nutritions 1b
Which food or supplement may help with preventing and/or treating nausea during pregnancy, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists?
ginger
Of the additional 800 calories per day required for milk production, approximately _______.
half should come from the diet half should come from fat stored during pregnancy
Babies born to obese women are at increased risk of ______.
having birth defects being stillborn becoming obese in childhood
Straining to excrete dry, hard stools when constipated during pregnancy may cause the formation of ______.
hemrriodis
In some cases, the nutrient and calorie demands of lactation are _______ that of pregnancy.
higher than
Severe nausea that continues beyond 14 weeks of gestation is known as _______, a serious condition that may require hospitalization.
hyperemesis gravidarium
Heartburn can sometimes occur during pregnancy because _____.
pregnancy hormones can relax GI tract sphincters stomach contents may be pushed upward due to crowding of the stomach
The social indicator that differs most between the developing and industrialized world is _______.
pregnancy-related death
Who is at the greatest risk for not consuming enough dietary calcium?
pregnant teens
Insufficient folate intake during pregnancy can result in ______.
premature birth fetal growth retardation spontaneous abortion
Smoking during pregnancy is linked to births.
preterm
The brain releases the hormone oxytocin to trigger ____.
uterine contractions the let-down reflex
Pregnant women who are ______ may need to take a vitamin B-12 supplement in order to prevent the occurrence of neural tube defects in the developing fetus.
vegan
Insufficient intake of choline and/or ______ may contribute to the development of neural tube defects.
vitamin B-12
It usually takes _____ of a mother's consumption of a nutrient-poor diet before maternal nutrient stores are depleted and her milk supply negatively affected.
weeks
______ during pregnancy is a good indication of growth and development for the fetus and health for the mother.
weight gain
The time it takes for a new mother to lose her extra fat stores depends on ______.
whether or not she breastfeeds her postpartum diet the amount gained during pregnancy
Herbal and botanical products can exert druglike effects on ______.
both mother and father
Nausea typically stops after the ______ trimester of pregnancy.
first
How many calories are required for production of milk?
800 kcal
What is considered healthy weight gain for a pregnant woman during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters?
.08-1 ib
How long should an infant be exclusively breastfed before introducing breast milk in a bottle or supplemental formula feedings?
1-2 month
How many pounds does healthy weight gain for a pregnant woman include during the first trimester?
1.1-4.4ib
How many cups of fluid should the mother consume per day in order to ensure ample milk production?
13 cups per day
During the earliest days of life, suckling is strongest in the ________ after birth.
1st
Five of every 1000 babies born in the United States each year have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These babies may have which of the following?
Growth retardation Nervous system defects Facial malformations
Which of the following statements are true about prolactin?
Infant suckling stimulates the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland. Prolactin hormone stimulates milk production.
Which statement is true about breastfeeding and women?
Almost all women are physically capable of breastfeeding.
During the first trimester, the calorie needs for an active, pregnant woman are approximately ______.
2200kcal
What should be included in a food plan for a pregnant woman during the first trimester?
3 cups of calcium-rich foods 2 cups from the fruits group 3 cups from the vegetables group
Without prenatal care, a woman is _____ likely to deliver a low-birth-weight baby.
3 times as
During the 2nd trimester, a daily increase of about _______ calories is recommended.
350
How many additional calories are needed by pregnant women during the second and third trimester?
350-450 a day
A healthy infant should weigh more than ______ pounds at birth.
5.5
A favorable pregnancy outcome is a full-term gestation period of ______ weeks.
40
Adequate maternal weight ______ during pregnancy is an excellent promoter of optimal fetal growth.
gain
During pregnancy, another type of diabetes can develop in weeks 20 to 28 and is called diabetes.
gestational
Individuals with ______ have increased needs for energy and some vitamins and minerals.
AIDS
In order for the proper development of neural tube tissue in the developing fetus, a pregnant mother must consume sufficient _____.
folate
When _____ intake during pregnancy is insufficient, fewer red blood cells are synthesized.
folate
What is one of the best promoters of optimal fetal growth?
Appropriate weight gain during pregnancy
how to lower morning sickness
Avoid fried or greasy foods Eat saltines prior to getting out of bed Avoid large fluid intake in the morning
Which B vitamin is recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists for pregnant women to prevent or treat nausea?
B-6
Why would a pregnant woman who is physically active need even more than 350-450 calories per day?
Because greater body weight requires more energy for activity.
Which statement is true about breast size during pregnancy?
Breast size during pregnancy is not an indication of successful breastfeeding.
Which statement is true about breastfeeding?
Breastfeeding is a learned skill and education prior to lactation is necessary.
Early symptoms of preeclampsia include which of the following?
Changes in blood clotting Edema Rise in blood pressure Excess protein in urine
Which statements are true about colostrum?
Colostrum is the first fluid released from the breast at the end of pregnancy; Colostrum is a thick, yellowish fluid.
What are some resources a woman who is having difficulty breastfeeding can use to get advice and help?
Consult the community's La Leche League Schedule an appointment with a lactation consultant
What are some strategies that may be used to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy?
Control or correct existing health problems prior to conception. Modify or remove potentially harmful habits prior to conception.
Which of the following are common problems related to pregnancy?
Edema Morning sickness Heartburn
Which of the following are issues with teen pregnancies?
Enter pregnancy underweight Low nutrient intake Gain too little during pregnancy
Phenylalanine consumption as ______ may be a concern for some pregnant women.
Equal Nutrasweet
Which of the following is true about illicit drug use during pregnancy?
Illicit drug use can lead to harmful effects on pregnancy outcomes.
What are some components of colostrum?
Immune system cells Lactobacillus bifdus factors Antibodies
Sufficient intakes of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may improve which of the following during pregnancy?
Infant birth weight Gestation duration Infant birth length
Prenatal supplements often contain high levels of which nutrients?
Iron Folic acid
Which statements are true in regard to the Lactobacillus bifdus factor?
It is a component of colostrum. It protects the intestine by preventing the growth of potentially harmful bacteria.
What is an organization that would be helpful for a mother to contact to learn more about breastfeeding her infant?
La Leche League
Which of the following groups of people are at risk of a vitamin D deficiency?
Limited sun exposure Do not consume milk
Why is it best for a woman to avoid alcohol and caffeine when nursing?
Many of the substances a mother ingests are secreted in her milk.
What is a consequence of inadequate water intake for nursing mothers?
Milk composition can be altered
Why is it important for a breastfeeding woman to consume an adequate amount of omega-3 fatty acids?
Omega-3 fatty acids are secreted into breast milk and are important for development of the infant's nervous system.
e o f z
The developing life form from the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops The developing life form from the beginning of the ninth week after conception until birth The fertilized ovum; the cell resulting from the union of the ovum and sperm
What must be increased to support pregnancy?
Some minerals Protein Some vitamins Calories
What are some programs funded by the USDA that help women of low socioeconomic status procure foods and nutrition education?
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program
What is the purpose of the placenta?
To accommodate growth and development of the fetus by allowing nutrients to pass from the mother to the fetus
Which of the following are possible factors that may interfere with normal development during pregnancy?
Tobacco smoke Radiation Trauma
What can occur if prenatal care is inadequate?
Untreated chronic diseases can increase the risk of fetal damage. Untreated maternal deficiencies can harm the developing fetus.
Recommendations for herb and botanical use during pregnancy include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Use with caution. Use under the guidance of a health care professional.
Which nutrients are of particular concern for pregnant vegans?
Vitamin B-6 Zinc Iron
Which federally funded program provides nutritious food specifically to low-income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women, and infants and children up to age 5?
WIC
What medical conditions preclude a woman from breastfeeding?
Women in the U.S. who have HIV or AIDS should not breastfeed. The mother of an infant with cancer being treated with chemotherapy should not breastfeed. A mother with hepatitis C should not breastfeed.
One of the many advantages of breastfeeding is ____.
a decrease in postpartum bleeding
Within a few weeks, the new mother's _____ returns to normal.
blood volume
Nutrient dense foods can be displaced during pregnancy in women who consume _____.
achol
Which maternal age can negatively impact breastfeeding and thus infant health?
adolsecents
Factors that can limit breastfeeding success include _______.
an inadequate support system a lack of role models a lack of information
Lactating women who consume caffeine may find that their infants ____.
are fussy are unable to sleep
Most women younger than 18 years _____ as physically ready to be pregnant as they will be in later years.
are not
Pregnant women can usually ease or avoid heartburn symptoms by ____.
avoiding spicy food limiting caffeine intake
Oxytocin causes contraction of the muscle-like cells surrounding the ducts of the tissue.
breast
A diet restricted in calories during pregnancy ______.
can result in smaller babies
What increases nutrient needs and makes it difficult to consume sufficient calories and nutrients?
carrying more than one fetus
What are some examples of cravings commonly experienced with pica?
clay tire inner tubes coal laundry starch
Lactobacillus bifidus is a component of __________.
colostrum
What is likely to decrease milk production?
consuming alcoholic drinks cocaine marijuana
What is the finite window of opportunity for cells to develop into a particular tissue or organ?
critical period
Drug use during pregnancy is harmful to the fetus because ______.
drugs can reduce blood flow to the fetus
Fish and supplements are a good source of omega-3 .
fatty acids
Infant suckling ______ milk production.
increase
It is recommended that pregnant women _____ omega-3 fatty acid intake compared to omega-6 fatty acid intake.
increase
Protein, carbohydrate, and micronutrient needs ____ to support pregnancy.
increase
Insufficient calorie consumption during pregnancy increases the risk of ______.
infant death
Lack of appropriate ______ is the primary cause of problems encountered with breastfeeding.
information
Uncontrolled PKU can result in ______.
intellectual disabilities delayed fetal development heart defects
Taking supplements of ______ may contribute to nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy.
iron
Supplements of some nutrients, including _____, may adversely affect those who are HIV positive.
iron zinc vitamin A
Constipation often occurs during pregnancy as a result of _____.
iron supplementation pregnancy hormones that slow digestion
An occasional day of poor nutrient intake _____ a cause for concern to the lactating woman.
is not
What can deter women from attempting breastfeeding?
lack of information misinformation
What is the name of the principal hormone that promotes milk production and is stimulated by both the birth of the baby and by suckling?
lactin
Infants born to underweight mothers who increase their energy intake are ______ to experience health problems compared to infants born to underweight mothers who do not increase their energy intake.
less likely
Obese women may have a _____ milk supply, which will lead to the need for infant formula to be used during feedings.
low
Multiple previous pregnancies or pregnancies occurring less than 1 year apart increase the risk that future pregnancies will result in a ______.
low-birth-weight infant premature birth
During what period of a woman's life will she most likely experience morning sickness, constipation, and edema?
pregnancy
Some common food contaminants that can pose danger to a pregnant woman and her fetus include ______.
mercury polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) lead
Women should ________ their trans fatty acid intake during pregnancy.
minimize
Infants born to women who begin pregnancy at either above or below a healthy weight are more likely to experience ______ problems than those born to women at a healthy weight.
more
Infants born to women who consumed insufficient calories are ______.
more likely to die soon after birth small
Infants breastfed by adolescent mothers may grow _____ infants of older mothers.
more slowly than
Certain hormones increase a pregnant woman's sense of smell, which contributes to _____.
morining sickness
In developing countries, prolonged undernutrition during pregnancy will lead to death for the _______ in 1 in 180 births.
mother
The lactating woman's DRIs are based on the _____.
nutrient content of milk produced amounts of nutrient stores used to produce milk quantity of milk produced
Women tend to experience the most issues with breastfeeding if they were _____ before pregnancy.
obese
What hormone causes the release of milk?
oxytocin
Which hormone triggers the let-down reflex?
oxytocin
Risks of poor pregnancy outcomes when suffering from PKU during pregnancy can be reduced by weekly monitoring of ____ levels.
phenalyanine
High amounts of phenylalanine in maternal blood can disrupt fetal brain development if the mother has the genetic disease ______.
phenylketonuria
The _____ releases the hormone oxytocin that allows the breast tissue to let down or eject milk from the lobules.
pituitary glands
The is an organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy and is responsible for transferring nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and removing fetal wastes.
placenta
What are some advantages of breastfeeding for the mother?
potential for quicker return to prepregnancy weight reduced risk of type 2 diabetes decreases the risk of ovarian and premenopausal breast cancer
With respect to breastfeeding, ______ women are physically capable of breastfeeding their children.
practically all
Pregnancy-induced hypertension can escalate into _____ and the even more severe ______.
preeclampsia; eclampsia
________ is the primary regulator of energy in the body.
thyriod hormone
Women at increased risk of gestational diabetes have ______.
previously delivered an infant large for their gestational age have previously had gestational diabetes a family history of diabetes
Which is the best statement in reference to strategies for a successful pregnancy?
prior Improving health status prior to conception will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy.
Women with small breasts can _______ the milk their babies need.
produce all
After birth, the mother produces ______, a hormone that enables her to produce milk for breastfeeding.
prolactin
The principal hormone that promotes milk production is and is stimulated by birth and by suckling.
prolactin
If a mother chooses to use a schedule of expressed milk and/or supplemental formula feedings, it is ____ that it begins after 1-2 months of exclusive breastfeeding.
recommended
Why is folate so important during pregnancy?
red blood cell formation DNA synthesis
Consuming alcohol while breastfeeding ______.
reduces milk output results in disrupted sleep patterns for babies causes babies to drink less
Special supplements formulated for pregnancy are ______ prescribed for pregnant women by most physicians.
routinely
To easily meet the needs for iodine during pregnancy, women should use iodized _____.
salt
According to the CDC, a mother with HIV who has received antiretroviral intervention ______ breastfeed.
should not
Morning sickness may be attributed to the woman's increased sense of ______ induced by certain hormones.
smell
What conditions can occur in the developing fetus if a maternal folate deficiency occurs in the very early stages of pregnancy?
spina bifida neural tube defects
Listeria monocytogenes is of particular concern for pregnant women because it can cause _____.
stillbirth spontaneous abortion infections in the newborn
Please list the steps in the process of the let-down reflex in order from start to finish.
suckling the oxytin
The foodborne illness that poses the greatest risk during pregnancy is caused by ______.
the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes
What is the name of the cell resulting from the fertilization of the ovum by the sperm?
zygote
Please match the time frame during pregnancy with the correct term for each developmental stage. 1-2 3-8 9-40
zygote embrio fetus