Nutrition test 2 (carbs, protein, lipids)

1. Amylases are enzymes which aid mostly in the digestion of ............while 2. proteases aid in the digestion of ...................and 3. lipases aid in the digestion of ...............

1. Carbohydrates 2. Protein 3. Fatty acids and glycerol

1.Medium chain fatty acids are .................. carbons long while 2. long chain fatty acids are .....................and 3. short chain fatty acids are.................. carbons long

1. medium (6-10 carbons long) 2. Long (12 or more) 3. Short ( less than 6)

Differentiate between triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols based on structure.

A phospholipid has a phosphate group attached while a triglyceride has a fatty acid. Sterol has a hydroxyl in this place

Mention some non-nutritive sweeteners. What is the difference between them?

Aspartane and stevia (nutrietive give calories and non nutrietive are low in calories)

Mention enzymes involved in fatty acid digestion, carbohydrate digestion and protein digestion

Carbohydrates- sucrase, maltase, lactase (small intestine) Proteins- pepsin, peptidase Fatty acid- thiolase

Health concerns of fatty acids

Cardiovascular disease High PUFA

Lipoproteins that are produced by the small intestines are known as

Chylomicrons

Health concerns caused by carbohydrate intake

Diabetes

function of carbohydrates

Energy Energy storage Structure

Amino acids that must be obtained from one's diet since the body cannot synthesize them are known as

Essential acids

What are the substances formed at the end of fat digestion

Fatty acids

The building blocks of triglycerides are

Fatty acids and glycerol

What are advantages of plant protein

Fewer chronic diseases Less obesity Longer lives Lower rate pf heart disease Provide protective phytochemicals

The breakdown of amino acids in muscles and other organs to make glucose is known as

Gluconeogenesis

The lipoprotein that contains a lot of protein that returns cholesterol from storage places to the liver for dismantling and disposal is a

High-density lipoprotiens (HDL)

What is the term used to describe an elevated blood sugar level?

Hyperglycemia

Low quality proteins with limited amounts of essential amino acids are also known as

Incomplete protiens

The incomplete breakdown of fatty acids in the liver resulting in formation of ketone bodies is

Ketogenesis

Kwashiorkor

Malnutrition produced by a severely inadequate amount of protein in the diet.

Health concerns caused by protein intake

Obesity Heart disease ( caused by increase of saturated fats)

Which is the most widely used method of measuring protein quality

PDCAAS [protien digestibility corrected amino acid score]

The amino acids that make up proteins are linked together by a type of bond known as

Peptide bonds

The type of lipid whose structure is made up of a phosphate group attached to the carbon backbone is

Phospholipid

Differentiate between negative nitrogen balance, nitrogen equilibrium, and positive nitrogen balance

Positive nitrogen balance- more nitrogen is absorbed than going out (pregnant, muscle building) Negative nitrogen balance- more nitrogen going out than being absorbed (weight loss, illness)

What is a good example of complementary food protein combinations

Rice or beans

The type of fat that is solid at room temperature is

Saturated fats

Differentiate between saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fats based on structure

Saturated fats have all single bonds while monounsaturated have one double bond and polyunsaturated have more than one double bond. Mono and polyunsaturated are liquid at room temperature.

A fatty acid with only one double bond in its carbon chain is a

Saturated fatty acid

The only plant food that has complete proteins is

Soy protein

The digestion of protein begins in the .................while the digestion of carbohydrate begins in the .....

Stomach, mouth

functions of proteins

Structural support Movement Molecule transport Source of amino acids Defense Muscle development

Differentiate between type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and type 2 diabetes

Type 1- absolute deficiency of insulin Type 2- insufficient and variable secretion of insulin Gestational diabetes- women show signs of diabetes ( with no previous signs)during pregnancy

Fiber is an example of

Undigestible polysaccharide

Two essential fatty acids which cannot be synthesized by human beings are

linoleic and alpha-linoleic

function of lipids

long term energy storage Body insulation Organ defense

Marasmus

severe undernourishment causing an infant's or child's weight to be significantly low for their age

The nucleic acid which bears the anticodon on one end and the amino acid on the other end is

tRNA