Nutrition test number 4 Chapter 10-12

What are the common complications of weight-loss surgery?

1. Bleeding 2. Infection 3. Leaking at surgical site 4. Diarrhea 5. Blood clots, 6. Nutrient deficiencies

Biotin food sources:

Cookes eggs liver yogurt nuts

What five factors do you need to know to calculate a person's estimated energy requirement (EER)?

1. Gender 2. Age. 3. Height 4. Weight 5. Activity level

What is the American College of Sports Medicine recommendation for physical activity to avoid weight gain?

150-250 minutes of moderate intense physical activity per week

What is the recommended weight gain during the first trimester (13 weeks) of pregnancy?

2 to 5 pounds

A pound of adipose tissue provides 3500 Calories.

3500 calories

How much of the variation in BMIs can be attributed to genes?

40-70%

What percentage of weight loss is needed to significantly reduce disease risk for overweight/obese people?

5 to 10 percent

In order to lose one pound of adipose tissue per week, a person would need to expend more Calories per day than was consumed.

500 more calories

Niacin provitamin:

:niacinamide and nicotinic acid

What are the BMI criteria for classifying obese, overweight, healthy weight, and underweight for children? (refer back to Figure 2 in Chapter 11)

<5% underweight5-85% healthy85-95% overweight>95% obese

Vitamin D function:

Absorption of calcium and phosphorous Maintenance of bone

Waist-to-hip ratio-

An additional measure of fat distribution is the

What are the ABCs of behavior modification?

Antecedents Behavior Consequences

Vitamin E function:

Antioxidant

Vitamin C Function:

Antioxidant Collagen synthesis Iron Absorption helps maintain immune system

What are the key factors to consider when determining whether to recommend weight loss?

BMI and overweight or high waist circumference and two or more risk factors

Thiamin low intake:

Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Vitamin K food sources:

Broccoli, spinach, kale, greens Synthesized by bacteria in large intestine

How many extra calories would a person burn if they walked 1.7 miles per hour rather than sit? (refer to the NEAT video)

Burn extra 100 to 150 calories a hour

What are some of the characteristics of effective weight loss plans?

By setting small, achievable goals, individuals can develop a healthy lifestyle. Strive to live an active lifestyle. Eat more vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and low-fat dairy and lean protein and consuming less saturated and trans-fat, added sugars, and sodium

What is the provitamin for vitamin A?

Carotenoids

Vitamin A food sources:

Carotenoids (provitamin) dark green or orange fruit and vegetables Retinoids: liver, milk, eggs and butter

Healthy weight:

Children and Adolescent age 2- 19 years: 5th to < 85th percentile Adults: 18.5-24.9kg/m2

Obese:

Children and Adolescent age 2-19 years: greater than or equal to the 95th percentile Adults: 30.0kg/m2

Underweight:

Children and Adolescent age 2-19 years: less than the 5th percentile Adults: less than 18.5kg/m2

Extreme obesity:

Children and Adolescent age 2-19 years: nothing Adults: 40.0kg/m2 or greater

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin and pantothenic acid functions

Coenzyme Energy Metabolism

Vitamin b-6 function:

Coenzyme Energy Metabolism Neurotransmitter synthesis Hemoglobin synthesis

Why did the corn-based dietary intake of people in the southern United States during the early 1900s cause pellagra? (two reasons are listed in the textbook)

Corn is a poor source of tryptophan and the niacin in corn is bound which lowers it's bioavailability.

Riboflavin food sources:

Dairy products Whole grains Enriched grains

What are common adverse effects of using orlistat when on a high-fat dietary intake?

Decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and fat excretion in stool

Vitamin D low intake:

Deficiency disease in children: rickets Deficiency disease in adults: osteomalacia

Which of the four body composition tests is considered the most reliable method?

Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry

What affects the long-term success of any weight-loss surgery?

Eating less and being more physically active may be easier. People should be ready to commit a healthy lifestyle habits for the rest of their life.

Vitamin D food sources:

Egg yolks, salmon, milk, mushroom

Why is BMI a widely used tool in public health for measuring overweight and obesity?

It is easy and inexpensive tool.

NEAT-

Energy expended for activities that are not formal exercise or resistance training activities

Which of the following is more likely to have higher levels of vitamins: Canned vegetables, frozen vegetables, or "fresh" vegetables purchased at the store? Why?

Frozen vegetables because the frozen vegetables are usually harvested, blanched, and quick- frozen within a day

Vitamin C food sources:

Fruits: oranges, grapefruit, kiwi, melons and strawberries Veggies: potatoes, green peppers, broccoli, cabbage, brassel sprouts

Why is folic acid added to enriched grains and cereal products?

Help with birth defects

What is the difference between appetite and hunger?

Hunger- Desire to consume food triggered by physiological signals. Appetite- a desire for food that is independent of hunger

What are the possible health benefits of weight-loss surgery?

Improvements of these obesity related health problems. May allow some individuals greater physical function and improve quality of life.

What happens during gastric bypass surgery?

Involves permanently changing the pathway of food through the digestive system

What is the major disadvantage for drug treatment to promote weight loss?

Is that the weight regain often occurs when the medication is stopped.

What is the true test of the effectiveness of a weight-loss plan?

Is whether a healthy weight change can be maintained over time

How reliable is BMI as an indicator of body fatness?

It doesn't take into account fat mass or fat distribution in your body

Why are people over the age of 50 years recommended to meet their RDA for vitamin B-12 from fortified foods or supplements?

It is estimated that 10 to 30 percent of people over 50 years of age have atrophic gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining) which results in low stomach acid secretion.

How can you promote healthy weights for children?

It is very effective to teach children to eat healthily and be active by example. Incorporating activity into daily life is a good way to increase movement throughout the day to help build good habits.

Why is vitamin D known as the "sunshine" vitamin?

It's produced in your skin in response to sunlight

What are the two organs in the body that activate vitamin D?

Liver and Kidneys

What are some of the characteristics of fad diets?

May promote rapid weight loss, no need to exercise, strict meal plans or extreme freedom or restriction associated with certain foods. These diets should not promise long term results because they are often impossible to follow long term. These diets can be dangerous because they do not provide the body with energy and nutrients it needs.

Vitamin B-6 food sources:

Meat, fish, poultry Whole grains (not added back with enrichment)

What is the difference between positive and negative energy balance and how does it affect body weight?

Negative energy balance occurs when energy intake is less than what the body needs, leading to weight loss. Positive energy balance occurs when energy intake is more than what the body needs, leading to weight gain

Vitamin A function:

Night vision Reproduction Immune function

Vitamin E food sources:

Nuts, Seeds, Wheat germ and some oils

ABC's of Behavior Modification-

One model that can assist in behavior change

Why would NEAT have declined with the modernization of our society? (refer to the NEAT video)

People are sitting more and they aren't getting exercise.

What is the biggest limitation of using BMI to measure overweight and obesity?

People who have more muscles can be measured as overweight and obese.

Which component of energy expenditure is easiest to modify?

Physical activity

LeptinL

Produced: released from fat cells Function: when energy stores are full to signal the hypothalamus in the brain to stop eating and indicate satiety

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

Raises the blood calcium level by breaking down the bone

What happens to Riboflavin when it is exposed to light?

Rapidly break down

What are the concerns with excessive weight gain during pregnancy?

Results in edema or swelling to due to excess fluid accumulation.

Vitamin A high intake

Retinoids: liver damage Beta-carotene: can cause hypercarotenemia

What factors can increase or decrease a person's basal metabolic rate?

Small changes in daily routines can enhance energy expenditures and can positively impact health

What is the action of the weight-loss medication phentermine?

Stimulate satiety in the hypothalamus resulting in suppressed appetite and decreased food intake.

What is the difference in bioavailability between folate and folic acid?

The bioavailability of folate occurring naturally in foods is variable. In general, the synthetic folic acid, found in supplements, fortified foods, and enriched grains, is approximately 1.7 times more bioavailable than the folates occurring naturally in foods.

Thermic effect of food-

The energy needed to digest food and absorb nutrients

What are the concerns with rapid weight loss?

The individual often returns to old habits or diet and exercise causing them to gain weight.

What is the role of the intrinsic factor in the digestion and absorption of vitamin B-12?

The vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex is then absorbed into the cells lining the ilium.

How effective are the dietary supplements guarana and green tea extract in promoting weight loss?

There is no evidence to support that it contributed to weight loss or maintenance of weight loss.

Why are Americans more obese today compared to 40 years ago?

These trends are likely due to environmental and societal changes associated with modern development. Around the world, dietary habits have changed to include increased intake of foods that are high in fat, sugar, and calories.

What type of fat (subcutaneous or visceral) is more predictive of disease risk?

Visceral Fat

What two vitamins and one provitamin act as antioxidants?

Vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene (a provitamin for vitamin A) are antioxidants.

Why do people taking the medication warfarin need to avoid vitamin K supplements?

Vitamin K is still essential to consume, but sudden changes with intakes may increase or decrease the anticoagulant effect.

Know which vitamins are the fat-soluble vitamins and which are the water-soluble vitamins.

Water Soluble vitamins: B-Vitamins, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6(Pyridoxine), Folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K.

Pre-pregnacy BMI range 18.5- 24.9

Weigh category: normal Recommended weight gain: 25-35 lbs

Pre-pregnacy BMI range above 30.0

Weigh category: obese Recommended weight gain: 11-20lbs

Pre-pregnacy BMI range 25.0-29.9

Weigh category: overweight Recommended weight gain: 15-25lbs

Pre-pregnacy BMI range Below 18.5

Weigh category: underweight Recommended weight gain: 28-40 lbs

Consuming large amounts of raw eggs will lower biotin's bioavailability. Why doesn't a cooked egg lower biotin's bioavailability?

When the egg white is cooked, the protein is denatured and broken down, thus releasing the biotin.

Niacin food sources:

Whole grains Enriched grains Meat, fish, poultry

Thiamin Food Sources:

Whole grains Enriched grains Pork

BitVitamin A low intake:

Xeropthalmia and night blindess

Vitamers-

a chemical compound that has a similar molecular structure to a particular vitamin and behaves like that vitamin in the body

Intrinsic factor-

a substance produced by the stomach that is necessary for good vitamin B12 absorption

What is the action of the weight-loss medication orlistat (Xenical, Alli) work?

acts to block dietary fat absorption

· What are the BMI and health risk criteria for prescribing weight-loss medications?

adult with a BMI equal to or greater than 30 kg/m2 or a BMI equal to or greater than 27 kg/m2 with weight-related health problems, such as type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure

Overweight and Obesity-

an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health

Vitamin b-12 food sources

animal products

Dietary supplements-

are believed to promote weight loss

Neural tube defect-

are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord.

What are the three components of energy expenditure?

basal metabolism, physical activity, the thermic effect of food

Underweight-

below a weight considered normal or desirable.

Vitamin K function:

blood clotting

Vitamin D high intake:

calcium deposits in soft tissue Kidney damage Growth retardation

Energy expenditure -

calories burned through basal metabolism, physical activity, and the thermic effect of food

Energy intake-

calories consumed by eating and drinking

What are the concerns with inadequate weight gain during pregnancy?

can increase the risk of delivering a baby early or having a baby that does not have sufficient stores

Overweight:

children and Adolescent age 2-19 years: 85th to < 95th percentile Adults: 25.0-29.9 kg/m2

Folate and Vitamin B12 function:

coenzyme red blood cell division

What are the 4 D's of niacin deficiency?

dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Death

air or water displacement

determines fat mass and fat free mass based on density

Vitamin C high intake:

diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps and kidney stones

Gastric bypass surgery-

involves permanently changing the pathway of food through the digestive system.

Provitamin

is a substance found in food that can be converted into a vitamin within the body. Example: Beta carotene.

Energy balance-

energy intake is equal to energy expenditure

Estimated energy requirement (EER)

estimation of caloric needs based on gender, age, weight, height, and physical activity

Visceral fat-

fat that is deposited in the abdominal cavity Fat deposited in the abdominal cavity

Why might a very low-fat diet affect the bioavailability of fat-soluble vitamins?

fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats, thus a diet low in fat impairs the absorption of these specific vitamins.

Satiety:

feeling of fullness

Niacin high intake:

flushing provitamin and liver damaged

Fad diets-

gain popularity due to their claims of quick., easy weight loss

How much physical activity is recommended to promote weight loss?

greater than 250 minutes of exercise per week

Folate food sources:

green leafy vegetables, enriched grains and legumes

Weight cycling-

happens when an individual makes short-term changes to lose weight

What is yo-yo dieting or weight cycling?

happens when an individual makes short-term changes to lose weight.

Vitamin K low intake:

hemorrhage (excessive bleeding)

Folate high intake:

hies first symptoms of B12 deficiency

Percentiles-

in the WHO growth charts better reflect the pattern set by following recommendations regarding breastfeeding.

Physical activity-

includes any movement, as small as blinking or as large as jogging around the block, that uses energy.

Spina bifida-

incomplete closure of the neural tube in the spine

Why is resistance training recommended when trying to lose weight?

increase muscle mass and promote the loss of fat.

What adjustment needs to be made to vitamin C's RDA if a person smokes?

increase the RDA for smokers by 35 milligrams.

Vitamin E high intake:

inhibits Vitamin K

Coenzyme

is an organic non-protein compound that activates an enzyme so it can work Example: The water-soluble vitamins and vitamin K

Body mass index (BMI)-

is calculated using height and weight measurements.

According to Stephen Blair's research, how did the fat and fit men's mortality rate compare to normal-weight men who were unfit?

lower than normal

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

measure bone density, but it can determine fat content from a full body scan

bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)

measures resistance of tissue by sending a small electric current through the body

Skinfold thickness:

measures subcutaneous fat

Hip circumference-

measures this at its widest part

Pernicious anemia-

megaloblastic anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor

Folate low intake:

microcytic anemia and neural tube defects

Pantothenic acid food sources:

most foods

Vitamin B-6 high intake:

nerve damage

What is energy balance?

occurs when energy intake is equal to energy expenditure

Niacin low intake:

pellagra

Vitamin B-12 low intake:

pernicious anemia and needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed

What type of anemia occurs if there is a lack of intrinsic factor produced?

pernicious anemia.

Ghrelin

produced in stomach Function: When ghrelin levels are increased, hunger and appetite are also increased

How does an antioxidant protect our cells?

protects against cellular damage by donating an electron to a free radical to prevent the free radical from taking an electron from a nearby molecule (oxidizing the molecule)

Vitamin E low intake:

rare

Bioavailability

refers to the body's ability to absorb the nutrient into the digestive tract and utilize it. Example: Niacin and corn Vitamin B12 & intrinsic factor

Vitamin C low intake:

scurvy

What can you do to minimize vitamin loss in foods?

stem them keep skin on don't reheat food

Percent body fat-

the amount of fat in the body compared to other tissues

Basal metabolism-

the energy for basic needs, specifically involuntary functions such as blood circulation, breathing, maintenance of body temperature, cell/tissue growth, and other body functions

Subcutaneous fat-

the layer of fat just beneath the skin

Collagen-

the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues

Body composition-

the water, organs, bone, fat, and muscle tissue that make up a person's weight

What vitamins (and mineral) are added in the enrichment of grains? (Refer to Refinement in 5.5 Role of Grains in Health and Disease)

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron and folate

How many more hours each day do obese people sit compared to non-obese people with similar sedentary jobs? (refer to the NEAT video)

two and half hours

What is the recommended rate of weight loss per week?

up to 2 pounds per week

Vitamin B-6 low intake:

very rare

Behavior-

which is the action or habit to be changed.

Antecedent-

which is the action that comes before a behavior

Consequence-

which is the result of the action or behavior if it remains unchanged

Prescription weight-loss medications-

work to treat obesity in different ways.

What are the health consequences associated with having too much body fat?

· High blood pressure · High cholesterol · Type 2 diabetes · Heart disease and stroke · Gallbladder disease · Osteoarthritis · Sleep apnea and breathing problems · Some types of cancer (breast, colon, liver, and others) · Mental illness (depression, anxiety, and others)