nutrition test 3

vitamin D too much

A high intake can cause loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Overuse of supplements may lead to hypervitaminosis D. Hypercalcemia Can cause damaging calcium deposits in kidneys, lungs, blood vessels, and heart Can affect the nervous system and cause severe depression Too-high levels are extremely rarely caused by food intake or overexposure to the sun.

riboflavin (B2) too little

Ariboflavinosis: riboflavin deficiency Cells in tissues lining the throat, mouth, tongue, and lips become inflamed or swollen. Sore throat, stomatitis, glossitis, cheilosis In elderly, reduced conversion of vitamin B6 to its active form Altered iron metabolism and the synthesis of hemoglobin

vitamin B6 too much

Because it is stored in the body it can be toxic, usually due to excess intake of supplements. Nerve damage Difficulty walking Tingling in legs and feet Large doses do not cure carpal tunnel syndrome.

thiamin too little

Beriberi Symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, confusion, muscle weakness, peripheral neuropathy. Classifications Wet: edema and congestive heart failure Dry: muscle wasting without edema or nerve degeneration Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Caused by chronic alcohol abuseCauses of deficiency Inadequate dietary intake Malabsorption Alcoholism Prolonged diarrhea Times of increased need with too little intake Pregnancy and lactation

vitamin A too little

Chronic vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness. Prolonged vitamin A deficiency leads to xerophthalmia. Leading cause of preventable blindness in children, mostly in developing countries Deficiency can lead to keratinization of epithelial tissues. Epithelial cells don't secrete mucus. Cells are unable to function properly, promoting infection.

vitamin B6

Collective name for several related compounds Pyridoxine: in plant foods, supplements, fortified foods Pyridoxal: in animal sources Pyridoxamine: in animal sources

vitamin C too much

Consuming > 3,000 mg can cause nausea, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. Overconsumption can lead to Kidney stones False positive or false negative medical tests Those with hemochromatosis should avoid excess amounts.

zinc too little

Deficiency Delayed growth in children Hair loss Loss of appetite Impaired sense of taste Diarrhea Delayed sexual maturation Impotence Skin rash

iodide too little

Deficiency During pregnancy Damage to brain of the developing baby Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism) Abnormal sexual development Mental retardation Dwarfism

biotin

Deficiency Seen with Overconsumption of raw egg whites (> 12/day for a prolonged time); avidin in raw egg whites can bind to biotin and cause deficiency symptoms Total parenteral nutrition Impaired absorption Rare genetic disorders Symptoms include hair loss, depression, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, lethargy, hallucinations

vitmain B6 too little

Deficiency symptoms include: Sore tongue Inflammation of the skin Depression Confusion Microcytic hypochromic anemia Red blood cells are small and pale Often caused by excessive alcohol consumption

Pantothenic acid too little

Deficiency: rare May experience Fatigue Nausea Vomiting Numbness Muscle cramps Difficulty walking

vitamin A too much

Excessive amounts of preformed vitamin A can accumulate to toxic levels. Toxic levels are generally a result of overconsumption of vitamin A in supplements. Hypervitaminosis A can lead to liver damage and even death. Overconsumption During pregnancy can cause birth defects in the face, skull, and CNS of the child Can potentially result in osteoporosis and bone fractures in adults Carotenoids in foods are not toxic. Do not pose serious health problems Excess carotenoids can cause carotenodermia. Overconsuming beta-carotene supplements May increase lung cancer risk

potassium too much

Hyperkalemia: Too much potassium in the blood Does not occur with food intake Occurs with supplementation or salt substitutes Can lead to Irregular heart beat Heart damage Death Those with impaired kidneys and individuals taking medications for heart disease or diuretics are at risk and should consume less than the RDA.

phosphorous too much

Hyperphosphatemia Only an issue for those with kidney problems High intake of phosphorus with low calcium intake can decrease bone mass. Can lead to calcium deposits in soft tissue

potassium too little

Hypokalemia: Too little blood potassium Increased risk of hypertension, kidney stones, and loss of bone mass with moderately low intake Caused by prolonged vomiting or diarrhea Observed in anorexics or bulimics Can lead to Muscle weakness and cramps Glucose intolerance Irregular heart beat and paralysis

phosphorous too little

Hypophosphatemia Muscle weakness, bone pain, rickets, confusion, and death in extreme cases Deficiency is rare

vitamin K too little

Infants are born with too little vitamin K. Deficiency severe enough to affect blood clotting is extremely rare. May be a cause of hip fracture in older men and women

iron too little

Iron-deficiency anemia Hemoglobin levels decrease Oxygen delivery to tissues diminished Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, reduced ability to fight infection. Populations at risk Pregnant women Menstruating women and teenage girls Preterm or low birth weight infants Older infants and toddlers

vitamin B12 (cobalamin) too little

Macrocytic anemia Pernicious anemia Fatigue Shortness of breath Long-term consequence Nerve damage (tingling and numbness in arms and legs)

folate too little

Megaloblasts macrocytes macrocytic anemia Red blood cells are abnormally large. Macrocytic anemia Symptoms Fatigue Weakness Irritability Shortness of breath

vitamin K too much

No known adverse effects Individuals taking anticoagulant medications should keep vitamin K intake consistent. Changes in intake can increase or decrease drug effectiveness.

vitamin E too much

No known risk of consuming too much vitamin E from natural food sources Overconsumption of synthetic form in dietary supplements and fortified foods can increase risk of a hemorrhage

folate too much

No risk from a regular diet Excess intake from fortified food or supplements can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency.

Niacin too much

None known from normal dietary intake Excess supplements or too many overly fortified foods can cause: Reddish coloring of the face, arms, and chest Nausea, vomiting Heartburn Liver toxicity Raised blood glucose levels

Niacin too little

Pellagra (disease of the four Ds) Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death

vitamin E too little

Rare Chronic deficiency of vitamin E can cause nerve problems, muscle weakness, and free radical damage to cell membranes.

vitamin D too little

Rickets: Vitamin D deficiency disease in children Bones aren't adequately mineralized with calcium and phosphorus, causing them to weaken, leading to bowed legs. On the rise in the United States due to decreased milk consumption, fear of skin cancer from sun exposure, and air pollution Other vitamin D deficiency disorders Osteomalacia: Adult equivalent of rickets Osteoporosis Muscle weakness and pain

vitamin C too little

Scurvy Bleeding gums Coiled or curly arm hairs Wounds won't heal Rough rash Prevented with 10 mg of vitamin C per day

iron too much

Symptoms include constipation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Tolerable upper level: 45 mg/day Amount is too high for individuals with Liver disease Other diseases that affect iron stores in the body Iron poisoning in children Accidental consumption of supplements containing iron is the leading cause of poisoning deaths in children under age 6. Iron overload Buildup of excess store of iron over several years Can damage organs and tissues Hemochromatosis can cause overload. A genetic disorder in which individuals absorb too much dietary iron Other effects of too much iron Stimulate free radical production May contribute to heart disease May increase risk for cancer

magnesium

Too much Consuming large amounts of supplements can cause intestinal problems. Diarrhea, cramps, nausea Too little Deficiencies are rare. Some medications cause deficiency. Poorly controlled diabetes and alcohol abuse can also cause deficiency. Symptoms: muscle weakness, seizures, fatigue, depression, and irregular heart beats

manganese

Too much Exposure to environmental pollutants Symptoms Damage to the nervous system Symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease Too little Rare Phytates, calcium, and iron can interfere with absorption. Rash and scaly skin

fluoride

Too much Fluorosis in teeth and bones Too little Increased susceptibility to dental caries

calcium

Too much Hypercalcemia: Too much calcium in the blood Can cause constipation and impaired absorption of other minerals Too little Hypocalcemia: Blood calcium levels below normal Less dense, weakened, and brittle bones Increased risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures

iodide too much

Too much Impairs thyroid function and reduces the synthesis and release of thyroxine Deficiency Simple goiter: Enlarged thyroid gland Secondary goiter Goitrogens: Substances in food that reduce the use of iodine by the thyroid gland, resulting in goiter Rutabagas, cabbage, soybeans, and peanuts

chromium

Too much May reduce absorption, transportation, and utilization of iron No known risks of consuming excessive amounts in foods or supplements Too little Rare in the United States May increase blood glucose and fatty acids

molybdenum

Too much Shown to cause reproductive problems and kidney disorders in animals Tolerable upper limit: 2 mg/day Too little Not seen in healthy individuals Observed in individuals fed intravenously for years Rapid heart beat Headaches Night blindness

copper

Too much Symptoms Stomach pains and cramps, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and liver damage Deficiency Rare Symptoms: fatigue and weakness Populations Premature infants who are fed milk formulas, malnourished infants fed cow's milk, and individuals on IV feedings with inadequate amounts of copper Genetic disorders Menkes disease (rare genetic disorder) Copper transport disorder Wilson's disease (genetic disorder) Prevents the body from excreting copper

selenium

Too much Tolerable upper limit: 400 g/day Selenosis Brittle nails and hair, both of which may fall out Stomach and intestinal discomfort, skin rash, garlicky breath, fatigue, and damage to the nervous system Deficiency May trigger Keshan disease Damages the heart Possible changes in thyroid hormone

Zinc too much

Too much Upper level: 40 mg/day Symptoms: stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Excess can Interfere with copper absorption Suppress the immune system Lower HDL cholesterol

sodium

Too much sodium can contribute to High blood pressure Calcium-deficiency osteoporosis Fluid retention Weight gain Stomach ulcers Stomach cancer Too little sodium can reduce blood volume. Hypertension, especially with salt sensitivity Elderly People with diabetes or chronic kidney disease African-Americans Hypernatremia: Too much sodium in the blood May contribute to bone loss Too little sodium is rare in healthy individuals. Can lead to hyponatremia Common in endurance athletes and people who consume too much water in a short amount of time Symptoms Headache, muscle weakness, fatigue, seizures Can cause death Result of diuretic use

chloride

UL = 3,600 mg Toxicity is rare. Can occur in cases of severe dehydration (hyperchloremia) Deficiency Rarely occurs in healthy individuals Prolonged diarrhea or vomiting can cause loss. Diuretics can increase urinary losses. Symptoms include: shallow breathing, muscle weakness, muscle spasms, and twitching

thiamin (B1) too much

none