Nutrition test 3
All of the following MyPlate food groups are good sources of vitamin B12 except for the _____ group.
fruits
The amount of a particular vitamin in a food depends on all of the following EXCEPT
how much food is consumed
Active ________ is required to maintain normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels. a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin E c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin D
D
For vitamins X and Y, the daily needs are 140 milligrams. The bioavailability of vitamin X is 45% and for vitamin Y is 20%. Which of the following statements is correct?
Daily intake for vitamin Y is higher than vitamin X.
Which of the following MyPlate food group is the richest source of vitamin D?
Dairy
Which of the following vitamins have a coenzyme form?
Niacin
Which of the following minerals are emphasized in the DASH diet? a) Calcium and magnesium. b) Magnesium and zinc. c) Sodium and iron. d) All of these are emphasized.
a
Which of the following minerals have a role in blood pressure regulation? a) calcium and magnesium b) calcium and phosphorus c) phosphorus and magnesium d) potassium and zinc
a
Which of the following minerals help regulate fluid balance? a) Sodium, potassium, and chloride b) Sodium, potassium, and fluoride c) Sodium, fluoride, and chloride d) Sodium, chloride, and iodine
a
Which of the following statements regarding thiamin is true? a) Alcoholics are particularly susceptible to thiamin deficiency because thiamin absorption is decreased due to the effect the alcohol has the GI tract. b) Beriberi is quite common in the U.S. c) Increasing thiamin intake increases the body's ability to produce ATP. d) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a thiamin toxicity.
a
Women of childbearing age should consume _____ daily from fortified foods or supplements. a) Folic acid b) Vitamin D c) Iron d) Calcium
a
_______is the major symptom of Vitamin K deficiency. a) Abnormal blood coagulation b) Anemia c) Night blindness d) Rickets
a
The protein molecule that is found in red blood cells that transports oxygen tobody cells is called a) hapocorrin. b) hemoglobin. c) myoglobin. d) transferrin.
b
Vitamin E protects membranes in red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, and lung cells. Why are these cells in particular in need of high amounts of vitamin E? a) All of these cells are important in fighting infections b) Oxygen concentrations in these cells are high c) These cells have an especially high energy need d) Lipid concentrations in these cells are high
b
Vitamin ___ is important for amino acid synthesis and protein metabolism. a) B2 b) B6 c) C d) B12
b
When a nerve cell is at rest, potassium is concentrated _____ the nerve cell and sodium is concentrated _____ the nerve cell. a) inside, inside b) inside, outside c) outside, inside d) outside, outside
b
When intracellular concentrations of protein and sodium are high, you would expect that water is drawn into the a) blood capillaries b) cells c) extracellular fluid
b
Which list below best reflects the minerals that keep blood healthy and immune function strong? a) Iron, copper, and magnesium b) Iron, copper, calcium, zinc, selenium, and magnesium c) Iron, calcium, phosphorus, fluoride, and magnesium d) none of these choices
b
Which of the following does NOT increase a person's need for water? a) Following a high-fiber diet b) Following a low-sodium diet c) Following a high-protein diet d) Competing in a local 5K run
b
Which of the following populations is not at increased risk of folate deficiency? a) The elderly b) Non-smoking teenage males c) Pregnant women d) Alcoholics
b
Which of the following statements regarding vitamin B12 is false? a) Vitamin B12 is synthesized by the microflora in the large intestine. b) Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the duodenum section of the small intestine. c) Vitamin B12 needs the Intrinsic Factor to be absorbed. d) The body stores and reuses vitamin B12 more efficiently than it does most other water-soluble vitamins.
b
With a severe deficiency of _______, even a bruise or small scratch could cause you to bleed to death. a) Vitamin D b) Vitamin K c) Vitamin E d) Vitamin A
b
A woman of childbearing years who is not pregnant has _______ absorption rate of calcium as compared to a woman who is pregnant. a) a higher b) the same c) a lower
c
Adam has just returned from his long run of 6 miles in which he forgot his water bottle. Which of the following processes is most likely happening in Adam's body? a) The pituitary gland is signaling the liver to conserve energy. b) The antidiuretic hormone is signaling the kidneys to reabsorb water, thus increasing the amount of water lost in the urine. c) The antidiuretic hormone is signaling the kidneys to reabsorb water, thus decreasing the amount of water lost in the urine. d) His thirst mechanism has become impaired
c
All of the following are true about thirst EXCEPT that a) thirst is caused by dryness in the mouth. b) signals from the brain make us feel thirsty. c) thirst is a weak urge, which does not reflect our need for water. d) thirst alone cannot be relied on to maintain water balance.
c
Because selenium is part of the enzyme glutathione- peroxidase, it _____ the body's need for vitamin E. a) increases b) has no effect on c) decreases
c
Cells that are deficient in vitamin A become hard and dry because they produce _______, a protein. a) retinal b) opsin c) keratin d) xerophthin
c
Clare reads on the food label that the pizza contains enriched flour. Which of the following nutrients are added back to the flour in the enrichment process? a) calcium b) folate c) thiamin d) Vitamin C
c
Collagen is a __________. Vitamin C is necessary to form ___________ that hold adjacent collagen strands together and give the protein_________. a) mineral, muscle, strength b) protein, muscle, structure c) protein, bonds, strength d) vitamin, muscle, structure
c
Diets that are high in ____ are associated with an increased incidence of hypertension. a) calcium b) magnesium c) sodium d) sugar
c
Dried fruits are good sources of which of the following minerals? a) Calcium and zinc b) Fructose and iron c) Iron and potassium d) Potassium and zinc
c
In general, minerals in plant foods have an absorption rate that is _______ than that in animal foods. a) higher b) the same c) lower
c
In its role as an antioxidant, _____ guards cell membranes, body proteins, DNA, and cholesterol, and thus helps prevent heart disease, cancer, macular degeneration, and other chronic diseases. a) thiamin b) vitamin D c) Vitamin E d) Vitamin K
c
Most people in the US need to _____ their sodium intake and _____ their potassium intake to meet recommendations for a healthy diet. a) increase, increase b) increase, decrease c) decrease, increase d) decrease, decrease
c
The symptoms of vitamin C deficiency include gums that swell and bleed. Why does this occur? a) The lack of vitamin C allows bacteria in the mouth to irritate the gums. b) The lack of vitamin C decreases the pH of the mouth. c) There is reduced collagen synthesis. d) There is increased plaque formation around the gums.
c
Urine color charts help people monitor their ________ status. a) blood glucose b) electrolyte c) hydration d) protein
c
Vitamin B12 deficiency is particularly problematic because a) it causes irreversible brain damage. b) it causes microcytic anemia. c) it prevents folate from being converted to one of its active forms. d) its UL is set too high
c
Water intoxication is a condition that occurs when a person drinks enough water to significantly lower the concentration of ____ in the blood. a) chlorine b) glucose c) sodium d) protein
c
When a nerve cell is stimulated, the cell membrane becomes ______ permeable to _______. a) more, chloride b) less, chloride c) more, sodium d) less, sodium
c
When the hormone calcitonin is activated, blood calcium levels will a) increase. b) not change. c) decrease.
c
Which deficiency disease would be common in the areas with selenium-deficient soils? a) Cretinism b) Hemochromatosis c) Keshan disease d) Pellagra
c
Which list below best reflects the minerals that aid transmission of nerve impulses and provide for optimal muscle contraction? a) Calcium, sodium, iron, and magnesium b) Iron, copper, selenium, and magnesium c) Sodium, calcium, potassium, and chloride d) Sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium
c
Which of the following MyPlate food groups is the richest in vitamin B12? a) Fruits b) Grains c) Protein d) Vegetables
c
Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the human body? a) Assistance in the regulation of body temperature b) Protection and lubrication of joints c) Regulation of blood glucose d) Transportation of water-soluble nutrients
c
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of pellagra? a) dementia b) dermatitis c) diabetes d) diarrhea
c
Which of the following is not a function of vitamin B6? a) Synthesis of hemoglobin b) Synthesis of the myelin sheath c) Synthesis of collagen d) Transamination and deamination
c
Which of the following is the correct sequence that occurs with the development of iron deficiency anemia? a) decrease in stored iron → low hemoglobin concentration → low blood plasma iron b) low hemoglobin concentration → decrease in stored iron → low blood plasma iron c) decrease in stored iron → low blood plasma iron → low hemoglobin concentration d) low blood plasma iron → decrease in stored iron → low hemoglobin concentration
c
Which of the following minerals stabilizes ATP's structure? a) Calcium b) Magnesium c) Phosphorus d) Zinc
c
_____ enhances the bioavailability of non-heme iron. a) Calcium b) Niacin c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin D
c
A family member has been taking Vitamin C supplements, but is now wondering if he should continue to spend money on these supplements. What have you learned about Vitamin C that might help them with an evidence-based decision? a) Excessive supplementation can cause dementia. b) Vitamin C is known to prevent the common cold. c) Excessive supplementation can interfere with drugs prescribed to prevent blood clotting. d) Excessive supplementation can cause diarrhea and can interfere with drugs prescribed to slow blood clotting.
d
Folate coenzymes are needed for the a) synthesis of collagen. b) synthesis of RNA. c) metabolism of some vitamins. d) synthesis of DNA and metabolism of some amino acids.
d
Niacin is synthesized in the body from the amino acid a) alanine. b) leucine. c) riboflavin. d) tryptophan.
d
Outward symptoms of hypertension include which of the following? a) Flushed face b) Migraine headache c) Impaired vision d) There are no outward symptoms.
d
Postmenopausal bone loss occurs in women for about _____ after the menstrual cycle stops. a) 3 months b) 6 months c) 1 year d) 5 years
d
Supplements of which of the following nutrients may be needed by older adults? a) Iron and folic acid b) Fluoride and vitamin D c) Vitamin C and vitamin E d) Vitamin B12, vitamin D, and calcium
d
The best way to ensure that you meet your nutrient needs without taking a dietary supplement is to a) choose foods that are convenient and tasty. b) choose low-nutrient-dense foods daily. c) eat a very low calorie, high fiber diet. d) eat a variety of foods daily.
d
Vitamin D deficiency disease in children is called a) osteopenia. b) osteoporosis. c) osteomalacia. d) rickets.
d
When Vitamin C intake is below 10 mg per day, the symptoms of _______ begin to appear. a) beriberi b) pellagra c) rickets d) scurvy
d
Which of the following does not inhibit the absorption of calcium? a) Oxalates b) Phytates c) Tannins d) Vitamin D
d
Which of the following groups of individuals should consume no more than 1500 mg sodium daily? a) African Americans. b) Those with hypertension or diabetes. c) Those older than 51 years of age. d) All of these should reduce their sodium consumption.
d
Which of the following is NOT associated with increased risk of developing osteoporosis? a) Being female b) Long-term alcohol abuse c) Using tobacco products d) Walking daily for exercise
d
Which of the following is not a good reason why some people may need to take supplements to meet certain nutrient needs? a) excess nutrient losses. b) increased nutrient needs. c) low nutrient intakes. d) to be free from worry about their food choices.
d
Which of the following statements regarding vitamin A is FALSE? a) Protein and zinc status are important for healthy vitamin A status. b) Beta-carotene is the most potent vitamin A precursor. c) Pepsin is necessary to release the vitamin A from protein-based sources. d) Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency is rare.
d
All of the following MyPlate food groups are good sources of folate except for the _____ group.
dairy
Brian's need for a vitamin is 100 milligrams each day. The bioavailability of this vitamin is 35%. This means that Brian needs to consume _____ milligrams each day for this vitamin to meet his needs.
135
Which of the following vitamins must be included on the food label? a) Niacin and thiamin b) Riboflavin and iron c) Vitamins A and C d) Vitamins A and D
C
The active ______ coenzyme is needed to convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
Thiamin
If the diet is chronically low in fat-soluble vitamins, the bioavailability of which vitamins will be impacted most?
Vits A and D
A major mineral is one that a) is needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day. b) is needed for structural support of the body. c) is retained by the body at a high rate. d) makes up 10% or more of total body weight.
a
Bernhard is a football player on your university football team and he is eating high amounts of protein. Considering his high protein intake, how should he adjust his water intake and why? a) He needs to increase his daily water intake to help the kidneys excrete the protein waste products. b) He needs to increase his daily water intake to help the heart pump the protein more efficiently to the muscles. c) He needs to decrease his daily water intake so that a more concentrated source of protein gets to the muscles. d) He needs to decrease his daily water intake so that the intestine more efficiently absorbs the protein that enters the intestinal tract.
a
Dietary supplements have regulations that are _____strict as compared to drugs. a) Less b) Equally c) More
a
In regard to the kidneys' role in regulating water balance in the body, the term reabsorption means the amount of the substance that is: a) absorbed back in to the blood after being filtered. b) excreted in the urine. c) filtered into the urine. d) secreted from the kidneys into lymph for absorption by the liver.
a
Magnesium absorption is enhanced by the presence of a) active vitamin D b) calcium c) iron d) phytates
a
Phytic acid, tannins, and oxalates _____the absorption of many minerals. a) decrease b) increase c) have no effect on
a
The process whereby immature cells change in structure and function to become specialized is called a) cell differentiation. b) gene expression. c) night blindness. d) rhodopsin.
a
Water is moved by___________, which forces water from the capillary blood vessels into the spaces between the cells of the surrounding tissues. a) blood pressure b) diffusion c) intercellular pressure d) osmosis
a
What occurs when a cofactor binds to an enzyme? a) The enzyme is activated. b) The enzyme is no longer able to function. c) Minerals can more easily bind to the enzyme. d) The enzyme can cross the cell membrane for transport.
a
When chromium is deficient, _______insulin is required to produce the same effect on blood sugar as when someone has adequate chromium status. a) more b) the same amount of c) less
a
Which of the following are good sources of niacin? a) chicken and trout b) kiwi and apples c) corn and oatmeal d) orange juice and spinach
a
Which of the following is FALSE about hypertension? a) Dietary intake of sodium, but not magnesium or calcium, affects blood pressure. b) It is more common in African Americans than non- Hispanic whites. c) Risk for developing hypertension increases as you age. d) Regular exercise can delay the onset of hypertension.
a
Which of the following is not a function of magnesium? a) Assists with regulation of fluid balance b) Keeps blood balanced c) Maintains the health of bones d) Generates energy for exercise
a
Which of the following is not a trace mineral? a) calcium b) iodine c) iron d) zinc
a
Which of the following is/are antioxidants?a) Vitamin C. b) Vitamin E. c) Selenium.
all
A goiter occurs as a result of deficiency of: a) chromium b) iodine. c) magnesium. d) selenium.
b
A healthy blood pressure is _____ mm of mercury. a) 110/70 b) 120/80 c) 130/90
b
All of the following minerals are needed for the functioning of antioxidant enzymes EXCEPT for a) copper b) phosphorus c) sulfur d) zinc
b
Excess body weight is associated with _____risk of osteoporosis development. a) increased b) reduced c) no (there is no relationship between body weight and osteoporosis development)
b
If antidiuretic hormone levels decrease, you would expect that a) less water is excreted in the urine. b) more water is excreted in the urine. c) no change in amount of water excreted in the urine.
b
Mary needs to increase her thiamin consumption. Which of the following contains the most thiamin? a) 1⁄4 c sunflower seeds b) 3 oz pork chop c) 3 oz rainbow trout d) 1 c oatmeal
b
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act accomplished which of the following? a) Defined the term dietary supplement AND established safety standards for manufacturing practices. b) Defined the term dietary supplement AND created standards for labeling products. c) Defined the term dietary supplement AND established safety standards for manufacturing practices AND created standards for labeling products. d) Established safety standards for manufacturing practices AND created standards for labeling products.
b
The Intrinsic Factor is necessary for the absorption of which B vitamin? a) Folate b) Niacin c) Riboflavin d) Vitamin B12
b
The distribution of water between intra- and extra-cellular spaces depends on concentration differences of _____, or dissolved substances, including protein, sodium, and potassium. a) reverse osmotic particles b) solutes c) solutions d) solvents
b
