Nutrition Practice Questions Chapters 11, 12, 13

At her first prenatal visit, an overweight woman asks how much weight she should gain during the course of her pregnancy. What is the nurse's best response? A. "You should not gain any weight during your pregnancy. You have adequate calorie reserves to meet all the energy demands of pregnancy without gaining additional weight." B. "You should try to gain less than 15 pounds." C. "Aim for a 15-to 25-pound weight gain." D. "The recommended weight gain for your weight is 25 to 35 pounds."

C. "Aim for a 15-to 25-pound weight gain."

Which of the following statements is true? A. "Women who breastfeed almost always achieve their prepregnancy weight at 6 weeks postpartum." B. "Weight loss during lactation is not recommended because it lowers the quantity and quality of breast milk produced." C. "Breastfeeding women do not have to increase their intake by the full amount of calories it 'costs' to produce milk because they can mobilize fat stored during pregnancy for some of the extra energy required." D. "Women do not need to increase their calorie intake at all for the first 6 months of breastfeeding because they can use calories stored in fat to produce milk."

C. "Breastfeeding women do not have to increase their intake by the full amount of calories it 'costs' to produce milk because they can mobilize fat stored during pregnancy for some of the extra energy required."

In general, calorie needs in older adults decrease while the need for other nutrients stays the same or increases.

True In general, calorie needs in older adults decrease due to a decrease in lean body mass and physical activity while the need for other nutrients stays the same or increases.

Iron deficiency in young children may be related to drinking too much milk.

True Milk can displace the intake of iron-rich foods, increasing the risk of iron deficiency.

Older adults should get vitamin B12 from supplements or fortified foods.

True Older adults do not need more vitamin B12 than younger adults, but their ability to absorb the natural form of B12 from food may be impaired. Adults over the age of 50 years are urged to consume the RDA for vitamin B12 from fortified foods or supplements to ensure adequacy.

A potential problem with early introduction of solid foods is overfeeding.

True Overfeeding is a potential problem with early introduction of solid foods because young infants are unable to communicate satiety, the feeling of fullness.

A 68-year-old man who has steadily gained excess weight over the years complains that it is too late for him to make any changes in diet or exercise that would effectively improve his health, particularly the arthritis he has in his knees. Which of the following would be the nurse's best response? A. "You're right. You should have made changes long ago. You cannot benefit from a change in diet and exercise now." B. "It is too hard for older people to change their habits. You should just continue what you've been doing and know that it's a quality of life issue to enjoy your food." C. "It may not help to change your diet and exercise, but it certainly wouldn't hurt. Why don't you give it a try and see what happens?" D. "It is not too late to make changes, and losing weight through diet and exercising are more effective at relieving arthritis pain than either strategy is alone. And older people often are better at making lifestyle changes than are younger adults."

D. "It is not too late to make changes, and losing weight through diet and exercising are more effective at relieving arthritis pain than either strategy is alone. And older people often are better at making lifestyle changes than are younger adults."

Which statement indicates the mother understands the nurse's instructions about breastfeeding? A. "Breastfeeding should only last 5 minutes on each breast." B. "Sometimes babies cry just because they are thirsty, so a bottle of water should be offered before breastfeeding begins to see if the infant is just thirsty." C. "The longer the baby sucks, the less milk I will have for the next feeding." D. "The first breast offered should be alternated with each feeding."

D. "The first breast offered should be alternated with each feeding."

Sarcopenia is inevitable and irreversible.

False Although loss of lean body mass is a normal consequence of aging, muscle mass can be replaced with resistance exercises and a diet adequate in protein.

Protein is the nutrient of most concern when solids are introduced into the diet.

False Iron is the nutrient of most concern when solids are introduced into the diet.

Older adults generally do not consume enough iron.

False Most older adults consume adequate amounts of iron. In fact, they are cautioned against consuming supplements that contain iron so as not to exceed the upper limit of iron.

Obese women should not gain weight during pregnancy.

False Obese women should gain 11 to 20 pounds during pregnancy. It is not known how much weight severely obese women should gain during pregnancy.

Older adults have higher fluid requirements than younger adults.

False The Al for water does not change for men or women from the age of 19 years onward. Older adults have a blunted sense of thirst, yet if they are healthy, normal drinking and eating habits are considered adequate to guide fluid intake.

The Dietary Guidelines of Americans, 2010 do not apply to children, only adolescents and adults.

False The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 are intended for all Americans over the age of 2 years.

To get enough calcium during pregnancy, women need to double their usual intake of milk.

False The RDA for calcium does not increase during pregnancy because calcium absorption greatly increases. Calcium needs can be met with the equivalent of 3 cups of milk daily.

Adequate weight gain during pregnancy ensures delivery of a normal-weight baby.

False The amount of weight a woman gains during pregnancy is an important indicator of fetal growth. However, adequate weight gain during pregnancy cannot by itself ensure the delivery of a normal-birth-weight infant.

The prevalence of malnutrition in long-term care facilities is 10%.

False The prevalence of malnutrition or dehydration among residents of long-term care facilities is from 23% to 85%.

The RDA for calcium is highest in early adulthood when peak bone mass is being attained.

False While it is true that peak calcium retention - the period when calcium intake has the greatest impact on bone density - occurs between the ages of 4 and 20 years, the efficiency of absorption decreases with age, so the Al for calcium for older adults is higher than that of younger adults.

Pregnant and lactating women are advised to eliminate fish and seafood from their diets to avoid mercury contamination.

False Pregnant and lactating women as well as women who may become pregnant are advised to eliminate only shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish from their diets; white albacore tuna should be limited to 6 oz/week, and other fish and shellfish can be consumed in amounts up to 12 oz/week as long as any one particular type of fish is not eaten more than once a week. Local advisories about fish caught in local waters should also be heeded.

If breastfeeding is discontinued before the infant's first birthday, nutrition should be supplied with iron-fortified infant formula.

True If breastfeeding is discontinued before the infant's first birthday, it should be replaced with iron-fortified infant formula. Cow's milk is not recommended before the age of 1 year.

Infants have higher requirements per kilogram of body weight for calories and most nutrients than adults do.

True The amount of calories and protein needed per unit of body weight is greater for infants than for adults because growth in the first year of life is more rapid than at any other time in the life cycle (excluding the fetal period)

Thirst is a good indicator for the need for fluid in most lactating women.

True Thirst is a good indicator of the need for fluids except among women who live in a dry climate or exercise in hot weather.

A major cause of undernutrition in long-term care is loss of appetite.

True A major cause of undernutrition among long-term care residents is loss of appetite. Monitoring of intake is essential to identify problems early, before a downhill spiral develops.

Both inadequate and excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy are associated with overweight or obesity in the offspring later in life.

True Both inadequate and excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy are associated with overweight or obesity in the offspring later in life

Lactation increases calorie requirements more than pregnancy does.

True Lactation increases calorie recommendations by 500 for the first 6 months of breastfeeding and by 400 for the second 6 months. Women may eat fewer calories than this and still produce enough milk by mobilizing calories stored as fat.

The majority of people 65 years and older rate their health as good or better.

True Seventy-four percent of adults age 65 years and older rated their health as good or better during the period 2004-2006. Self-assessment of health status is important because poor ratings correlate with higher risks of mortality (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2012).

The risk of nutrient deficiencies among American toddlers is low.

True The risk of nutrient deficiencies among American toddlers is negligible. However, the risks of overfeeding and eating empty calories are real.

Weight loss in older adults is associated with mortality.

True Weight loss in older adults is associated with functional limitations, nursing home admissions, and mortality.

Among 2- to 18-year olds, the intake of empty calories far exceeds empty calorie allowance for all age-sex groups.

True Among 2- to 18-year olds, the intake of empty calories far exceeds empty calorie allowance for all age-sex groups.

An inadequate maternal intake of nutrients decreases the quantity of breast milk produced, not the quality.

True An inadequate maternal intake of nutrients decreases the quantity of breast milk produced, not the quality.

Overweight youth are at risk for the same complications from overweight that afflict adults - namely, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and metabolic syndrome.

True An overweight child is more likely to develop complications of adult overweight, such as diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.

A woman who was at her healthy weight when she got pregnant is distraught by her 5-pound weight gain between 20 and 24 weeks of gestation. At this point in her pregnancy, her weight gain is right on target. What is the nurse's best response? A. "A 5-pound per month weight gain at this point in your pregnancy is normal." B. "Although it is considerably less than the recommended amount, it is not a cause for concern. Just be sure to follow your meal plan next month so you get enough calories and nutrients." C."I recommend you write down everything you eat for a few days so we can identify where the problem lies." D. "A 5-pound weight gain in 1 month at this point in your pregnancy may be a sign that you are at risk of preeclampsia. You should cut back on the 'extras' in your diet to limit your weight gain for next month."

A. "A 5-pound per month weight gain at this point in your pregnancy is normal."

A client complains that she is not eating any more than she did when she was 30 years old and yet she keeps gaining weight. Which of the following would be the nurse's best response? A. "As people get older, they lose muscle mass, which lowers their calorie requirements, and physical activity often decreases too. You can increase the number of calories you burn by building muscle with resistance exercises and increasing your activity." B. "You may not think you are eating more calories but you probably are because the only way to gain weight is to eat more calories than you burn." C. "Weight gain is an inevitable consequence of getting older related to changes in your body composition. Do not worry about it because older people are healthier when they are heavier." D. "You need fewer calories now than when you were 30. The only way to lose weight is to eat less than you are currently eating."

A. "As people get older, they lose muscle mass, which lowers their calorie requirements, and physical activity often decreases too. You can increase the number of calories you burn by building muscle with resistance exercises and increasing your activity."

A mother asks why toddlers shouldn't drink all the milk they want. Which of the following is the nurse's best response? A. "Consuming more than the recommended amount of milk can displace the intake of iron-rich foods from the diet and increase the toddler's risk of iron deficiency anemia." B. "Consuming more than the recommended amount of milk increases the risk of milk allergy." C. "Too much milk can lead to over-hydration." D. "Consuming more than the recommended amount of milk will provide too much protein."

A. "Consuming more than the recommended amount of milk can displace the intake of iron-rich foods from the diet and increase the toddler's risk of iron deficiency anemia."

Risk factors for malnutrition in older adults include (select all that apply) A. A decrease in food intake in the last 3 months due to loss of appetite B. Weight loss C. Acute disease D. Neuropsychological problems E. Impaired mobility F. BMI of 23

A. A decrease in food intake in the last 3 months due to loss of appetite B. Weight loss C. Acute disease D. Neuropsychological problems E. Impaired mobility

Calorie and nutrient requirements during adolescence A. Are higher than during adulthood because of growth and developmental changes. B. Peak early and then fall until adulthood is reached. C. Are lower than during childhood. D. Cannot be generalized because individual variations exist.

A. Are higher than during adulthood because of growth and developmental changes.

The best dietary advice for the possible prevention of Alzheimer disease is to A. Consume a high-fiber diet. B. Eat a heart healthy diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and seafood. C. Take a multivitamin every day. D. Avoid avoids with a high glycemic index.

A. Consume a high-fiber diet.

What nutrient is not likely to be consumed in adequate amounts during pregnancy so a supplement is recommended? A. Iron B. Calcium C. Vitamin B12 D. Vitamin C

A. Iron

A woman at 5 weeks of gestation is complaining of nausea throughout the day. What should the nurse recommend? A. Small, frequent meals of easily digested carbohydrates B. Small, frequent meals that are high in protein C. A liquid diet until the nausea subsides D. A low fiber intake

A. Small, frequent meals of easily digested carbohydrates

Which of the following may help promote the intake of a resident in long-term care? Select all that apply A. Use simple verbal prompts to eat. B. Provide three meals a day; avoid snacks. C. Minimize noise and distractions in the dining room. D. Offer finger foods. E. Honor individual preferences; solicit input from resident and family.

A. Use simple verbal prompts to eat. C. Minimize noise and distractions in the dining room. D. Offer finger foods. E. Honor individual preferences; solicit input from resident and family.

Which groups are adolescents most likely to eat in inadequate amounts? Select all that apply. A. Whole grains B. Vegetables C. Fruits D. Meat

A. Whole grains B. Vegetables C. Fruits

Which of the following statements indicates that the pregnant woman understands the recommendations about caffeine intake during pregnancy? A. "I have to give up drinking coffee and cola." B. "I will limit my intake of coffee to about 2 cups a day and avoid other sources of caffeine." C. "As long as I don't drink coffee, I can eat other sources of caffeine because they don't contain enough to cause any problems." D. "Caffeine is harmless during pregnancy, so I am allowed to consume as much as I want."

B. "I will limit my intake of coffee to about 2 cups a day and avoid other sources of caffeine."

The nurse knows her instructions about introducing solids into the infant's diet have been effective when the mother states A. "Babies should be introduced to solid foods at 1 to 3 months of age." B. "New foods should be given for 5 to 7 days so that allergic responses can be easily identified." C. "Infants are more likely to accept infant cereal for the first time if it is mixed with breast milk or formula and given from a bottle." D. "The appropriate initial serving size for solids is 1 to 2 tbsp."

B. "New foods should be given for 5 to 7 days so that allergic responses can be easily identified."

A woman trying to become pregnant was told by her physician to take a daily supplement containing 400mcg of folic acid. She asks why a supplement is better than eating folic acid through food. Which statement is the nurses' best response? A. "There are few natural sources of folate in food." B. "Synthetic folic acid in supplements and fortified foods is better absorbed, more available, and a more reliable source than the folate found naturally in food." C. "Folate in food is equally as good as folic acid in supplements. It is just easier to take it in pill for and then you don't have to worry about how much you're getting in food." D. "If you are sure that you eat at least five servings of fruits and vegetables every day, you don't really need to take a supplement of folic acid."

B. "Synthetic folic acid in supplements and fortified foods is better absorbed, more available, and a more reliable source than the folate found naturally in food."

Which of the following would be the best snack for a 2-year-old? A. Popcorn B. Banana slices C. Fresh cherries D. Raw celery

B. Banana slices

A mineral likely to be consumed in inadequate amounts by older adults is A. Iron B. Potassium C. Zinc D. Sodium

B. Potassium

Which of the following conditions are associated with a high-risk pregnancy? Select all that apply. A. Pregnancy BMI of 20 B. Pregnancy BMI of greater than 25 C. Maternal age of 30 D. Pregnancies spaced less than 18 months apart

B. Pregnancy BMI of greater than 25 D. Pregnancies spaced less than 18 months apart

The client asks if her 10-year-old daughter needs a weight loss diet. Which of the following would be the nurse's best response? A. "Rather than a diet at this age, you should just forbid her to eat sweets and empty calories." B. "Because prevention of overweight is more effective than treatment, you should start to limit her calorie intake by only serving low-fat and artificially sweetened foods." C. "Ten-year-old girls are about to enter the growth spurt of puberty, and it is natural for her to gain weight before she grows taller. Diets are not recommended for children, although healthy eating and moderation are always appropriate." D. "She needs extra calories for the upcoming growth spurt ,so you should be encouraging her to eat more than she normally does."

C. "Ten-year-old girls are about to enter the growth spurt of puberty, and it is natural for her to gain weight before she grows taller. Diets are not recommended for children, although healthy eating and moderation are always appropriate."

The nurse knows her instructions about vitamin B12 are effective when the client verbalizes he will A. Consume more meat. B. Consume more fruits and vegetables. C. Eat vitamin B12- fortified cereal. D. Drink more milk

C. Eat vitamin B12- fortified cereal.

Older adults doing resistance exercises to rebuild lost muscle may also need to increase their intake of what nutrient to achieve their objective? A. Calories B. Carbohydrate C. Protein D. Iron

C. Protein

Nutrients most likely to be deficient in an adolescent's diet are A. Vitamin A and folate B. Protein and vitamin C C. Zinc and phosphorus D. Iron and calcium

C. Zinc and phosphorus

Calorie needs do not increase during pregnancy until the second trimester.

True Calorie requirements do not increase until the second trimester, and even then, the increase is small: an additional 340 calories for the second trimester and an additional 452 calories in the third trimester.

Children who regularly skip breakfast have lower intakes of vitamins and minerals than children who normally eat breakfast.

True Children who regularly skip breakfast have lower intakes of vitamins and minerals than children who normally eat breakfast.

An important source of folic acid is ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.

True Fortified cereals are a significant source of folic acid. In fact, the recommended amount of folic acid could easily be exceeded with fortified cereal.