Nutrition Test 2
To reduce the risk of CVD, the American Heart Association recommends:
-Limiting saturated fat intake to less than 10% -Limiting trans fat intake as much as possible -Consuming 5-10% of total energy intake in the form of omega-6 fatty acids -Eating 8 ounces of cold-water fatty fish/week -Limiting total cholesterol to less than 300 mg/day
Trans Fats:
-Are unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond -Hydrogen atoms of the double-bonded carbons are on the opposite sides of hydrocarbon chains.
What is cholesterol found in?
-Egg yolks -Liver -Meat -Poultry -Whole milk -Cheese -Ice cream
According to the Dietary Guidelines for americans, 2010, adults should emphasize foods that are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids:
-Fish -Nuts -Vegetable Oil
Triglyceride:
-Lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol. -Comprises 95% of lipids in food and body.
Amino acids are carried to absorptive cells by carrier systems
After absorption, amino acids enter the capillary of villlus -travel to the liver via hepatic portal vein -liver keeps some amino acids -releases the rest into circulation
Homocysteine:
Amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis.
Plant sterols and stanols:
Chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol.
Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are:
Cis fatty acids.
Lipids dissolve in what?
Organic solvents
Hydrophilic:
Part of a molecule that attracts water.
Hydrophobic:
Part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids.
Legumes are
Parts of plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds: -Peas -Peanuts -Lentils -Soybeans
Omega-3 fatty acid:
Type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule- alpha-linolenic acid
Protein needs increase during:
Pregnancy, breastfeeding, periods of rapid growth, recovery (serious illness, blood losses, burns)
Steatorrhea:
Presence of lipid in the stool . -Can occur if the gallbladder is diseased or removed.
high- sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
Protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation ; a marker of CVD.
Low- quality (incomplete) protein
Protein that lacks or has inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids
After absorption the fragments are:
Reassembles into triglycerides and phospholipids.
Atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries can result in:
Reduces blood flow to the brain and increase the risk of stroke.
Much of the sucrose in the American diet is :
Refined sugar cane and sugar beets.
"Raw sugar", turbinado sugar, and brown sugar is NOT as
Refined.
The majority of lipid absorption occurs in the:
Small intestine.
Emulsifier:
Substance that helps water-soluble and water insoluble compounds mix with each other
High Fructose Corn syrup:
Syrup obtained from the processing of corn -No conclusive evidence that the use of HFCS causes poor health and/or diseases -excess calories from beverages sweetened with HFCS contributes to increased risk for diabetes and heart disease
Pancreatic lipase:
The digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule.
What is omega (methyl end)?
The end of a fatty acid containing a methyl group.
Glycerol:
Three-carbon alcohol that forms the "backbone" of fatty acids.
Oil is less dense than water, so it will rise to the top or bottom of solution?
Top!
Processed foods and margarines contribute to the largest amounts of:
Trans Fats.
Omega-6 fatty acid:
Type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the molecule - linoleic acid.
Galactose and glucose is absorbed by
active transport
VLDLs shuttle lipids to
adipose cells (cells that store triglycerides).
Sugar alcohols
alternative sweeteners used to replace sucrose in some sugar - free foods -sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol -not fully absorbed by intestinal tract -supply 2kcal/g -can cause diarrhea when consumed
Denaturation
alters a protein's natural shape and function exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids, and physical agitation permanently alters shape and function
Essential amino acids are
amino acids the body cannot make enough to meet its needs
Lipoprotein lipase
an enzyme in capillary walls , breaks down the triglycerides.
A food allergy is
an inflammatory response that results when the immune system reacts inappropriately to an allergen in food- allergen is usually a protein
Celiac Disease:
an inherited condition which the protein gluten cannot be absorbed; results in damage to the small intestine and poor absorption of nutrients
In severe cases of a food allergy, a person can develop
anaphylaxis( serious drop in blood pressure that occurs when sensitive people are exposed to food allergens; can be fatal)
Inborn errors of metabolism
are conditions that occur when genes undergo mutations that disrupt metabolism of specific nutrients
resistant starches
are found in seeds, legumes, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables that resist digestion and are not broken down in the human GI tract -provide health benefits similar to dietary fiber
Proteins
are large, complex organic molecules made up of amino acids -Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen -Found in plants, animals, bacteria, and viruses
Regular soft drinks and energy drinks
are major sources of added sugars in Americans' diets
Foods with high amounts of refined carbohydrates
do not satisfy hunger as well as those with more protein or fat
Nearby cells pick up fatty acids and glycerol to use for
energy.
Pancreatic enzyme
enzyme secreted by pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose molecules
Lactase
enzyme that splits lactose molecule
Maltase
enzyme that splits maltose molecules
Sucrase
enzyme that splits sucrose molecules
The amino acid tyrosine is a precursor for
epinephrine
Fructose is absorbed by
facilitated diffusion
Refined grain products are generally low in
fiber.
carbon dioxide and water
form as a result
soluble fiber:
forms of dietary fiber that dissolve or swell in water; include pectins, gums, mucilages, and some meiculluloses
Insoluble fiber:
forms of dietary fiber that generally do not dissolve in water; include cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin
Monosaccharides enter capillary network and are transported to liver by the
hepatic portal vein
Most plant foods are not sources of
high-quality proteins Exceptions include: -quinoa -soy protein
Insulin injections through either an
insulin pump or multiple daily insulin injections are necessary for those with type 1 diabetes.
Treatment of anaphylaxis:
involves injecting a medication that prevents or blunts the allergic response
Oxidized LDL
is LDL that has been damaged by free radicals and contributes to atherosclerosis.
Mutation
is a change to the typical sequence of a gene's DNA components
A peptide bond
is a chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together
Ketosis
is a condition in which ketone bodies accumulate in the blood; can result in loss of consciousness and death in severe cases.
Metabolic syndrome
is a condition that increases risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD. - A syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem
Transamination
is the transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid
The shape of protein is important because
it influences the compound's function
when not enough glucose is available
ketone bodies form ( chemicals formed from the incomplete breakdown of fat)
Lipid storage diseases are genetic conditions that cause
lipid accumulation in cells, damage in tissues.
Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
lipoprotein made in the liver -Carries much of the triglycerides in the blood stream.
Simple sugars are
made into glycogen or fat by liver released into bloodstream for energy use
The small intestine is the
main site for carbohydrate digestion and absorption
cells need glucose to properly
metabolize fat
Cells metabolize glucose to release the energy stored in the
molecule
In industrialized nations people tend to eat
more highly refined starches and added sugars
Amino Acids:
nitrogen-containing chemical units that comprise proteins there are 20 different amino acids found in the proteins of the human body
People who have diabetes need to achieve and maintain
normal blood-glucose levels -may rely on daily blood test monitoring -Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or glycosylated hemoglobin; blood test used to measure a person's average blood glucose over several months's period of time
Stroke:
occurs when a clot blocks and artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die.
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
occurs when the diet lacks sufficient protein and energy
Lipoproteins
play roles in the development of atherosclerosis
Animal foods generally provide higher amounts of
protein than similar quantities of plant foods
After polypeptides enter the small intestine, the pancreas secretes
protein-splitting enzymes : trypsin and chymotrypsin ( protein splitting enzyme secreted from pancreas)
Primary structure
refers to the basis structure of protein; a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Secondary structure
refers to the coiling of a polypeptide chain
Quaternary structure
refers to the structure of protein that is compromised of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a unique matter.
Tertiary structure
refers to the three dimensional, twisted structure of a polypeptide chain that includes interactions between various amino acid groups on the chain
the amino acid tryptophan is a precursor for
serotonin
Absorption of monosaccharide mainly occurs where?
small intestine
Types of dietary fiber:
soluble and insoluble
Food manufacturers must identify potentially allergenic ingredients such as:
soy, milk, and peanuts on product labels
Protein digestion begins in the
stomach
Alternative sweeteners
substances that sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories
Added sugars
sugars added to foods during processing or preparation
the risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be decreased by the
therapeutic lifestyle changes ( actions such as avoiding excess body fat, exercising daily, and improving the diet, that promote health and reduce risk for chronic illness
Regardless of whether people consume a high-carbohydrate, high-fat, or high-protein diet,
they will maintain their weight as long as their energy intake matches their energy output .
Certain parts of plants provide more protein than other parts:
Seeds, tree nuts, legumes supply more Fruits or edible leaves, roots, flowers, and stems of vegetables provide less
Disaccharides form as a result of condensation reactions:
Two molecules bond to form a large molecule, releasing water in the process.
Treatment option diabetes depend on:
Type of diabetes, age, current health status
Phospholipids:
Type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus.
Sterols and stanols are found in:
-Grains -Fruits -Vegetables -Nuts -Seeds -Legumes
Phospholipids are:
-Partially water soluble because the phosphorus-containing portion of the molecule is hydrophilic, but it also has a hydrophobic portion.
Medium - chain fatty acids have how many carbons?
6-12 carbons
Blood glucose levels are maintained between
70 and 99mg/dL
In developing nation diet supply
70% or more of energy from unprocessed carbohydrates
When arterial lining is injured
A cascade of events begin resulting in atherosclerosis.
Prostaglandins:
A class of elcosanoids that produce a variety of important effects in the body.
What are lipids?
A class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water
Myocardial Infarction:
Heart attack, occurs when a thrombus completely blocks blood flow to the heart muscle.
The exchange system and carbohydrate counting a diabetes management tool in which an individual tracks their carbohydrate intake can help plan diets
A diabetes meal plan should focus on: -whole grains -vegetables -fruits -legumes -poultry -fish -low-fat dairy foods
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA):
A fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated fatty acids:
A fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chains.
Elcosanoids:
A group of long-chain fatty acids with hormone like functions.
High quality (complete) protein
A protein that contains all essential amino acids in amounts that support the deposition of protein in tissues and the growth of a young person -Meat, fish, poultry, eggs
Cholecystectomy:
A surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder.
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally elevated blood glucose levels, the primary sign of the disease.
Long-chain fatty acid absorption requires
Additional steps.
What is carboxylic acid?
An organic molecule with a carboxyl group.
Plants are rich sources of
Carbohydrates -Made by using sun's energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen from carbon dioxide and water
Bile Salts:
Component of bile; aid in lipid digestion -Emulsification
Arteriosclerosis:
Condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility.
The carotid artery:
Convey blood to the brain.
Signs and symptoms of food allergy include:
Hives( red raised bumps that usually appear on the skin as a result of an allergic reaction) swollen, itchy lips eczema difficulty swallowing wheezing and difficulty breathing abdominal pain vomiting diarrhea
Cholecystokinin:
Hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive juices.
Examples of monosaccharides:
Glucose: primary fuel for muscles and other cells (AKA dextrose or blood sugar) Fructose: In fruits, honey, and certain vegetables (AKA levulose or fruit sugar) Galactose: Component of lactose
Homocysdeinuira:
Group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood.
Diabetes mellitus
Group of serious chronic conditions characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.
Nonessential amino acids
are a group of amino acids that the body can make
Tooth decay is associated with
consuming simple sugars that stick to teeth. -bacteria metabolize carbohydrates for their energy needs -produce acid that damages tooth enamel
Peptides
contain two or more amino acids
Americans consume excess calories from all foods,
contributing to prevalence of obesity.
Enzymes release by absorptive cells break down shortened peptides into
dipeptides and tripeptides Dipeptides: Compounds that consist of two amino acids Tripeptides: Compounds that consist of three amino acids
If hunger signals are ignored, the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete
glucagon - this promotes glycogenolysis (process by which glycogen is broken down and glucose is released into the blood stream -stimulates liver and kidneys to produce glucose from amino acids -stimulates lipolysis ( process by which triglycerides are broken down and glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream)
Enzymes in the human digestive tract cannot break apart the bonds between
glucose molecules in fiber
Soluble and insoluble fiber provide important
health benefits
Glucagon
hormone secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels
Insulin:
hormone secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels
Cis fatty acids are:
hydrogen atoms of the double bonded carbons are on the same side of hydrocarbon chain.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
is hereditary material that provides instructions for making proteins
Reactive hypoglycemia
is low blood glucose that occurs within 4 hours of eating
Nitrogen balance or nitrogen equilibrium
is the balancing of nitrogen intake with nitrogen losses
Protein turnover:
is the cellular process of breaking down proteins and amino acids -amino acids become part of the amino acid pool
Dietary Fiber
non digestible plant material -most types are polysaccharides
Consumption of red and processed meats is associated with cancers of the :
pancreas, stomach, esophagus, breast
Vegetarians
people who eat plant based diets
Hydrochloric acid denatures food proteins and activates
pepsin ( gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides)
To help visualize protein synthesis, imagine proteins are formed from 20 different amino acid breeds.
to make a copy, folly directions for connecting the beads in a specific order and lengthen by stringing the beads together.
The lymphatic system transports chylomicrons
to the thoracic duct.
Glycemic load (GL)
tool to measure the body's insulin response to a carbohydrate containing food; similar to the glycemic index, but also factors in a typical serving size of the food
Positive nitrogen balance
is the state in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses
Nutritional genomics-
is the study of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics
Ovovegetarian
is vegetarian who eats eggs for animal protein
Adequate Intake (AI) for alpha-linolenic acid is:
1.6 g/day for men 1.1 g/day for women
RDA for carbohydrates is
130 g/day
High-protein diets may lead to:
Urinary loss of calcium, osteoporosis, dehydration, poor kidney health
Short- and medium-chain fatty acids diffuse into the absorptive cells of the :
VIlli and then enter into the capillary network.
Lipoproteins:
Water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream.
In order to make dishes that contain complementary amino acid combinations consumers must know:
Which plant foods are good protein sources Which essential amino acids are limiting or low in these plant foods
Signs and symptoms of celiac disease:
abdominal bleeding, chronic diarrhea, weight loss, poor growth
Proteins also help maintain
acid-base balance -Maintaining the proper pH of body fluids -Act as a buffer -substance that can protect the pH of a solution
Nonnutritive sweeteners
are a group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar -very small amount is needed to sweeten food -supply no energy per serving -can help control energy intake The safety of nonnutritive sweeteners has been under scrutiny for decades. Aspartame contains phenylalanine and aspartic acid -people with phenylketonuria (PKU) must avoid aspartame Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs) have been established for certain nonnutritive sweeteners
Genes
are a portion of DNA
Amines
are compounds that include amino groups in their chemical structure
Testing of celiac disease:
blood tests and intestinal biopsies are used to diagnose the disease
Vegan
is a vegetarian who eats only plant foods
The development of CVD involves
chronic inflammation
Carbohydrates:
class of nutrients that is a major source of energy for the body -also can serve as "glue" that holds cells together -classified as simple or complex
Hyperinsulinemia:
condition in which the pancreas releases an excessive amount of insulin overtime, condition may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes
Hypoglycemia:
condition that occurs when blood glucose level is too low
Unnecessary amino acids undergo
deamination -excess is not stored -NH2 is transported to liver -Liver cells form ammonia -NH3 is used to make urea(waste product of amino acid metabolism) -Kidneys filter urea, ammonia, and creatinine (nitrogen containing waste produced by muscles ) -eliminated in urine
Any fiber present in food would
delay rate at which chyme empties from stomach -promotes satiety.
Only plant foods provide
dietary fiber
The bonds that link glucose units together in starch are
digestible
Some protein in food does not undergo complete
digestion -immune cells mount a defensive response
Epinephrine:
which is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, is secreted in response to declining blood glucose levels
The FDA allows products made from ground, cracker, or flaked cereal grains to be labeled as
whole grains -Must contain : starchy endosperm, oily germ, fiber-rich bran seed components
Triglyceride facts:
-Most triglycerides contain a mixture of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids - one type of fatty acid predominates. -The fat in beef and dairy products contains ore saturated than unsaturated fatty acids. -Olive oil is a rich source MUFAs. -Liquid corn oil contains a greater proportion unsaturated than saturated fatty acids.
Fatty acids are identified by:
-Number of carbon atoms -The type of bond between carbon atoms
Eating high fiber foods may reduce a person's risk of:
-Obesity -Diabetes -Certain intestinal tract disorders -Cardiovascular disease Intestinal bacteria produce gasses, so you should gradually increase your fiber intake to reduce flatulence.
Vegetarians have a lower risk of:
-Obesity -Type 2 diabetes -Hypertension -Certain cancers
None of these sweeteners are good sources of what?
-Protein -Fat -Vitamins -Minerals
Functions of Lipid in body:
-Providing and storing energy -Forming and maintaining cell membranes -Producing steroid hormones -Insulating the body against cold temperatures -Cushioning the body against bumps and blows -Forming body contours -Absorbing fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals
Hydrogenation:
-The food manufacturing process that ads hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats. -Can be stored for longer periods because they are less likely to undergo oxidations -Raise "Bad" cholesterol levels in the blood. -Increases risk of heart disease.
If a person has not eaten for a while, they start to feel hungry and grab something to eat
-blood glucose levels rise -insulin is secreted -blood glucose levels fail
Other dietary recommendations:
-eat soft or liquid margarines -trim away fat from meat -do not use drippings to make sauces -consume fat-free milk -eat foods rich in fiber -consume less alcohol -engage in moderate-instensity physical activity 5 days/week
Fiber is not digested
-eventually enters large intestine -bacteria ferment soluble fiber- used for energy -Insoluble fiber contributes to softer feces
A healthy adult's RDA for protein is
0.8 g/kg of body weight
Steps that result in atherosclerosis:
1. Injured arterial lining becomes inflamed. 2. White blood cells become laden with oxidized LDL particles 3. Arterial plaques (a fatty buildup in the artery) form 4. Interference of circulation -Clots more likely to form.
Goucher disease:
Most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase.
Long-chain fatty acids have how many carbons?
14-24 carbons
Protein compromises about
15% of the typical American's total energy intake -AMDR is 10-35%
Adequate Intake (AI) for linoleic acid is:
17g/day for men 12g/day for women
Oleic acid:
18 carbon monounsaturated fatty acid
Alpha-linolenic acid:
18 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with 3 double bonds; an essential fatty acid.
Linoleic acid:
18 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with two double bods; an essential fatty acid.
Stearic acid:
18 carbon saturated fatty acid
Short chain fatty acids have how many carbons?
2-4 carbons
Americans consume about
30% of energy from added sugars -600 kcals a day
Fat contributes to :
33 percent of the average American's daily energy in intake. AMDR is 20 to 35%.
the adequate intake for fiber is
38g/day for men 25 g/day for women The typical American diet supplies 16 g/day
Typical American diet supplies
51% of kcal from carbohydrates
What is a hydrocarbon chain?
A chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.
Phenylketonuria
A genetic metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to convert the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine, resulting in accumulation of phenylalanine.
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD):
A group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels.
Glycogen:
A highly branched storage polysaccharide in animals -Muscles and liver are major storage sites
Secretin:
A hormone that stimulates the liver to produce bile and the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice.
What is a fatty acid?
A hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group.
Chylomicron:
A type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract. They enter in to the lacteals
Choline:
A water-solube vitamin-like compound and is a component of lecithin. Found in egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soybeans. Used to form acetylcholine.
Treatment for diabetes:
Diet, exercise, insulin injections, and oral medications
When micelles come close to villi, their contents
Diffuse into absorptive cells.
by helping to maintain fluid balance, proteins help prevent
Edema (accumulation of fluid in tissues)
Phospholipids can serve as what because of having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions:
Emulsifier
Lipases:
Enzymes that break down lipids.
Arachidonic acid(AA), elcosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid are all:
Essential fatty acids that are precuros to elcosanoids
Vegetarian diets are often lower in what?
Fat and energy!
Monounsaturated (MUFA):
Fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chain.
Polyunsaturated (PUFAs)
Fatty acid that has tow or more double bonds within the carbon chain.
Essential fatty acid:
Fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are essential fatty acids
Thrombus:
Fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow -Partially closes off artery's lumen -If in the hear, person experience bouts of chest pain.
As blood concentrations of triglycerides increase,
HDL levels decrease -May contribute to cardiovascular disease
Gallstones are
Hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine. -Gallstones can form in the gallbladder -Stones usually consist of cholesterol.
High amounts of animal proteins and saturated fat is associated with:
Heart disease, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer
Each amino acid has a carbon atom that anchors:
Hydrogen atom Amino or nitrogen-containing group( portion of an amino acid that contains nitrogen) R group(side chain) -part of an amino acid that determines the individual's physical and chemical properties Carboxylic acid group- carboxylic acid portion of a compound
Fat malabsorption is the:
Impaired fat absorption. Symptoms: diarrhea, steatorrhea, and rapid weight loss.
Starch :
Is a storage polysaccharide in plants -Composed of amylose and amylopectin Rich sources of starch include: bread and cereal products made from wheat, rice, barley, and oats; vegetables; tubers
Cholesterol:
Lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and Vitamin D.
Monogylceride:
Lipid that has one fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.
Diglyceride:
Lipid that has two fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols are examples of what?
Lipids
Sterols:
Lipids that have a more chemically complex structure than a triglyceride or fatty acid.
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissue. -Elevated LDL is strongly lined to increased risk of CVD.
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
Lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from the tissues to the liver to be eliminated. -Low HDL is linked to increased risk of CVD.
Atherosclerosis:
Long-term disease process in which plague builds up inside arterial walls.
Examples of disaccharides:
Maltose: composed of two glucose molecules (AKA malt sugar) Sucrose: Composed of glucose and a fructose molecule (AKA table sugar) Lactose: composed of a glucose and a galactose molecule (AKA milk sugar)
Long-chain fatty acids, bile, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins pack together in
Miceles
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) or autism
are neurological disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and by repetitive behaviors or interest -Affects 1 in 100 children in the United States -Environmental and genetic roles are involved -Gluten-free and casein-free (GF/CF) diets can help
Amino acid derivatives:
are nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins but have important physiological roles
Polypeptides
are proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids -naturally occurring proteins
Nutritive sweeteners
are substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods -each gram of mono-or disaccharide supplies 4 kcal
Food intolerances
are unpleasant physical reactions following consumption of certain foods symptoms may include: skin flushing, hives, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache
They enter the bloodstream
at the left subclavian vein
Type 1 diabetes:
autoimmune disease that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas; as a result, insulin much be supplied to the affected person regularly through exogenous sources -genetic susceptibility and environmental factors( such as viral infections) are associated with the development of the disease.
To make proteins,
cells assemble amino acids into specific sequences according to information from DNA.
Kwashiorkor
is a form of undernutrition that results from consuming adequate energy and insufficient high-quality protein symptoms in children include: -stunted growth -blond,sparse, brittle hair -patches of skin that have lost normal coloration -swollen cheeks, arms, legs, and belly
Marasmus
is a form of undernutrition that results from starvation, diet lacks energy and nutrients
Marasmic kwashiorkor
is a form of undernutrition that results in a child with kwashiorkor who then starts to not consume enough energy; characterized by edema and wasting
Casein
is a high -quality protein found in milk -often the reference for PER
Reference protein
is a high quality protein against which quality of other proteins is measured -often egg white protein -albumin
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
is a measure of protein quality based on amino acid composition score and digestibility of protein food
Biological value (BV)
is a measure of protein quality based on how well and quickly the body converts food protein into tissue protein -Most animal sources have a high BV -Plant sources are highly variable
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
is a measure of protein quality based on the ability of a protein to support weight gain in a laboratory animal
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
is a measure of the concentration of urea in blood -assesses kidney function -normal values are 7 to 20 mg/dL
Urine are nitrogen (UUN)
is a measure of the concentration of urea in urine -Can be used as a marker of protein intake -normal values are 12 to 20 g in a 24 hour sample
Semi vegetarians (Flexitarian)
is a person who usually avoids red meat but consumes other animal foods, including fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products
Skin patch testing
is a reliable way to identify allergens
Lipoprotein profile
is a series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels -helps determine a person's risk for developing atherosclerosis
Disaccharide:
is a simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides
Exogenous
is a source of nitrogen from outside the body -dietary protein
Endogenous
is a source of nitrogen from within the body
Gluten
is a type of protein found in many grains; provides texture and shape to baked products
Pescavegetarian
is a vegetarian who consumes fish, milk products, and eggs for animal protein
Lactovegetarian
is a vegetarian who consumes milk and milk products for animal proteins
Lactoovovegetarian
is a vegetarian who consumes milk products and eggs for animal protein
Conditionally essential amino acid
is an amino acid that is normally nonessential but became essential under a certain condition
Salivary amylase
is an enzyme secreted by salivary glands that begins starch digestion -stops working soon after food enters stomach
Sickle cell anemia
is an inherited form of anemia
LDL
is bad cholesterol -conveys lipid to tissue -small, dense LDL contributes to more
HDL
is good cholesterol - does not contribute to plaque formation
Personalized nutrition
is the concept of making dietary choices based on one's genetic makeup
Limiting amino acid
is the essential amino acid found in the lowest concentration in a protein source -Reduces the protein's ability to: -support growth -Repair -maintain tissue
Lactose intolerance
is the inability to digest lactose properly because of deficiency in the enzyme lactase -undigested lactose enters large intestine -bacteria break down lactose and produce gasses and acids Person experiences: intestinal cramps, bloating, flatulence, diarrhea.
Undernutrition
is the lack of food -widespread in poor nations
Complementary combinations
is the mixing of certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal products.-plant foods are poor sources of one or more essential amino acid
Type 2 diabetes:
is the most common type of diabetes; beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, but the hormone's target cells are insulin-resistant, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Individuals are more susceptible to this disease include: sedentary, overweight, genetically related to a close family member with type 2 diabetes
Enterohepatic ciruclation
is the process that recycles bile salts in the body. -Incorporated into new bile. Plants containing soluble fiber interfere with cholesterol and bile absorption. -Helps reduce cholesterol levels..
A carbon skeleton
is the remains of an amino acid following deamination and removal of the nitrogen-containing component of the amino acid
Deamination
is the removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid
Monosaccharide:
is the simple sugar that is the basic molecule of carbohydrates
Negative nitrogen balance
is the state in which the body loses more nitrogen than it retains
Nutrigenetics
is the study of how inherited genetic variations influence the body's responses to specific nutrients and nutrient combinations
Nutrigenomics
is the study of how nutrients affect eh expression of a person's genome
Complex carbohydrates have
three or more monosaccharides bonded together Polysaccharides: carbs compromised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together Oligosaccharides: carbohydrates comprised of 3 to 10 monosaccharides bonded together -Raffinose: non digestible oligosaccharide made of three monosaccharides -Stachyose: Non digestible oligosaccharide made of four monosaccharides
Embolus:
thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream.
They then circulate
through the body
Glycemic index (GI)
tool to measure the body's insulin response to a carbohydrate-containing food
NO way to prevent
type 1 diabetes
Gestational diabetes:
type of diabetes that develops in some pregnant woman. -embryo can develop birth defects -mother is more likely to experience health problems during pregnancy
