing life form from the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception.

embryo

the developing life form from the beginning of the ninth week after conception until birth

fetus

The most critical time period for potential problems to occur during pregnancy is during the...trimester.

first

The potential time for the development of the most serious fetal problems is during the...trimester.

first

The Healthy People 2020 objective for prevention of neural tube defects includes increasing the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal intake of which vitamin?

folic acid

Physiological anemia during pregnancy is also referred to as...

hemodilution

Straining during defecation may result in...., which are swollen veins around the anus.

hemorrhoids

Breast size usually...during pregnancy and breastfeeding, which are normal physiological changes.

increases

...is the term that describes the inability of a couple to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse.

infertility

Cretinism is caused by low...status during the first trimester of pregnancy.

iodide

Infants born to mothers with a pre-pregnancy BMI of 25 or higher are...to experience health problems compared to infants born to mothers of BMI in the range of 18.5-24.9.

more likely

...is the practice of eating nonfood items.

pica

A major role of the...is to exchange nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and waste products between the mother and the fetus.

placenta

The...is an organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy, transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, and removes fetal wastes.

placenta

At eight weeks...

the fetus is formed

Calorie needs are the same as in nonpregnant women during..

the first trimester

Within thirty-five days...

the heart is beating

High intakes of...fatty acids promote insulin resistance and therefore impair ovulation.

trans and saturated

Pregnancy is often divided into three 13-14 week periods referred to as...

trimesters

Gestational diabetes usually disappears shortly after birth, but places the mother at higher risk for...later in life.

type 2 diabetes

Healthy pre-pregnancy weight and adequate...during pregnancy are two excellent predictors of pregnancy outcome.

weight gain

What does the soft spot on the baby's head indicate?

where the skull bones are growing together