Nutrition

How is breastmilk different in terms of the immune system of the baby, as opposed to feeding a formula?

Breastfeeding boosts the baby's immune system compared to feeding a formula.Formulas doesn't contain immunoprotective factors, whereas breast milk has antibodies and lactoferrin in breast milk which protect infants.

List benefits of breastfeeding for infants.

Breastfeeding boosts the immune system and lowers the incidence of diarrhea, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal infections, and ear infections. Breastfed babies also are less likely to develop asthma and allergies, and breastfeeding lowers the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Breast milk may improve an infant's intelligence and protect against Type 1 diabetes and obesity, although research is ongoing in these areas.

List benefits of breastfeeding for mothers.

Breastfeeding reduces the risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the mother and infant. Studies have also shown that breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast and ovarian cancers

.What are the similarities between Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa?

Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa are a psychiatric illness that can have severe health consequences. Signs of these illnesses are fear of being overweight, extreme dieting, and bouts of excessive exercise. Treatment of these illnesses often involves antidepressant medications. Also treatment of these mental illnesses involves family and individuals with the disorder participating in nutritional and psychiatric counseling.

What are the similarities between Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa?

Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa are a psychiatric illness that can have severe health consequences. Signs of these illnesses are fear of being overweight, extreme dieting, and bouts of excessive exercise. Treatment of these illnesses often involves antidepressant medications. Also treatment of these mental illnesses involves family and individuals with the disorder participating in nutritional and psychiatric counseling.

What affects male fertility?

A sedentary lifestyle and a diet low in fresh fruits and vegetables may affect male fertility.

How about one pound of lettuce? now think about the amount of water wasted if you let that food go to waste..

15 gallons of water is needed to produce one pound of lettuce (

How much water does it take to produce one pound of beef?

1800 gallons of water is needed to produce one pound beef.

How is fresh water waste connected to food waste?

25 percent of freshwater used to produce food is wasted. When food is wasted, fresh water is also wasted, because freshwater is used to produce food

How much oil is wasted to produce food that is wasted?

300 million barrels of oil a year are wasted to produce food that is never eaten

How many children under the age of five die of hunger annually?

4.5 million children under the age of five die of hunger annually.

Break down where the weight gained in pregnancy comes from.

6 to 8 pounds of fetus, 1 to 2 pounds for the placenta (which supplies nutrients to the fetus and removes waste products), 2 to 3 pounds for the amniotic sac (which contains fluids that surround and cushion the fetus), 1 to 2 pounds in the breasts, 1 to 2 pounds in the uterus, 3 to 4 pounds of maternal blood, 3 to 4 pounds maternal fluids, and 8 to 10 pounds of extra maternal fat stores that will be needed for breastfeeding and delivery.

How many people in the world are undernourished?

820 million people in the world are currently undernourished. (World Hunger Environment,

How does chronic malnutrition in children in developing countries cause them to become adults that remain in poverty?

A child may not even fed properly for proper brain development, that has to happen during childhood, and will keep the child behind everyone at school. This child won't have opportunities for earning a living that would break this poverty cycle, and he remains poor because of malnutrition

What are the possible health consequences of anorexia of aging?

A condition known as the anorexia of aging is characterized by poor food intake, which results in dangerous weight loss. This major health problem among the elderly leads to a higher risk for immune deficiency, frequent falls, muscle loss, and cognitive deficits. (

What is a foodborne illness?

A disease transmitted to people through food

How often and for how long should CV endurance activities be practiced?

CV endurance activities should be practiced about thirty minutes at a time for five days per week.

Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter jejuni causes the disease campylobacteriosis. It is the most commonly identified bacterial cause of diarrhea worldwide. Consuming undercooked chicken, or food contaminated with the juices of raw chicken, is the most frequent source of this infection. Other sources include raw meat and unpasteurized milk. Within two to five days after consumption, symptoms can begin and include diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever, and bloody stools. The duration of this disease is about seven to ten days.

Explain how cancer cause develops.

Cancer is triggered by mutation in a cell's genetic material and cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. The cause of these changes may be inherited, or it may result from exposure to carcinogens, which are agents that can cause cancer.

How is Celiac Disease diagnosed? What do the diagnosis tools utilized to diagnose this disease look for? (list both diagnosis tools, and what they detect).

Celiac disease diagnosis requires a blood test and a biopsy of the small intestine. When gluten-containing foods are consumed the antibodies attack cells lining the small intestine leading to a destruction of the small vili projections. This tissue damage can be detected with a biopsy, a procedure that removes a portion of tissue from the damaged organ. Vili destruction is what causes many of the symptoms of celiac disease.

What is colostrum?

Colostrum is the milk produced immediately after birth, prior to the star of mature milk production, and lasts for two to five days after the arrival of the baby.

What are the benefits for newborns of drinking colostrum?

Colostrum is thicker than mature breast milk, and is yellowish or creamy in color. This protein-rich liquid fulfills an infant's nutrient needs during those early days. Although low in volume, colostrum is packed with concentrated nutrition for newborns. This special milk is high in fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and immunoglobulins that pass from the mother to the baby. Immunoglobulins provide passive immunity for the newborn and protect the baby from bacterial and viral disease. Colostrum also helps the baby to eliminate waste (meconium)

Who should not breastfeed their newborn?

A new mother with HIV should not breastfeed. Breastfeeding is not recommended for women undergoing radiation or chemotherapy for cancer. Additionally, if an infant is diagnosed with galactosemia, meaning an inability to process the simple sugar galactose.

What can a consumer do to reduce exposure to eating foods grow with pesticides?

Consumers can choose organic products to reduce their exposure to pesticides.

List physiological changes of the body in older adulthood, including ALL organs and their changes.

A number of physical changes take place during these senior years. For example, many older adults face serious health changes, such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, or dementia. Both men and women experience a loss of hormone production, muscle mass, and strength and undergo changes in body composition. Also, in the later years, the heart has to work harder because each pump is not as efficient as it used to be. Kidneys are not as effective in exerting metabolic products. Immune function decreases and there is lower efficiency in the absorption of vitamins and minerals.

What percentage of the U.S. adult population is overweight?

About two-thirds of all adults in the United States are overweight or obese, with 35.7 percent considered to be obese.

How many men and how many women will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime? (use the percentage shared in the textbook).

According to the American Cancer Society, half of all American men and one-third of American women will be diagnosed with some form of cancer in their lifetime.

By how many calories must a woman increase her caloric intake during pregnancy (if carrying only one baby).

According to the IOM, Pregnant women should consume an additional 340 calories per day during the second trimester, and an additional 450 calories per day during the first trimester.

How many people in the U.S. are overweight? How many are obese?

According to the National Institutes of Health, over two-third of American adults are overweight, and one in three is obese

Define the ecological footprint.

According to the United Nations, the ecological footprint - the amount of planet Earth's resources needed to support your lifestyle - is 4x larger in an industrialized country than in a developing one.

How many people in the world die of hunger?

According to the WHO, 9 million people (half of them under age five) die every year as a result of lack of food.

Based on the above article, what should parents/caregivers never do if their child is overweight/obese?

According to the article, there are three important "don'ts" that parents should follow, if their child is overweight. Parents shouldn't be discouraged. With patience and persistence, the vast majority of children who eat healthfully and are active will get to healthy weight. It may take months or years, but it will happen - as long as parents stick with it. Children shouldn't be on restrictive diets. A healthy diet with age-appropriate portions is what they should eat. Parents shouldn't make a child feel bad. Shaming never helps, and beauty never about what scale says.

relationship between obesity in childhood and obesity in adulthood? INCLUDE statistics and data.

According to the article, there is a relationship between obesity in childhood and obesity in adulthood. The research concluded that children who are overweight or obese, there is a high risk that they will be obese when they get older. Researchers conclude that an obese 2 year-old has only one in four chance of not being obese at age 35. If that 2 year-old is severely obese, the chance of being at a healthy weight at 35 is only one in five. By the time that severely obese child is 5, they have only a one in 10 chance of not being obese at 35.

Aerobic metabolism

Aerobic metabolism takes place in the mitochondria of the cell and is able to use carbohydrates, protein or fat as its fuel source. Aerobic metabolism is a much slower process than anaerobic metabolism but produces majority of the ATP.

How does agriculture decrease species diversity?

Agriculture destroys biodiversity by converting natural habitats to intensely managed systems and by releasing pollutants, including greenhouses gases.

What causes farmers in developing countries migrate to developed countries? (slide 14)

Agriculture is a financially-risky business. Richer countries give higher subsidies to their farmers. Poor countries can't compete and farmers go out of business, that's why farmers migrate to developed countries.

How are environmental degradation and hunger connected?

Air pollution causes climate change and reduced food outputs

.What is the name of the main carbohydrate found in human milk?

Almost all of the carbohydrate in human milk is lactose.

How does the intake of protein for the average individual compare to the amount of protein an athlete consumes?

Although protein accounts for only about 5% energy expended, dietary protein helps muscles with maintenance, growth, and repair. Thus, protein intake for athletes should be slightly higher than the average individual.

What are the fluid recommendations for women AND men for young adults?

An adequate intake of fluids for men is 3.7 liters per day, both food and liquids. The AI for women is 2.7 liters per day, from food and liquids,

Explain anaerobic metabolism and which nutrient it uses for energy.

Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the cytosol of the muscle cells, and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is produced in the cytosol without the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic metabolism uses glucose as its only source of fuel and produces pyruvate and lactic acid.

How common is toddler obesity in the U.S.

Another potential problem during the early childhood years is toddler obesity. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, in the past thirty years, obesity rates have more than doubled for all children.

When will the body start using more fat for energy during exercise

As low low to moderate intensity exercise continues using aerobic metabolism, fatty acids become the primary fuel source for the exercising muscles.

What is aspiration?

Aspiration occurs when food flows into the respiratory system.

Why does an increase in exercise increase calories burned during basal metabolism?

Because foods consumed in the diet are used to provide the body with enough energy to fuel an activity regardless of the intensity activity. Thus, the more we exercise, we need more calories, because the body will use calories to support physical activity

To become a dietitian, what steps would you have to take?

Becoming a RD requires a Bachelor's or Master's degree in dietetics from an accredited program, including courses in biology, chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, anatomy and physiology, nutrition, and food service management. People who pursue this path must complete a dietetic internship and pass a national exam. To become a dietetic technician one must complete an undergraduate dietetic program and pass a national exam

Cryptosporidium

Cryptosporidium lives in the intestines of infected animals. Another common source is drinking water, when heavy rains wash animal wastes into reservoirs. One major problem with this pathogen is that it is extremely resistant to disinfection with chlorine. Cryptosporidium causes the disease cryptosporidiosis, with symptoms that begin one to twelve days after exposure and include watery stools, loss of appetite, vomiting, a low-grade fever, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. For HIV/AIDS patients and others with weakened immune systems, the disease can be severe, and sometimes can lead to death.

Explain the Cycle of Poverty in detail, in your own words.

Cycle of Poverty is when poor families get trapped in poverty which is difficult to break out, only way they can break out from this poverty is when they have outside intervention. Poor families could be in the poverty trap because they were born in poor families, poor countries, or lack of education.

Explain the DASH Include details such as benefits to health and tips to follow the diet. Does this diet sound healthy?.

DASH diet focuses on reducing sodium intake to either 2300 mg per day or 1500 mg per day for certain populations. The DASH diet is an evidence-based eating plan that can help reduce high blood pressure, and may also decrease risk of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, osteoporosis, and certain cancers. DASH tips to lower sodium include using spices instead of salt, choosing low-sodium options, removing some sodium from canned foods, rinsing the product. And also avoiding salt when cooking

.What are the possible health consequences of decreased sense of smell and sense of taste after age 60?

Decreased sense of smell and sense of taste can affect digestion because the taste and smell of food stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and pancreas

What dietary choices may prevent macular degeneration?

Diet may help to prevent macular degeneration. Consuming colorful fruits and vegetables increases the intake of lutein and zeaxanthin. Several studies have shown that these antioxidants provide protection for the eyes. Lutein and zeaxanthin are found in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale, and collard greens, and also corn, peaches, squash, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, orange juice, and honeydew melon

. When should babies begin to eat peanut butter?

Doctors now advise parents of children with a significant family history of allergies to introduce peanut protein between 4-6 months of age after the infant has begun eating other solid foods.

.Why do older adults require less calories?

Due to reductions in lean body mass and metabolic rate, older adults require less energy than younger adults

Explain NTDs (Neural Tube Defects), including Spina Bifida. Include: how are they caused, HOW can they be prevented, WHEN does the neural tube closes? How many babies in the U.S. are born with NTDs?

During the first eight weeks of pregnancy the neural tube closes. The neural tube develops into the fetus's brain and spinal cord, and adequate folate reduces the risk of brain abnormalities and neural tube defects, which occur in one in a thousand pregnancies in North America each year. This vital nutrient also supports the spinal cord and its protective coverings. Inadequate folic acid can result in birth defects, such as spina bifida, which is the failure of the spinal column to close.

.What is dysphagia?

Dysphagia is the ability to swallow. Some older adults have difficulty getting adequate nutrition because of the disorder dysphagia. Any damage to the parts of the brain that control swallowing can result in dysphagia, therefore stroke is a common cause of dysphagia.

How much garbage ends up in our lakes/rivers daily?

Each day, people dump 2 million tons of waste into the world's rivers, lakes.

Which disease is mostly associated with eating foods grown with the use of pesticides?

Eating foods grown with pesticides could lead to certain health problems and complications, including cancer. Also, infants and young children are more susceptible to the hazards of pesticides.

How does eating lower on the food chain help your health?

Eating lower on the food chain benefits our health by: Decreasing the amount of meat consumed Decreasing risk of CVD Decreasing risk of several cancers Increasing fruits and vegetables intake

How does eating lower on the food chain help your planet's health?

Eating lower on the food chain help environment by: Lowering your carbon footprint Polluting less fresh water Polluting less air Utilizing less fossil fuels

When should Emergency Food Aid used?

Emergency food aid should only be used in emergencies such as a tsunami, earthquake or a war causing refugee camps to be established.

What is the difference between hunger and famine?

Famine is malnutrition and starvation is a particular area because of food , usually by drought, flood, earthquake, war, or other catastrophic event that disrupts food production and distribution. Hunger is a chronic, daily event directly caused by a lack of food.

What is F.A.S.?

Fetal alcohol syndrome (14.2.6)

.List the five foods that account for 50% of all vegetable intake in middle age.

Five foods - iceberg lettuce, frozen potatoes, fresh potatoes, potato chips, and canned tomatoes - account for over half of all vegetable intake.

Food infection.

Food infections are caused from food contaminated by microorganisms, such as bacteria, by microscopic animals called parasites, or by viruses.

Food intoxication.

Food intoxications are caused by natural toxins or harmful chemicals. These and other unspecified agents are major contributors to episodes of acute gastroenteritis and other kinds of foodborne illness.

Food irradiation (the application of ionizing radiation to food)

Food irradiation (the application of ionizing radiation to food) is a technology that improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects.

What methods were used to preserve food before refrigeration was invented?

Food preservation consisted mostly of drying, salting, and smoking. Pickling, which is also known as brining or corning, was another common practice and involved the use of fermentation to preserve food

What are the cons of food processing?

Food processing has a number of important benefits, such as creating products that have a much longer shelf life than raw foods, Also, food processing protects the health of the consumer and allows for easier shipment and the marketing of foods by corporations.

Parasitic protozoa

Food-contaminating parasitic protozoa are microscopic organisms that may be spread in food and water. Several of these creatures pose major problems to food production worldwide. They include Anisakis, microscopic worms that invade the stomach or the intestines. Sources of this parasite include raw fish. This parasite can result in the Anisakis infection, with symptoms that begin within a day or less and include abdominal pain, which can be severe.

Describe the two different groups of foodborne illnesses.

Foodborne illnesses are either infectious or toxic in nature.

List the foods that contain the most pesticides in food.

Foods that contain the highest levels of pesticide residue include conventionally-grown peaches, apples, bell peppers, celery, nectarines, strawberries, cherries, pears, spinach, lettuce, and potatoes.

List the foods that contain the lowest levels of pesticides in food.

Foods that contain the lowest levels of pesticide residue include avocados, pineapple, bananas, mangoes, asparagus, cabbage and broccoli.

What BMIs are considered overweight AND obese?

For adults, a BMI above 25 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 of higher is obese

What is the most appropriate and adequate food for a newborn?

For almost all infants six months or younger, breast milk is the best food.

What micronutrient intake recommendations change during middle age?

For men, the recommendation for magnesium increases to 420 milligrams daily, while middle-aged women should increase their intake of magnesium to 320 milligrams per day. Other key vitamins needed during the middle-aged years include folate and vitamins B6 and B12 to prevent elevation of homocysteine, a byproduct of metabolism that can damage arterial walls and lead to atherosclerosis, a cardiovascular condition.

What are the differences between hind-milk and foremilk?

Foremilk (the milk comes at the beginning of a feeding) tends to be lower in fat. Hind-milk comes towards the end of a feeding containing higher levels of fat, which the baby to feel satisfied and full. Combined these two types of milk ensure that a baby receives adequate nutrients to grow and develop properly.

Cholera

Found in raw oysters and other kinds of seafood, Vibrio vulnificus belongs to the same family as the bacteria which cause cholera. This food contaminant can result in the Vibrio infection. Symptoms can begin anywhere from six hours to a few days after consumption, and include chills, fever, nausea, and vomiting. This disease is very dangerous and can result in fatalities, especially in people with underlying health problems.

Describe GERD. Include within your description the causes, symptoms, statistics, foods that increase the risk of symptoms, and methods for treatment.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a persistent form of acid reflux that occurs more than two times per week. It is estimated that GERD affects 25 to 35 percent of the US population. The most common GERD symptom is heartburn, but people with GERD may also experience regurgitation (flow of the stomach's acidic contents into the mouth), frequent coughing and trouble swallowing. Chocolate, garlic, spicy foods, fried foods, and tomato-based foods worsen the symptoms. Also, drinks containing alcohol or caffeine may also worsen GERD symptoms. The first approach to GERD treatment is dietary and lifestyle modifications. Suggestions are to reduce weight if you are overweight or obese, avoid foods that worsen GERD symptoms, eat smaller meals, stop smoking and remain upright for at least three hours after a meal.

What is the correct pattern of weight gain during pregnancy? (first few weeks, and on until the end of the pregnancy).

Generally, women gain 2 to 5 pounds in the first trimester. After that, it is best not to gain more than one pound per week.

What is Gestational Diabetes?

Gestational Diabetes is when the body becomes resistant to the hormone insulin, which enables cells to transport glucose from the blood. Signs and symptoms include extreme hunger, thirst, or fatigue. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after childbirth, although women who experience this condition are more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes later in life.

Explain the difference between GD Gestational Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes.

Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy for some women, and is characterized by high blood-glucose levels and insulin resistance. The exact cause is not known but does involve the effects of pregnancy hormones on how cells respond to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is defined as a metabolic disease of insulin insufficiency, but it is also caused by muscle, liver, and fat cells no longer responding to the insulin in the body.

Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia is another parasite that is found in contaminated drinking water. In addition, it lives in the intestinal tracts of animals, and can wash into surface water and reservoirs, similar to Cryptosporidium. Giardia causes giardiasis, with symptoms that include abdominal cramping and diarrhea within one to three days. Although most people recover within one to two weeks, the disease can lead to a chronic condition, especially in people with compromised immune systems.

How are longevity (the length of your life) and nutrition related?

Good nutrition and regular physical activity can help you live longer and healthier lives. Conversely, poor nutrition and a lack of physical activity can shorten your life and lead to medical problems. The right foods provide numerous benefits at every stage of life. They help an infant grow, an adolescent develop mentally and physically, a young adult achieve his or her physical peak, and an older adult cope with aging.

List the dietary practices and recommendations to prevent disease in later years. And explain WHY those practices are recommended.

Healthy eating in general - such as eating unrefined carbohydrates instead of refined carbohydrates and avoiding trans fats and saturated fats - helps to promote wellness. Middle age people also can target specific concerns. For example, they can consume foods high in antioxidants, such as strawberries, blueberries, and other colorful fruits and vegetables, to reduce the risk of cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, some studies suggest that a phytochemical found in watermelons and tomatoes called lycopene may protect against stomach, lung, and prostate cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids can help to prevent coronary artery disease.

Explain the food-contaminant virus Hepatitis A. INCLUDE: sources; onset of symptoms, is it fatal?

Hepatitis A is one of more well-known food-contaminating viruses. Sources include raw shellfish from polluted water, and food handled by an infected person. This virus can go undetected for weeks and, on average, symptoms do not appear until about one month after exposure. This virus is also fatal. At first, symptoms include malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Three to ten days later, it could lead to jaundice and darkened urine, and also in severe cases can result in liver damage and death.

What is an alternative to using weights to increase muscle strength?

Homemade weights, such as plastic bottles filled with sand, can work as well. We can also use our own body weight and do push-ups, leg squats, abdominal crunches.

Which foods should never be given to an infant?

Honey, cow's milk, syrups, sugars, artificial sweeteners, and Sugar sweetened beverages should never be given to infants until the baby is 12 months old. Vegetables, high in Nitrates, such as spinach, beets, carrots, collard greens, and turnips should not be fed to infants less than 6 months of age. Also raw and partially cooked meat, fish, or poultry shouldn't be given to infants,

29. Which hormones during pregnancy prepare a woman to produce milk when baby is born?

Hormones play a major role in preparing the woman's body to breastfeed, particularly during the second and third trimesters. At that point, levels of the hormone prolactin increase to stimulate the growth of the milk duct system, which initiates and maintains milk production. Also during pregnancy, progesterone stimulates growth of the alveoli, the clusters of cells where the milk is made.

What are the dangers to the fetus of suffering from hypertension during pregnancy?

Hypertension can prevent the placenta from getting enough blood, which would result in the baby getting less oxygen and nutrients.

Which differences between breast milk and formula did you not know about?

I didn't know that feces that breastfeed babies produce do not smell, but the feces that bottle-fed infants produce tend to have a foul-smelling odor.

What are the health benefits associated with Intuitive Eating?

Intuitive Eating is a non-diet approach to eating that promotes a connection to body cues of hunger and fullness and the selection of foods based on both pleasure and nutrient density. Intuitive Eating is able to stabilize weight and help to prevent future weight gain, and also helps to improve blood pressure and cholesterol intake and dietary intake.

What are the consequences of iron-deficiency anemia in a toddler

Iron deficiency anemia causes a number of problems including weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and irritability. It can also result in intellectual, behavioral, or motor problems.

Why is food irradiated?

Irradiation can serve many purposes. Prevention of Foodborne illness. Preservation - to destroy or inactive organisms that cause spoilage and decomposition and extend shelf life. Control of inspects. Delay of sprouting and Ripening Sterilization - irradiation can be used to sterilize foods, which can then be stored for years without refrigeration.

Describe IBS in detail (as you did with GERD).

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by muscle spasm in the colon that results in abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea. It is estimated that one in five Americans displays symptoms of IBS. The disorder is more prevalent in women than men. Large meals and foods high in fat and added sugars, or those that contain wheat, rye, barley, peppermint, and chocolate intensify or bring about symptoms of IBS. The first treatment of approaches for IBS are diet and lifestyle modifications. Also, eating slower, adding more fiber to the diet, drink more water, and exercising helps with IBS.

How long does it take for a food allergy to cause a reaction?

It could take a few minutes to two hours after consuming food.

How is lack of education linked to poverty?

Lack of education is directly linked to poverty, because females in the developing world are provided less opportunities to attend school, thus this gender inequality reduces productivity and earning capacity to families, communities and entire countries, which directly increases vulnerability to poverty and hunger.

How common is lactose intolerance in infants?

Lactose intolerance is practically nonexistent in infants.

Poisonous Mushrooms

Like molds, mushrooms are fungi and the poisonous kind produces mycotoxins that can cause food intoxication. Toxic mushrooms, also known as toadstools, can cause severe vomiting and other symptoms. However, only a few varieties are fatal. Toxic mushrooms cannot be made safe by cooking, freezing, canning, or processing. The only way to avoid food intoxication is to refrain from eating them. Mushroom guides can help wild gatherers distinguish between the edible and toxic kinds

What is a low birth weight baby?

Low birth weight baby is 5.5 pounds or 2500 grams.

Medical foods

Medical foods are designed for enteric administration under the guidance of a medical professional. (During enteric administration, food is treated so that it goes through the stomach undigested. Instead, the food is broken down in the intestines only.) Medical foods are created to meet very specific nutritional requirements. Examples of medical foods include liquid formulas for people with kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes, or other health issues. Medical food is also given to comatose patients through a gastronomy tube because they cannot eat by mouth.

List the mental benefits of following an exercise program regularly.

Mental benefits are 1.Mood improvement 2.Reduced risk of depression, or limited symptoms of it 3.Cognitive skills retention 4.Better sleep

Explain the "Three Sisters".

Mesoamerican farmers cultivated three major plants - squash, beans, and maize (also known as corn). Known as the "three sisters," these crops proved to be both complementary and sustainable.

Explain contamination of methyl mercury in foods. What foods contain this contaminant most often? What populations are at higher risk? What long-term symptoms may a person acquire?

Methyl mercury occurs naturally in the environment and is also produced by human activities. This highly toxic chemical can cause mercury poisoning, which leads to developmental problems in children, as well as autoimmune effects. Long term symptoms are damage to hearing and speech, and ataxia, which is lack of muscle coordination.

What years are considered middle age?

Middle age is defined as the period from age thirty-one to fifty.

Which foods cause most food allergies?

Milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, wheat and soy could cause food allergies.

Which risk factors are modifiable to decrease your risk of developing CV disease?

Modifiable Risk factors Cigarette smoking. Nicotine constricts blood vessels, and carbon monoxide damages their lining, which increases the risk of atherosclerosis Obesity. Excess weight worsens other risk factors. Diabetes. This condition is associated with an increased risk of heart disease. Physical inactivity. Lack of exercise is associated with heart disease. Cholesterol levels. High levels of blood cholesterol can increase the risk. (

List the steps to reducing cancer risk (these are modifiable).

Modifiable risk factors of cancer are Tobacco. Smoking or chewing tobacco greatly increases the risk for certain cancers, including cancer of the lungs, bladder, cervix, kidneys, mouth, and pancreas. Alcohol. Drinking alcohol is linked to cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and breast, as well as to cancers of the neck and head. Obesity. Linked to cancer of the colon, uterus, pancreas. Cooking techniques. Grilling, smoking, and preparing meat at high temperatures forms carcinogens. Red meat and cured meats. The risk of colon cancer seems to increase with the consumption of red meat and processed meat. Physical inactivity. Linked to colon, breast, and other cancers. Exposure to chemicals. People who have jobs that expose them to chemicals on a regular basis, such as construction workers and painters, have an increased risk of cancer Viruses or bacteria. Certain viruses or bacteria may increase the risk of developing cancer.

Modified foods

Modified foods have been fortified, enriched, or enhanced with additional nutrients or bioactive compounds. Foods are modified using biotechnology to improve their nutritional value and health attributes. Examples of modified foods include calcium-fortified orange juice, breads enriched with B vitamins, iodized salt, cereals fortified with vitamins and minerals, margarine enhanced with plant sterols, and energy drinks that have been enriched with herbs (ginseng or guarana) or amino acids (taurine). It is important to consider that the health claims of some modified foods may be debatable, or entirely fraudulent. Check with a health professional regarding the effects of modified foods on your health.

15. How much caffeine can bet consumed during pregnancy?

Most experts agree that about one 8-ounce cup of coffee a day or less caffeine each day is safe, but that amount should not be exceeded.

What does muscle strength involve?

Muscle strength involves the use of resistance machines, resistance bands, free weights, or other tools

What percentage of the workforce in developing countries are involved in agriculture?

Nearly 50 percent of the world's labor is employed in agriculture.

Does the size of a woman's breast changes the amount of milk she will produce?

No, most mothers can make enough milk for their babies whether they have small or large breasts.

Is there one activity (type of exercise) that will develop all four elements of physical fitness?

No, some forms of exercise confer multiple benefits, which can help to balance the different elements of physical fitness. However, addressing fitness standards in all four categories generally requires incorporating a range of activities into regular routine.

Explain norovirus

Norovirus is also known as the Norwalk-like virus, or the calicivirus. Sources include raw shellfish from polluted water, salads, sandwiches, and other ready-to-eat foods handled by an infected person. The norovirus causes gastroenteritis and within one to three days it leads to symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, and a low-grade fever.

What ages are considered to be "older adulthood"?

Older adulthood is the period from age fifty-one until the end of life.

How much of our daily total energy expenditure is BMR?

On average, BMR accounts for between 50 and 70 percent of a person's daily energy expenditure.

How many people suffer from Alzheimer's Disease (show statistics).

One in eight people over age sixty-four and almost half of people over eighty-five suffer from the brain disorder Alzheimer's disease.

What is BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)?

One measurement of metabolic fitness is basal metabolic rate, or BMR, which is a measurement of the amount of energy required for the to maintain its basic functions while at rest, such as breathing, heart beats, liver and kidney function, and so on.

How many pounds of grain are needed to produce one pound of beef?

One pound of beef requires about 8 pounds of grain to produce

How much food each year is wasted?

One-third of total annual food produced in the world is lost to spoilage and home food waste.

How much water in the planet is fit for human consumption?

Only 3% of our planet's water is freshwater. Out of that 3%, only 1.2% can be used as drinking water, and water to grow food

Exclusive Breastfeeding refers to a baby being fed ONLY breastmilk from their mothers. How many children in the U.S. are exclusively breastfed at 6 months of age?

Only about 25 percent of infants in the United States are exclusively breastfed at 6 months of age.

Explain PCB. Where are these pollutants found? What health effects can they have in our bodies?

PCB, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are man-made organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine. Higher concentrations of PCB contaminant are found in predatory fish. Health effects include complications in physical and neurological development in children, and this compound is potentially a carcinogen. PCB contamination also can affect the immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems.

Why should parents avoid putting babies to bed with a bottle?

Parents should avoid putting their children to bed with a bottle because it can cause early childhood caries.

How much lower is the risk of early death for individuals that exercise around 7 hours a week?`

People who are active around 7 hours a week lower the risk of early death.

What is Binge-eating Disorder?

People who have a binge-eating disorder can't control what they are eating, they overeat to extremes. As a result, people with disorder are often overweight or obese.

Who should follow a gluten-free diet? What percent of the population have Celiac Disease?

People whose bodies cannot tolerate gluten, should follow a gluten-free diet. This diet is prescribed for patients with gluten intolerance and celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder with a genetic link. Celiac disease is a relatively rare condition found in only 1 percent of the population.

Pesticides

Pesticides are important in food production to control diseases, insects, and other pests. They protect crops and ensure a large yield.

23. List the physical benefits of regular exercise.

Physical benefits of regular exercise are: Longer life. Healthier weight Cardiovascular disease prevention Management of chronic condition Energy boost Strong bones

List the physical benefits of regular exercise.

Physical benefits of regular exercise are: Longer life. Healthier weight Cardiovascular disease prevention Management of chronic condition Energy boost Strong bones

What are the possible consequences of not gaining sufficient weight?

Poor weight gain, especially in the second and third trimesters, could result not only in low birth weight, but also infant mortality and intellectual disabilities

What is the primary cause of hunger in the world?

Poverty is a leading cause of hunger

Why is practicing CV endurance weekly important?

Practicing CV improves your circulatory system. It boosts the ability to supply the body's cells with oxygen and nutrients, and remove carbon dioxide and metabolic waste.

Up to how much alcohol is recommended a woman can drink during pregnancy?

Pregnant women should avoid drinking alcohol.

Which fish should women avoid during pregnancy and WHY?

Pregnant women should avoid fish with very high methylmercury levels, such as shark, swordfish, tilefish, and king mackerel. Pregnant women should also avoid consuming raw fish and shellfish to avoid foodborne illness.

How much weight should a woman gain during pregnancy?

Pregnant women should gain between 25 and 35 pounds.

Explain the Female Athlete Triad in detail.

RED-S consequences that occur from an energy intake deficiency for female athletes are menstrual dysfunction and decreased bone density. These symptoms of RED-S can create hormonal imbalances that are called Female Athlete Triad.

List the recommendations to decrease the severity of symptoms of menopause.

Recommendations for women experiencing menopause or perimenopause include: Consuming a variety of whole grains, and other nutrient-dense foods Maintaining a diet high in fiber, low in fat, and low in sodium Avoiding caffeine, spicy foods, and alcohol to prevent hot flashes Eating foods rich in calcium, or taking physician-prescribed calcium supplements and vitamin D Doing stretching exercises to improve balance and flexibility and reduce the risk of falls and fractures.

Explain salmonellosis. INCLUDE: which foods carry it, symptoms, and length of illness.

Salmonella is found in the intestines of birds, reptiles, and mammals. Salmonella can spread to humans via a variety of different animal-origin foods, including meats, poultry, eggs, dairy products, and seafood. The disease it causes, salmonellosis, typically brings about fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps within twelve to seventy-two hours after eating. Usually the illness lasts four-to seven days, and most people recover without treatment. If a person has a weakened immune system it can lead to life-threatening complications, such as high fever and severe diarrhea.

Which fats should be avoided in an infant's diet and why?

Saturated fats and trans fatty acids should be avoided.

When do the hormones made by the placenta develop to make a mother fit to breastfeed?

Shortly after birth, the expulsion of the placenta triggers progesterone levels to fall, which activates lactation.

Define sustainable agriculture.

Sustainable agriculture can best be described as an umbrella term that encopasses food production and consumption practices that do not harm the environment, that do support agriculture communities, and that are healthy for the consumer

What are symptoms of food allergies?

Symptoms of food allergies can range from the annoying to the potentially fatal, and symptoms are a tingling mouth, swelling tongue and/or throat, difficulty breathing, hives, stomach cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, drop in blood pressure, loss of consciousness, and death.

Explain what specific environment microorganisms require to survive and thrive.

Temperature. Between 40F and 140F, which is called a danger zone, bacteria grow rapidly. More than 2 hours in the danger zone. High moisture content is helpful Most microorganisms need oxygen to grow and multiply, but a few are anaerobic and do not. Foods that have a low level of acidity (or a high pH level) provide an ideal environment, since most microorganisms grow best around pH 7.0 and not many will grow below pH 4.0. Examples of higher pH foods include egg, meat, seafood, milk and corn. Low pH foods include citrus fruit, sauerkraut, tomatoes, and pineapples, Microorganisms need protein, starch, sugars, fats and other compounds to grow.

.What nutrient recommendations remain the same as young adulthood?

The AMDRs for carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, and fluids remain the same from young adulthood into middle age

What does the Affordable Care Act require employers to do to help a woman that has gone back to work but still breastfeeding her child?

The Affordable Care Act required most employers to provide accommodations within the workplace for new mothers to pump breast milk.

How do you know if you are purchasing irradiated food?

The FDA requires that irradiated foods bear the international symbol for irradiation. If food is irradiated, there will be a Radura symbol along with the statement "Treated with radiation" or "Treated by irradiation" on the food label.

When do they say to stop breastfeeding a child?

The WHO recommends that breastfeeding continue up to 2 years of age or beyond.

When does a fetus develop the ability to coordinate sucking and swallowing?

The ability to coordinate sucking and swallowing is not present until 32-34 weeks, and matures around 36-38 weeks.

bacterium Clostridium botulinum

The bacterium Clostridium botulinum causes botulism. Sources include improperly canned foods, lunch meats, and garlic. An infected person may experience symptoms within four to thirty-six hours after eating. Symptoms could include nerve dysfunction, such as double vision, inability to swallow, speech difficulty, and progressive paralysis of the respiratory system. Botulism can also be fatal.

Explain listeriosis. INCLUDE: what causes it; in which foods can be found; and at-risk

The bacterium that causes listeriosis is listeria monocytogenes which is found in soft cheeses, unpasteurized milk, meat and seafood. Listeriosis can bring about fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Listeria monocytogenes mostly affects pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and people with cancer and compromised immune systems.

How many calories does a woman burn daily when breastfeeding?.

The daily caloric cost for a lactating mother is 500 calories, with 330 calories derived from increased intake and 170 calories derived from maternal fat stores

List all differences in a person's body between early and late middle age.

The early period of middle age is very different from the late period of middle age. For example, during early years of middle age, many women experience pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation. In the latter part of this stage, women face perimenopause, which is a transition period that leads up to menopause, at the end of menstruation. A number of physical changes take place in the middle-aged years, including the loss of bone mass in women due to dropping levels of estrogen during menopause. In both women and men, visual activity declines, and by age forty there can be a decreased ability to see objects at a close distance, a condition known as presbyopia.

How many calories should a toddler eat a day

The energy requirements for ages two to three are about 1000 to 1400 calories a day

What are the caloric recommendations for older adults?

The energy requirements for people ages fifty-one and over are 1600 to 2200 calories for women and 2000 to 2800 calories for men, depending on activity level.

What is the Fat-Burning Zone?

The fat-burning zone is a low intensity aerobic activity that keeps your heart rate between 60 and 69% of your maximum heart rate

Which risk factors and markers are not connected to body weight, and may tell us much more about a person's health status than body weight does?

The following are measurable risk factors and markers of health that are not connected to body weight. Biomarkers: blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides Regular movement/activity/exercise Stress and inflammation Hormone balance Mental health status Sleep Quality of life Connection to the community Spiritual health Occupational health

Explain E-coli: INCLUDE: common foods that carry it; symptoms; and most at-risk populations. Is it fatal?

The food infection by Esccherichia coli is found in raw and undercooked meat, raw vegetables, unpasteurized milk, minimally processed ciders and juices, and contaminated drinking water. Symptoms can occur a few days after eating, and include watery and bloody diarrhea, severe stomach cramps, and dehydration. More severe complications may include colitis, neurological symptoms, stroke, and hemolytic urenic syndrome. It is fatal, in young children, an E.coli infection can cause kidney failure and death.

shigellosis is caused by Shigella

The food infection shigellosis is caused by Shigella, of which there are several types. Sources include undercooked liquid or moist food that has been handled by an infected person. The onset of symptoms occurs one to seven days after eating, and can include stomach cramps, diarrhea, fever, and vomiting. Another common symptom is blood, pus, or mucus in stool. Once a person has had shigellosis, the individual is not likely to get infected with that specific type again for at least several years. However, they can still become infected with other types of Shigella.

.What health conditions are associated with menopause?

The hormonal changes that occur during menopause can lead to a number of physiological changes as well, including alterations in body composition, such as weight gain in the abdominal area. Bone loss is another common condition related to menopause due to loss of female reproductive hormones. Bone thinning increases the risk of fractures, which can affect mobility and the ability to complete everyday tasks, such as cooking, bathing and dressing.

List other differences between breast milk and formula

The iron in breastmilk is absorbed more easily, but not in formula. The feces that breastfeed babies produce do not smell, but the feces that bottle-fed infants produce tend to have a foul-smelling odor. Breast milk is always available and at the correct temperature, whereas formula must be prepared. Breast milk is almost free, but formula is expensive. Breastfeed infants are less likely to have constipation, but bottle-fed infants are more likely to have constipation

Which mold is associated with liver cancer?

The most dangerous mycotoxins are aflatoxins, which are produced by strains of fungi called Aspergillus under certain temperature and humidity conditions. Possible complications of this mold include liver failure, liver cancer, and even death.

Explain the infection toxoplasmosis.

The parasite toxoplasma gondii causes the infection toxoplasmosis, which is the leading cause of death attributed to foodborne illness in the US. The body's immune system keeps the parasite from causing disease. Sources include raw or undercooked meat and unwashed fruits and vegetables. Handlish the feces of cat with an acute infection can also lead to the disease.

Compare practices of sustainable agriculture, vs conventional agriculture.

The practice of sustainable agriculture strives to eschew conventional farming methods, including the cultivation of single crops and row crops continuously over many seasons, the dependency on agribusiness, and rearing of livestock in concentrated, confined systems. Instead sustainability includes a focus on biodiversity among both crops and livestock; conservation and preservation to replenish the soil, air, and water; and fair treatment and wages for farm workers.

List ALL the different micronutrient recommendations in older adulthood.

The recommendations for calcium increase to 1200 milligrams per day for both men and women to slow bone loss. Also to help protect bones, vitamin D recommendations increase to 10-15 micrograms per day for men and women. Vitamin B6 recommendations rise to 1.7 milligrams per day for older men and 1.5 milligrams per day for older women to help lower levels of homocysteine and protect against cardiovascular disease. Older adults need more B12 than younger adults, and require an intake of 2.4 micrograms per day. For elderly women iron recommendations decrease to 8 milligrams per day.

How many grams of carbohydrates should a woman consume during pregnancy?

The recommended daily allowance for carbohydrates is 175 to 265 grams per day.

31. What changes can middle-aged adults implement to increase their longevity

There are a number of changes middle-aged adults can implement, even after years of unhealthy choices. Choice include eating more dark, green, leafy vegetables, substituting high-fat proteins with lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and nuts, and engaging in moderate physical activity for thirty minutes per day, several days a week. The resulting improvements in body composition will go a long way toward providing greater protection against falls and fractures. (15.4.4)

What are the four elements of physical fitness?

There are four essential elements of physical fitness: cardiorespiratory, muscular strength, flexibility, and maintaining a healthful body composition. Cardiorespiratory endurance is aerobic training which involves activities that increase heart rate and breathing such as walking, jogging, or biking. Muscle strength is developed and maintained by weight or resistance training that often is called anaerobic exercise. Anaerobic exercise consists of short duration, high intensity movements that rely on immediately available energy sources and require little or no oxygen during the activity. Strength training is using resistance machines, resistance bands, free weights, or other tools. Flexibility is the range of motion available to your joints. Body composition is the range of fat and fat-free mass which includes bones, muscles, and organs in your body.

How is food irradiated?

There are three sources of radiation approved for use on foods Gamma rays are emitted from radioactive forms of the element cobalt (Cobalt 60) or of the element cesium (Cesium 137). Gamma radiation is used routinely to sterilize medical, dental, and household products and is also used for the radiation treatment of cancer. X-rays are produced by reflecting a high-energy stream of electrons off a target substance (usually one of the heavy metals) into food. X-rays are also widely used in medicine and industry to produce images of internal structures. Electron beam (or e-beam) is similar to X-rays and is a stream of high-energy electrons propelled from an electron accelerator into food.

What are the three components of daily Energy Expenditure?

Thermic effect of food, physical activity and basal metabolism

Do athletes consuming sufficient calories need protein supplements?

They are recommended to receive calories from foods first, and do not need special foods, protein shakes, or supplements.

What are the pros and cons of the Mediterranean diet?

This diet features food from plant sources, including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, breads, and potatoes, and olive oil. It also limits the consumption of processed foods and recommends eating locally grown foods rich in micronutrients and antioxidants. The medeterian diet does not cut fat consumption across the board. Instead, it corporates low-fat cheese and dairy products, and it substitutes olive oil, canola oil, and other healthy oils for butter and margarine.

What is the point of carbohydrate loading, and which athletes actually benefit from it?

To avoid the "hitting the wall" or "bonking" endurance athletes load up on carbohydrates for a few days before the event, known as carbohydrate loading. This will maximize an athlete's amount of glycogen stored in their liver and muscle tissue. "Hitting the wall" or "bonking" refers to the extreme fatigue that sets in after about 120 minutes of performing an endurance sport, such as marathon running or long distance cycling.

What increases your risk of developing hypertension?

Unmodifiable risk factors of hypertension are age, race, and family history. Modifiable risk factors of hypertension are weight, sodium consumption, alcohol and diet. In addition to salt and alcohol consumption, other dietary factors increase chances of developing hypertension.

Explain how the length (duration) of physical activity changes the type of energy (nutrient/s) the body uses during the activity.

Up tp 30 seconds, anaerobic pathways use glucose. After two-three minutes of exercise, the body uses aerobic metabolism, and fatty acids become the primary source for the exercising muscles. Although protein is not considered a major energy source, small amounts of amino acids are used while resting or doing activity.

Viruses

Viruses are another type of pathogen that can lead to food infections, however they are less predominant than bacteria. Viruses differ from bacteria in that they cannot grow and reproduce in foods. Instead, viruses that cause human diseases can only reproduce inside human cells.

For how long does the World Health Organization recommend that babies are breastfed?

WHO recommends that breastfeeding is exclusive for the first six months of an infant's life.

What are symptoms of Orthorexia Nervosa?

Warning signs and symptoms of orthorexia nervosa: Compulsive checking of ingredients lists and nutritional labels An increased concern about the health ingredients Cutting out an increasing number of food groups such as all sugars, all carbohydrates, all dairy or animal products An inability to eat anything but a narrow group of foods that are deemed "healthy" or pure Unusual interest in health of what others eating Spending hours per day thinking about what food might be served at upcoming events Showing high levels of distress when "safe" or "healthy" foods are not available Obsessive following of food and "healthy lifestyle" blogs on social media Body image concerns may or may not present. (

How is global warming and environmental degradation linked to poverty?

Water contamination and lack of rainfall reduces availability to grow food, which can lead people vulnerable to hunger.

How are food allergies connected to the immune system?

When someone has a food allergy, the immune system mistakenly attacks a certain kind of food such as peanuts, as if it were a threat and lgE antibodies

.What is menopause?

Women begin the process of menopause, typically in their late forties or early fifties. The ovaries slowly cease to produce estrogen and progesterone, which results in the end of menstruation. Menopausal symptoms can vary, but often include hot flashes, night sweats, and mood changes.

.What ages are considered to be those of "young adulthood"?

Young adulthood is the period from ages nineteen to thirty.

Who is most likely to suffer from foodborne illnesses?

Young children, elderly people, and pregnant women all have higher chances of becoming sick, after consuming contaminated food. Also, people with compromised immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, immunosuppressive medications, and long-term steroid use for asthma or arthritis. People who have diabetics, cancer patients, liver disease are also at risk.

List and breakdown by gender energy AND macronutrient requirements for young adults.

Young men typically have higher nutrient needs than young women. The energy requirements for women if they are not pregnant or breastfeeding are 1800 to 2400 calories, and 2400 to 3000 calories for men, depending on activity level. The AMDR for carbohydrates is 45 to 65 percent of daily calories. THe AMDR for protein is 10-35 percent of total calories. All adults should limit total fat to 20-35 percent of their daily calories and keep saturated fatty acids to less than 10 percent of total calories by replacing them with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Functional foods (4 types)

conventional foods, modified foods, medical foods, and special dietary use foods.[2]

What is hyponatremia?

f water is replenished without sodium, the sodium already in the body will become diluted. These low levels of sodium in the blood will cause a condition known as hyponatremia.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

in order for these nutrients to be used as fuel for the body, their energy must be transferred into the high energy molecule known as Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the body's immediate fuel source of energy that can be generated either with the presences of oxygen known as aerobic metabolism or without the presence of oxygen by anaerobic metabolism.

conventional foods

represents the simplest form of functional foods. They are whole foods that have not been modified. Examples include whole fruits and vegetables (which are abundant in phytochemicals and antioxidants), yogurt and kefir (which contain natural probiotic bacteria that can help maintain digestive system health), and moderate amounts of dark chocolate, made with 70% or more cacao (which contains antioxidants).

Special dietary

use foods do not have to be administered under a doctor's care and can be found in a variety of stores. Similar to medical foods, they address special dietary needs and meet the nutritional requirements of certain health conditions. For example, a bottled oral supplement administered under medical supervision is a medical food, but it becomes a special dietary use food when it is sold to retail customers. Examples of special dietary use foods include gluten-free foods, lactose-free dairy products, and formulas and shakes that promote weight loss.