Nutrition Unit 9

diuretic

A ________ is a substance that stimulates kidneys to form urine.

cofactor

A __________ is an ion or small molecule that helps an enzyme function.

12

A standard drink is approximately ____ ounces of beer

8-9

A standard drink is approximately _____ ounces of malt liquor

5

A standard drink is approximately _____ ounces of wine

1 1/2

A standard drink is approximately ________ ounces of liquor

intestinal tract

Additionally, plant foods can contain substances that reduce the ________ _______'s ability to absorb certain minerals, particularly calcium, zinc, and iron.

hydration

Adequate water status.

dissolves

Alcohol ________ in water

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can result in the birth of a baby with _______ _______ _______ _______

lowers/raises

Alcohol, however, _______ blood glucose levels and ______ blood triglycerides.

flouride

Although ________ isn't an essential nutrient, the mineral strengthens bones and teeth when ingested in small amounts.

55-60%

Approximately _______ of an average young man's body weight is water

cretinism

Babies with _______ have permanent brain damage, reduced intellectual functioning, and growth retardation.

raises, reduces, decreases

Consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol ______ HDL cholesterol levels, ______ blood levels of an important blood-clotting factor, and _______ platelet stickiness.

50-75%

Depending on your age, sex, and body composition, ________ of your body is water weight

13-14

Each standard drink contains _________ grams of alcohol

blood clotting/muscle contraction

Electrolytes perform a variety of functions in your body. Calcium ions, for example, are needed for _______ ______ and ______ ______

30%

Healthy adults absorb about ______ of the calcium in foods, but this percentage varies, depending on the type of food.

potassium

Fresh fruits, fruit juice, and vegetables are good dietary sources of __________. Milk, whole grains, dried beans, and meats are also major contributors of __________ to American diets.

iodine depleted soil

Goiters often occur among populations living in areas that have _______ ________ _______

iron/selenium

However, you need to be careful when taking dietary supplements that contain individual minerals, such as ______ or ______

major mineral

If a person requires 100 mg or more of a mineral per day, the mineral is classified as a _______ _______

trace mineral

If a person requires less than 100 mg of a mineral per day, the mineral is classified as a _______ _______

iodine

Major dietary sources of ________ include saltwater fish; seafood; seaweed; some plants, especially the leaves of plants grown near oceans; and iodized salt.

potassium/sodium

Major minerals ________ and _______ play a vital role in maintaining normal body fluid balance.

sodium/chloride

Nerves also use _______ and _______ ions to send messages to other cells.

lean tissue

On average, young adult men have more ______ _____ than young women

selenium

Organ meats, such as liver, and seafood are excellent sources of __________. Nuts, whole-grain products, turkey, and meat are also rich sources of the trace mineral

zinc

Oysters are among the richest sources of _______, but red meat, poultry products, and fortified cereals supply most of the zinc in the typical American's diet

magnesium

Plant foods are among the richest sources of __________.

oxalic acid

Plant foods such as spinach, collard greens, and sweet potatoes contain calcium, but the foods also contain ______ ______. It binds to calcium, interfering with its absorption as a result.

cannot

Plants, animals, and other living things __________ make minerals.

fluid/acid base balance

Sodium, potassium, and chloride ions participate in ______ and _______ _______ _______

sodium chloride

Table salt is _______ _______, a compound comprised of two minerals, sodium and chloride.

11/15.5

The Adequate Intake (AI) for total water intake is approximately _____ cups for young women and approximately _____ cups for young men.

environmental protection agency

The _______ _______ _______ regulates the sanitation of public water supplies in the United States.

chromium

The average American adult consumes a diet that provides adequate amounts of __________

stomach acid

The calcium in calcium carbonate is absorbed most efficiently when taken with food, because this form of the mineral relies on ______ ______ for absorption.

calcium

The major mineral ________ is the most plentiful mineral element in the human body.

processed foods

The primary source of dietary sodium in America is _______ _______

higher

The systolic value is always _______ than the diastolic value.

bioavailability

The tract's ability to absorb and use mineral nutrients

safe drinking water act

Therefore, most Americans can trust the safety of their tap water because the vast majority of municipal water systems in the United States are regulated by the _______ _______ ______ ______

cell metabolism

Thyroid hormone controls the rate of _______ _______, that is, the rate at which your cells obtain energy

45%

Water may comprise only ______ of a typical older adult's weight

solvent

Water-soluble substances dissolve in it

lean tissue

What type of tissue contains the most water

heart disease

When consumed in moderate intakes (1 to 2 drinks/day), alcohol may reduce the risk of ______ ______

calcitonin

When the level of calcium in blood is too high, the thyroid gland secretes the hormone ________

kidneys

Your _______ are the major regulator of your body's water content and ion concentrations.

more

Your body absorbs ________ heme iron than nonheme iron

blood, lymph, urine

Your body has many kinds of watery fluids, including ______, ______, and _______

milligram/microgram

Your body requires mineral nutrients in __________ or _________ amounts.

copper

Your body uses the trace mineral ___________ to make several enzymes that act as antioxidants. The mineral is also involved in iron metabolism, immune function, and collagen production

thyroid hormone

Your thyroid gland traps iodine (in the form of iodide) from your bloodstream and uses the mineral for the production of _______ _______

beef/broccoli/whole wheat bread

______, _______, and _______ _______ _______ are good food sources of chromium

total water intake

_______ ______ ______ refers to water obtained from all sources, including metabolic water, and amounts to about 2.5 quarts per day

water intoxification

_______ ______ however, can occur when an excessive amount of water is consumed in a short time period or when the kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood

intracellular water

_______ ______ is the fluid inside cells

extracellular water

_______ ______ surrounds cells (tissue fluid) or is the fluid portion of blood (plasma).

systolic pressure

_______ ______, which is the maximum blood pressure within an artery. This value occurs when the heart's pumping chambers contract

diastolic pressure

_______ _______, which measures the pressure in an artery when the heart relaxes between contractions.

congeners

_______ are substances in alcoholic drinks that contribute to the taste and color of the beverages.

caffeine

_______ is a mild diuretic

iron

_______ is the only mineral added to grains if they undergo enrichment.

blood alcohol concentration

________ ________ _______is the estimated percentage of alcohol in the bloodstream.

myoglobin

________ is the iron-containing protein in muscle cells that controls their removal of oxygen from RBCs

meat

________ is the major source of iron in the typical American diet. Other important sources of iron are fortified cereals and products made from enriched flour, such as breads and rolls. Dairy foods are poor sources of iron.

platelets

_________ are cell fragments involved in the blood-clotting process

osteoporosis

_________ is a chronic disease characterized by a loss of normal bone mass. People with this disorder have weak bones that fracture easily

perspiration

_________ is body water that reaches the skin's surface and evaporates into the air.

goiter

_________ is enlargement of the thyroid gland that's not the result of cancer

tolerance

_________ occurs when the liver adjusts to the usual amount of alcohol that's been consumed and metabolizes it more quickly

minerals

__________ are elements in Earth's rocks, soils, and natural water sources, especially the ocean

electrolytes

__________ are minerals that have positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges when they're dissolved in water.

alcohol

__________ is a mind-altering depressant drug that's often classified as a food.

dehydration

__________ occurs when your body's water content is too low

factors of osteoporosis

growing older and being a postmenopausal woman, having white or Asian ancestry, having a family history of osteoporosis, having a small body frame, having low estrogen levels in women and low testosterone levels in men, following diets that contain inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, being physically inactive, smoking cigarettes, consuming excessive alcohol, and having anorexia nervosa (an eating disorder)

symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

pale skin, fatigue, irritability, sore tongue, brittle, spoon-shaped nails, inability to concentrate on tasks, headache