Nutrition Unit 4

Where does the majority of fat digestion occur? .

The majority of fat digestion occurs in the small intestine

16. What is a complete protein?.

It is a protein that has all of the essential amino acids (meat, dairy, eggs).

27. What is glycogenolysis?

It is the metabolic process that refers to the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

22. Where does metabolism occur?

It occurs in all cells in the body.

What are the essential fatty acids? What foods are high in essential fatty acids?

The essential fatty acids are unsaturated

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

high-energy molecule that can be derived from any source of macronutrients. ATP is the cells direct energy source and the energy is stored in the bods that connect the phosphate groups (phosphate bonds)

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

is formed when one phosphate molecule is removed (hydrolyzed) from ATP.

26. What is gluconeogenesis?

the production of glucose from a non carbohydrate source.

complementary protein combinations What one food lacks another makes

would be beans and rice or peanutbutter on bread.

21. What has been show to be a result of to little protein?

A low-protein diet has also been shown to lead to loss of bone mass.

Kwashiorkor-

A state of PEM where there is a severe deficiency of dietary protein. A classic symptom of severe kwashiorkor is edema in the legs, feet, and stomach

Marasmus-

A state of PEM where there is a severe deficiency of kilocalories, which perpetuates wasting; also called starvation

Triglycerides-Triglycerides consist of three fatty

A type of lipid commonly found in foods and the body; also known as fat.

Triglycerides

A type of lipid commonly found in foods and the body; also known as fat. Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. 95% of all lipids in food and in animals (humans as well) are triglycerides. There are two types of triglycerides, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acides have all of the hydrogens they can hold and not double bonds. Unstaurated fatty acids have at least one point of unsaturation (Monounsaturated fatty acids) or more and not double bonds. Unstaurated fatty acids have at least one point of unsaturation (Monounsaturated fatty acids) or more (Polyunsaturated fatty acids).

28. What is phenylketonuria?

(PKU)

19. What are the types of vegetarians?

(Side note tofu is made from Soy milk and does not cantain any animal products)

Satiety

-Protein increases satiety, which can help control appetite and weight. The higher the protein content of the meal,the higher the satiety. Complete proteins, such as meat, eggs, and dairy items

Enzymes and hormones

-Proteins are needed to make most enzymes that speed up reactions in the body and many

Fluid balance

-Proteins play a major role in ensuring that body fluids are evenly dispersed in the blood and inside and outside cells. The protein most critical for fluid balance is albumin

complementary protein. Examples of

. You can combine foods that are lacking an essential amino to make a complete protein, this is call

17. How many calories does protein have per gram?

4 calories per gram.

Phospholipids-A category of lipids that consist of two fatty acids and a phosphorus group attached to a glycerol backbone.

A category of lipids that consist of two fatty acids and a phosphorus group attached to a glycerol backbone. Lecithin is an example of a phospholipid found in food and in the body.

Cholesterol-

A common sterol found only in animal products and made in the liver from saturated fatty acids.

Cholesterol

A common sterols found only in animal products and made in the liver from saturated fatty acids

Energy-

Because proteins provide 4 kilocalories per gram, they can be used as fuel or energy.

24. When is lactate produced?

During anerobic (lack of oxygen) metabolism, pyruvate is reduced to lactate to prevent a buildup of excess hydrogen ions. Lactate diffuses out of the cell and the liver will convert the lactate to glucose.

How do fatty acids differ from another one another?

Fatty acids differ from one another by degree of saturation, chain length, and shape.

What are the best dietary recommendation relating to fats in the diet to promote good health?

For heart health, the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 percent of total kilocalories from saturated fats (and ideally less than 7 percent) and to limit trans fats to less than 1 percent. Individuals are encouraged to use more monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats to replace saturated fats. Monounsaturated fats are the best at lowering LDL cholesterol and either maintaining or slightly increasing HDL cholesterol. In general limit the intake of cholesterol (fat from an animal source, butter), saturated fat (fats that are solid at room temperature; tropical oils such as coconut oil and palm kernel oil) , and trans fat in the diet. While monounsaturated fatty acids are not essential fatty acids, they have wonderful health properties such as decreasing inflammation in the body. Good sources of monounsaturated fatty acids include olive oil, peanut oil and canola oil.

Vegan

Grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts avoids Any animal foods

lacto-vegetarian

Grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy foods Avoids Meat, fish, poultry, and eggs

Lacto-ovo-vegetarian

Grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy foods, eggs Avoids Meat, fish, and poultry

Ovo-vegetarian

Grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, eggs avoids Meat, fish,poultry, dairy foods

. Protein is denatured by what in the stomach by

HCL

What blood lipid level is associated with an increased risk of heart disease?

In the body, triglycerides are carried through the blood and stored in the adipose tissue to provide a major source of available energy. Higher levels of triglycerides in the blood are a risk factor associated with heart disease.

What is the function of a lipid?

Lipids serve several basic functions for maintaining health. In the body, lipids store and provide energy, provide insulation, help manufacture steroids and bile, and play a key role in transporting fat-soluble nutrients in the blood. They are also used to manufacture the major sex hormones, and one type of lipid is key to the structure of cell membranes.

Acid-base balance-

Proteins act as buffers to help keep the pH of body fluids within a tight range. A drop in pH will cause body fluids to become too acidic, whereas a rise in pH can make them too basic.

Structural and mechanical support and maintenance-

Proteins are the body's building materials, providing strengthand flexibility to tissues, tendons, ligaments, muscles, organs, bones, nails, hair, and skin. Proteins are also needed for the ongoing maintenance of the body

Transport-

Proteins shuttle substances such as oxygen, waste products, and nutrients (such as sodium and potassium)through the blood and into and out of cells.

20. What are some benefits of soy?

Some studies have suggested that isoflavones may also reduce the risk of certain cancers, such as breast cancer. The isoflavones in soy may help reduce the risk of cancer, as these weak estrogens may have anticancer functions in the body.

What are the categories of lipids?

Triglycerides (unsaturated and saturated fat), phospholipids (lecithin), Sterols (cholesterol)

Our diet should include more of what types of fat and less of what types of fat?

Unsaturated fats and less saturated fatty acids. Particularly more monounsaturated fatty acids and more Omega 3 fatty acids with less cholesterol, transfats, and saturated fatty acids. Cholesterol is only found in animal products. Dietary cholesterol and phospholipids (lecithin) is not necessary in the diet... in other words, they are not essential and it is not required we eat cholesterol or take supplements of lecithin.

What is rancid and how does a fat become rancid?

When exposed to oxygen, or oxidized, foods containing fatty acids may develop a bitter, pungent smell or taste, a condition called rancidity. Oxygen then reacts with the unstable fatty acid and when

15. How is a protein denatured?

by exposure to heat, acids such as HCL, or salts or by mechanical agitation.

25. What is Ketogensis?

is the formation of ketone bodys during prolonged fasting. Ketosis is the accumulation of ketone bodies. Fatty aids are considered ketogenic because they are used to produce ketone bodies. .

Antibodies and the immune response-

proteins create specialized antibodies that attack pathogens that may cause illness