nutrition test chapters 4,5,6

Gluconeogenesis is the A) synthesis of new glucose from amino acids. B) release of stored glycogen from the liver. C) process by which plants use sunlight to synthesize glucose. D) uptake of glucose by the body's cells.

A synthesis of new glucose from amino acids

Which of the following carbohydrates is an end product of photosynthesis? A) glycogen B) chlorophyll C) carbon dioxide D) glucose

D Glucose

which of the following is NOT a component of an amino acid molecule? A) a central carbon B) an amine group C) an acid group D) a fatty acid group

D a fatty acid group

Which of the following enzymes is found in the mouth? A) lactase B) maltase C) pancreatic amylase D) salivary amylase

D salivary amylase

A condition marked by blood glucose levels that are below normal levels is A) hypoglycemia. B) type 1 diabetes. C) type 2 diabetes. D) ketoacidosis.

a

The term "enriched" on a food label signifies that A) the nutrients in the food were lost during processing and then added back in. B) nutrients were added to the food that did not originally exist in it. C) nutrients were added to the food that have additional health benefits beyond those naturally found in it. D) the food was processed without any artificial additives.

a

Ana takes her grandparents out to eat every Sunday at their favorite buffet-style restaurant, which offers only a limited selection of vegetables. Which of the following would be the most fiber-rich vegetable option for the diners? A) 1 cup of cooked broccoli B) 2 cups of iceberg lettuce C) 6 spears of steamed asparagus D) 1/2 cup of creamed corn

a 1 cup of cooked broccoli

Which of the following types of bread contains the most fiber? A) 1 slice of pumpernickel bread B) 1 slice of whole-wheat bread C) 1 slice of white bread D) 1 buttermilk biscuit

a 1 slice of pumpernickel break

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be in positive nitrogen balance? A) a woman who is six months pregnant B) an athlete who is consuming 500 Calories a day C) a fire victim with severe burns D) a college student who is in good health

a a women who is six months pregnant

Which of the following is NOT associated with kwashiorkor? A) flat belly and abdomen B) fatty degeneration of the liver C) loss of hair D) weight loss and muscle wasting

a belly fat and abdomen

the primary energy source used by the body during intense exercise is A) carbohydrate. B) protein. C) fat. D) cholesterol.

a carbohydrate

Cream stiffens when it is whipped. The change that occurs in the protein is called A) denaturation. B) translocation. C) transcription. D) deamination.

a denaturations

To conserve body protein for its vital functions and not use it to provide energy, you should A) eat adequate amounts of carbohydrate and fat. B) obtain at least 40% of your total energy from protein. C) engage in strength training at least three times a week. D) eat meat daily.

a eat adequate amounts of carbohydrate and fat

A deficiency of protein can lead to what condition in which fluid accumulates in the body's tissue spaces? A) edema B) celiac disease C) marasmus D) acidosis

a edema

What is the major monosaccharide found in the body? A) glucose B) fructose C) galactose D) glycogen

a glucosw

Aspartame cannot be used to prepare cooked foods because A) heat destroys its flavor. B) its amino acids form ketones. C) its glycemic load becomes too high. D) once it is heated, the body cannot metabolize it.

a heat destroys its flavor

Which of the following is thought to be a health benefit of eating meals that have a low glycemic load? A) higher fiber intake B) dramatic fluctuations in blood glucose C) higher blood cholesterol levels D) reduced risk for breast cancer

a higher fiber intake

Which of the following hormones is released when your blood sugar rises? A) insulin B) estrogen C) CCK D) glucagon

a insulin

which of the following is an amino-acid containing hormone? A) insulin B) estrogen C) progesterone D) adrenal hormones

a insulin

In the body, the major storage sites for glycogen are the muscles and A) liver. B) kidneys. C) gallbladder. D) pancreas.

a liver

A well-planned vegetarian diet reduces the risk for which of the following conditions? A) obesity B) peptic ulcers C) type 1 diabetes D) celiac disease

a obesity

The enzymes that digest proteins in the small intestine are A) proteases. B) pepsins. C) pepsinogens. D) phosphofructokinases.

a proteases

Which part of an individual amino acid distinguishes it from other amino acids? A) side chain B) central carbon C) amine group D) acid group

a side chain

When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form A) sucrose. B) maltose. C) galactose. D) lactose.

a sucrose

Which of the following foods, when combined, provide the amino acids to make a complete protein? A) tofu and broccoli with almonds B) banana and pineapple C) spinach and tomatoes D) corn tortilla and butter

a tofu and broccoli with almonds

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of A) two monosaccharides. B) two polysaccharides. C) one monosaccharide and one polysaccharide. D) two oligosaccharides.

a two monosaccharides

Which of the following is NOT a health problem related to eating too much sugar? A) unexplained weight loss B) tooth decay C) increased risk for cardiovascular disease D) increased risk for diabetes

a unexplained weight loss

The label on a box of granola indicates that it contains 13 grams of added sugars, and 240 Calories per serving. What percent of Calories in a serving comes from added sugars? A) 12% B) 22% C) 45% D) 67%

b 22%

Carlos is a healthy but sedentary college student. He weighs 175 pounds. About how many grams of protein should he consume each day? A) 55 grams B) 64 grams C) 75 grams D) 84 grams

b 64 grams

Which of the following proteins are critical to the body's defense against bacteria and viruses? A) enzymes B) antibodies C) buffers D) transport proteins

b antibodies

A substance—usually a protein—that the body recognizes as a foreign invader, triggering an immune response is an A) antibody. B) antigen. C) antihistamine. D) antibiotic.

b antigen

Vegetarian diets are associated with increased consumption of A) carcinogens. B) antioxidants. C) alcohol. D) vitamins B12 and D.

b antioxidants

during sleep, the body provides fuel to the brain A) by breaking down body proteins. B) by engaging in ketosis. C) by converting glucose to glycogen. D) The body does not provide fuel to the brain during sleep.

b by engaging in ketosis

A technique employed by some endurance athletes to increase their storage of muscle glycogen is A) ketosis. B) carbohydrate loading. C) glycogen building. D) gluconeogenesis.

b carbohydrate loading

Ketoacidosis can result in A) muscle growth. B) coma and death. C) increased storage of glycogen in muscles. D) an increase in appetite.

b coma and death

A complete protein A) contains all 20 amino acids. B) contains all 9 essential amino acids. C) has not been denatured. D) is a polypeptide.

b contains all 9 essential amino acids

Individuals with which untreated disease are at risk for developing ketoacidosis? A) hypertension B) diabetes C) diverticulosis D) heart disease

b diabetes

In the diet, the nondigestible parts of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems, and seeds are known as A) functional fiber. B) dietary fiber. C) total fiber. D) starches.

b dietry fiber

Conduction of nerve signals and contraction of muscles depends on the proper balance of A) glucose. B) electrolytes. C) buffers. D) nitrogen.

b eectrolytes

Foods in which nutrients are added that did not originally exist in that food are known as A) enriched. B) fortified. C) genetically modified. D) processed.

b fortidied

The process by which cells use genes to make proteins is called A) translation. B) gene expression. C) DNA sequencing. D) protein turnover.

b gene expression

When blood glucose levels drop, which hormone brings glucose out of storage to raise blood glucose levels? A) insulin B) glucagon C) glycogen D) adrenaline

b glucagon

Which of the following would be the BEST choice for someone trying to reduce added sugar intake? A) cranberry juice B) half a cup of sliced strawberries C) caramel apple yogurt D) canned pears in heavy syrup

b half a cup of sliced strawberries

Which of the following statements about the role of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is FALSE? A) HCl denatures protein strands reaching the stomach. B) HCl inhibits the digestion of protein by denaturing pepsin. C) Thinking about food stimulates the production of gastrin which, in turn, controls the production of HCl. D) HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin.

b hci inhibits the digestion of protein by denaturing pepsin

Which of the following chemicals can be made of amino acids, is stored in glands, and is secreted into the bloodstream to regulate body functions? A) enzyme B) hormone C) antibody D) buffer

b hormone

In the body, protein buffers are very important in A) defending the body against bacteria and toxins. B) maintaining acid-base balance in the body. C) accelerating chemical reactions in the body. D) protecting against and repairing damage to body tissue.

b maintaining acid base balance in the body

Meat is NOT a good dietary source of glycogen. Why? A) Glycogen is resistant to intestinal enzymes and cannot be broken down by the human digestive tract. B) Most of the glycogen found in meat is broken down when the animal is slaughtered. C) The highly branched structure of glycogen is difficult for human digestive enzymes to break apart. D) The form of glycogen found in meat cannot be absorbed in the small intestine.

b most of the glycogen found in meat is broken down when the animal is slaughtered

Which of the following is NOT a major function of protein in the human body? A) maintaining fluid balance B) providing energy to the blood cells and brain C) growth and maintenance of new tissue D) synthesis of hormones

b providing energy to the blood cells and brain

In what cell structure are amino acids assembled into proteins? A) nucleus B) ribosome C) cell membrane D) mitochondria

b ribosome

The distinctive spiral or pleated sheet of a protein is known as its ________ structure. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary

b secondary

The absorption of amino acids occurs in the A) stomach. B) small intestine. C) large intestine. D) muscle tissues.

b small intestine

The positively charged electrolyte concentrated inside the cell is potassium, and the positively charged electrolyte concentrated outside the cell is A) oxygen. B) sodium. C) hydrogen. D) nitrogen.

b sodium

Which of the following alternative sweeteners is made from sucrose? A) aspartame B) sucralose C) acesulfame-K D) saccharine

b sucralose

The part of the protein molecule that contains nitrogen is the A) acid group. B) amine group. C) side chain. D) hydrogen group.

b the amine group

37) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) The healthy body's primary energy sources are carbohydrate and fat. B) The body stores excess protein primarily for energy reserves. C) To utilize protein for energy, the amine group is removed. D) Eating sufficient carbohydrate and fat will spare body protein.

b the body stores excess protein primarily for energy reserves

What dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body? A) the body's need for a protein B) the DNA inside the nucleus of the cell C) the number of essential amino acids available D) the combination of proteins consumed in the diet

b the dna inside the nucleus of the cell

The USDA Food Patterns counts 1/3 cup of nuts as equivalent to A) one serving of meat. B) one ounce of meat. C) one pound of meat. D) one day's recommended protein intake for an average adult.

b the ounce of meat

Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in maintaining blood glucose levels? A) insulin B) thyroxin C) glucagon D) epinephrine

b thyroxin

During the process of protein synthesis, what is the step in which mRNA is decoded into an amino acid sequence at the cell's ribosome? A) transcription B) translation C) deamination D) denaturation

b translation

Lipoproteins and transferrin act as A) proteases. B) transport proteins. C) buffers. D) hormones.

b transport proteins

In phenylketonuria (PKU), which amino acid becomes conditionally essential? A) phenylalanine B) tyrosine C) alanine D) cysteine

b tryosine

Two amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond to form a dipeptide. What is released as a by-product of this process? A) ammonia B) water C) carbon dioxide D) nitrogen

b water

Which of the following fruit servings contains the highest level of fiber-rich carbohydrates? A) 1 medium banana B) 1 cup of fresh strawberries C) 1 cup of blackberries D) 1/2 cup of canned fruit cocktail

c 1 cup of blackberries

Of the 20 amino acids used by the human body, how many are considered nonessential? A) none B) 9 C) 11 D) 20

c 11

How many grams of carbohydrate per day are recommended for adults 19 years of age and older? A) 75 grams B) 100 grams C) 130 grams D) 160 grams

c 130 grams

One cup of a popular sweetened corn cereal contains 14 grams of added sugars. How many teaspoons of sugar does this amount equal? A) 2 B) 2.5 C) 3.5 D) 4

c 3.5

Up to what percentage of a person's total energy intake should carbohydrates provide, based on the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)? A) 15% B) 30% C) 65% D)70%

c 65%

When a protein attracts or releases hydrogen, it acts as a A) transporter. B) limiter. C) buffer. D) hydrogenater.

c buffer

Which of the following are the preferred fuels for MOST body functions? A) protein and fat B) carbohydrate and protein C) carbohydrate and fat D) fat and ketones

c carbohydrate and fat

Carbohydrates contain A) carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. B) carbon, sulfur, and potassium. C) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. D) carbon, helium, and sodium.

c carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Which of the following foods is a source of complete protein? A) broccoli B) apple C) chicken D) whole grain bread

c chicken

An acid-base imbalance can result in A) a blood pH of about 7.4. B) an increased rate of HCL production in the stomach. C) coma and death. D) widespread release of antibodies into the bloodstream.

c coma and death

Which of the following substances in a ripe peach is NOT absorbed by the body? A) vitamin C B) fructose C) dietary fiber D) water

c dietary fiber

Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate? A) glycogen B) pectin C) galactose D) cellulose

c galactose

Which hormone controls both the production of HCl and the release of pepsin? A) insulin B) glucagon C) gastrin D) pepsinogen

c gastrin

The storage form of glucose in animals is A) galactose. B) starch. C) glycogen. D) raffinose.

c glycogen

Mikayla's doctor has suggested that she increase the fiber content of her diet. Which of the following would NOT be good advice for Mikayla? A) Drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of fluid a day. B) Purchase bread and grain products in which the first ingredient listed is "whole grain." C) Increase fiber intake by taking a fiber supplement each day. D) Eat legumes every day, if possible.

c increase fiber intake by taking a fiber suplement each day

Which of the following has the highest glycemic index value? A) white rice B) apples C) instant mashed potatoes D) ice cream

c instant mashed potatoes

When we don't consume enough carbohydrate, what substances does the body produce as an alternative fuel? A) amyloses B) amylases C) ketones D) glucagon

c ketones

The type of vegetarian who eats vegetables, grains, fruits, eggs, and milk but excludes all other types of animal protein is called a A) vegan. B) lacto-vegetarian. C) lacto-ovo-vegetarian. D) pesco-vegetarian.

c lacto-ovo-vegetarian

The richest dietary source of resistant starch is A) fruit. B) vegetables. C) legumes. D) whole grains.

c legumes

As compared to the consumption of the same number of Calories in plant proteins, the production of beef releases more A) water. B) acid rain. C) methane. D) smog.

c methane

The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called A) the protein-combining method. B) amino acid sequencing method. C) mutual supplementation. D) protein harmonizing.

c mutual supplementation

Insulin is synthesized and released by the A) brain. B) liver. C) pancreas. D) gallbladder.

c pancreas

Sheldon consumes mostly fruits, legumes and other vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds, but he often eats eggs, yogurt, and cheese as well. Once or twice a week, he eats a meal containing meat, poultry, and/or fish. Sheldon consumes a A) vegan diet. B) macrobiotic diet. C) plant-based diet. D) lacto-ovovegetarian diet.

c plant base diet

The term complex carbohydrates refers to A) monosaccharides. B) disaccharides. C) polysaccharides. D) glucose.

c polysaccharides

Significant chemical digestion of protein begins in the A) mouth. B) pharynx. C) stomach. D) pancreas.

c stomach

The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine regulate blood glucose levels by A) assisting transport of glucose into cells. B) stimulating the liver to store glycogen. C) triggering glycogen breakdown in the liver. D) inhibiting gluconeogenesis.

c triggering glycogen breakdown in the liver

Which of the following processes involves both the synthesis of new proteins and the breakdown of existing proteins to amino acids? A) transcription B) translation C) turnover D) acidosis

c turnover

Most of the proteins in the body are synthesized from A) nine amino acids. B) eleven amino acids. C) twenty amino acids. D) more than 300 amino acids.

c twenty amino acids

Which of the following nutrients is MOST likely to be deficient in a vegan diet? A) protein B) carbohydrate C) vitamin B12 D) vitamin C

c vitamin b12

Willa follows a vegan diet. Which of the following does she eat? A) egg whites B) plain yogurt C) whole-grain bread dipped in olive oil D) gluten-free pancakes with butter and honey

c whole grain bread dipped in olive oil

A high-fiber diet might help decrease blood cholesterol levels by A) preventing ketosis. B) keeping stools soft. C) trapping cholesterol in pockets in the large intestine. D) causing more cholesterol-containing bile to be excreted in feces.

d

Which of the following statements about glycemic load is TRUE? A) The glycemic load is the potential of a food to raise blood glucose levels. B) The glycemic load of an individual food item is more significant than the glycemic load of the entire meal. C) Researchers agree that the evidence supporting the health benefits of a low glycemic-load diet is very strong. D) The lower the glycemic load of a meal, the lower the post-meal rise in blood glucose.

d

Which of the following provides about one-third of the daily Adequate Intake (AI) of fiber for women? A) 1 cup of iceberg lettuce B) 1 slice of enriched wheat bread C) 1 cup of fresh strawberries D) 1/2 cup of cooked lentils

d 1/2 cup of cooked lentils

Which of the following statements about a high protein diet is TRUE? A) A high-protein diet causes loss of bone density and osteoporosis. B) A high-protein diet increases the risk for kidney failure. C) The American Diabetes Association recommends that people with diabetes eat a low-protein diet. D) A diet high in protein does not have to be high in saturated fat.

d a diet high in protein does not have to be high in saturated fat

Which of the following is associated with the development of ketosis? A) a diet that contains too much fat B) a diet that contains insufficient fat C) a diet that contains too much carbohydrate D) a diet that contains insufficient carbohydrate

d a diet that contains insufficient carbohydrate

Which of the following statements about dietary protein intake is TRUE? A) On average, protein intake recommendations are lower for older adults than for young and middle-age adults. B) The RDA for protein for sedentary adults is 1.2 g per kg of body weight. C) The AMDR for protein is 10% to 25% of total energy intake. D) Athletes have higher protein needs than sedentary adults.

d athletes have higher protein needs than sedentary adults

Whole-grain flours are rich sources of fiber because they retain the grain's A) husk. B) hull. C) stem. D) bran.

d bran

The insoluble fiber that provides the main structural component of plant cell walls is A) lignin. B) pectin. C) mucilage. D) cellulose.

d cellulose

Starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber are examples of A) monosaccharides. B) disaccharides. C) simple carbohydrates. D) complex carbohydrates.

d complex carbohydrates

A diet low in fiber is associated with an increased risk of developing A) kidney stones. B) dental caries. C) Crohn's disease. D) diverticulosis.

d diverticulosis

The condition in which infected pockets form on the wall of the large intestine is known as A) celiac disease. B) Crohn's disease. C) colon cancer. D) diverticulosis.

d diverticulosis

The electrically charged particle that assists in maintaining the body's fluid balance is called a(n) A) enzyme. B) protease. C) hormone. D) electrolyte.

d electrolyte

Proteases are A) protein messengers that are released from storage in response to an alteration in the body's homeostasis. B) transport proteins that move substances across cell membranes. C) defense proteins that attack foreign bacteria, viruses, and toxins. D) enzymes that break down protein in the small intestine.

d enzymes that break down protien in the small intestine

After a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cells? A) glucagon B) estrogen C) CCK D) insulin

d insulin

Nitrogen released from the breakdown of proteins A) is used to synthesize liver glycogen. B) travels in the bloodstream to the lungs, where it is excreted when we exhale. C) triggers acidosis. D) is used in the synthesis of urea, which is excreted by the kidneys in the urine.

d is used in the synthesis of urea, which is excreted by the kidneys in the urine

Which of the following is an excellent source of protein that includes foods such as kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, soybeans, lentils, and chickpeas? A) quorn B) quinoa C) nuts D) legumes

d legumes

What element present in protein is NOT present in carbohydrate or fat? A) carbon B) hydrogen C) oxygen D) nitrogen

d nitrogen

Mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol are added to chewing gum as A) stabilizers. B) alternative sweeteners. C) zero-Calorie sweeteners. D) nutritive sweeteners.

d nutritive sweeteners

Which of the following is an example of a soluble fiber? A) lignins B) cellulose C) hemicelluloses D) pectins

d pectins

Individuals with the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) should NOT consume the alternative sweetener aspartame. Why? A) People with PKU are highly prone to development of diabetes. B) People with PKU are allergic to the sweetener. C) People with PKU experience severe headaches when they consume aspartame. D) People with PKU cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.

d people with pku cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalnine

A high-fiber diet may A) disturb the GI flora. B) increase the body's production of bile. C) increase the risk of obesity. D) reduce the risk of colon cancer.

d reduce the risk of colon cancer

A polypeptide consist of a string of how many amino acids? A) two B) more than four C) nine D) ten or more

d ten or more

The glycemic load is A) the amount of carbohydrate in a food. B) the amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the food's glycemic index. C) the amount of carbohydrate in a food divided by the food's glycemic index. D) the amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the food's glycemic index, divided by 100.

d the amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the foods glycemic index divided by 100

Which of the following BEST describes the glycemic index? A) an individual's glucose/insulin ratio in a fasted state B) the amount of insulin required to metabolize 100 grams of glucose C) the glucose content of a given food D) the extent to which a given food raises blood glucose and insulin

d the extent to which a given food raises blood glucose and insulin

The process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another is called A) gene expression. B) alteration. C) deamination. D) transamination.

d transamination

The process in which messenger RNA (mRNA) copies genetic information from DNA before carrying it to the ribosome is called A) translation. B) deamination. C) denaturation. D) transcription.

d transcription