OB final review
The nurse is providing care for a prenatal patient who is told she will require a cesarean delivery because of cephalopelvic disproportion. Which explanation of the condition will the nurse provide to the patient?
The size and/or shape of either the fetal head or patient pelvis is an issue.
A mother has a child who is 4 years of age, and she is expecting another child. The mother expresses concern to the nurse about how the older sibling will receive the newborn. Which intervention shared by the mother does the nurse discourage?
"I think that I will just bring the new baby home as a surprise."
A patient in the second trimester of pregnancy seems distressed. With encouragement, the patient states, "I have been totally avoiding physical contact with my husband to avoid prompting any sexual activity." Which statement by the nurse is the best response?
"Nonsexual expressions of affection are important for both of you."
A patient in the second trimester of pregnancy becomes upset when the health care provider (HCP) schedules several screening tests. The patient voices concern that something is wrong with her baby. Which statement by the nurse will reduce the patient's anxiety?
"Screening tests are primarily to identify those without disease or abnormality."
The nurse preceptor is teaching a nursing student about the physiology of the fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern. Which statement by the student indicates successful teaching about this concept?
"The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for heart rate variability."
The nurse is providing care to a patient who is at 41 weeks gestation. Which factor about the patient does the nurse consider as an indication of late-term or post-term pregnancy?
Fetus is identified as a male
The patient is a 26-year-old G1P0 at 38 weeks, 2 days of gestation. She is at her provider's office for a visit and complains to the nurse of wrist pain, fatigue, increased discharge, and "feeling heavy." Which complaint could be a sign of impending labor?
Increased discharge
The nurse is interested in promoting coparenting because of the high likeability that at some point, both parents will be working outside the home. After reading research by Davis, Schoppe-Sullivan, Mangelsdorf, and Brown (2009), the nurse learns that which factor impacts coparenting the most?
Infant temperament
The nurse is providing postpartum care for an adolescent mother and her family. Which factor is most important for the nurse to consider when planning teaching about neonatal care?
Information must be presented on an age-appropriate level.
Loutzenhiser, McAuslan, and Sharpe (2015) performed a study regarding maternal and paternal fatigue and factors associated with fatigue across the transition to parenthood. Which evidence-based conclusion is made regarding fatigue and the transitioning parents?
Levels of prenatal and postnatal fatigue are associated.
Dayton et al. (2016) performed qualitative research regarding expectant fathers' beliefs and expectations. The nurse identifies which theme as emerging from this research?
Men described fathering as an extremely difficult task
The nurse is providing care for a patient in the second phase of labor. After more than 4 hours of pushing, the nurse suspects fetal dystocia. Which is the greatest risk related to the nurse's suspected complication?
Neonatal asphyxia related to prolonged labor
The nurse is assisting with the preparation of a patient admitted for a planned cesarean birth. The patient has signed the consent form and discussed the elected regional anesthesia with the nurse anesthetist. Which is the most important action for the nurse related to anesthesia?
Obtain a baseline fetal heart rate monitor strip.
A patient at 36 weeks gestation reports a constant dull backache, regular frequent contractions that are painless, and lower abdominal pressure. Physical examination reveals intact membranes and cervical dilation of 3 cm. Which order by the health care provider is unexpected by the nurse?
Obtain fetal fibronectin levels
The nurse is providing prenatal care for a patient who is pregnant with a second child. Which understanding about complexity of a second pregnancy does the nurse use to assist the patient with the acceptance of this pregnancy?
Offer strategies for working out a new relationship with the first child.
The EFM tracing shows the following: FHR baseline 166 bpm, moderate variability, and recurrent late decelerations to 100 bpm. Using the five-tier FHR interpretation system, how should the nurse interpret this tracing?
Orange: acceptable low risk of acidemia, prepare for possible urgent delivery
The nurse educator is preparing a presentation on preterm labor (PTL) and birth (PTB). Which information does the nurse recognize as being inaccurate?
PTL is defined as regular uterine contractions resulting in cervical changes before 40 weeks gestation.
The nursing preceptor asks the nursing student how to best determine the intensity of contractions before placing the patient on an electronic fetal monitoring strip. How would the nurse assess this?
Palpate the maternal abdomen during a contraction.
The nursing is caring for a 31-year-old female patient who is pregnant at 37 weeks and 5 days gestation. The patient is having contractions every 3 minutes and was found to have a platypelloid pelvis upon examination. The fetus has an estimated fetal weight of 7 lbs and is in the LOA position. This patient is laboring on the birth ball, and her mother-in-law is helping her labor. The nurse is concerned about the five Ps and their effect on the patient's labor. Which P is the nurse most likely concerned about based on the patient's history?
Passage
The nurses in a labor and delivery unit are concerned about the high incidence of cesarean deliveries at their facility and initiate an internal study. Which is the most likely condition the nurses will recognize as a contributor to the rate of cesarean births?
Policies and parameters for cesarean need to be reviewed and refined.
The nurse is using the Parer and Ikeda five-tier system. A co-worker is concerned about a patient whose fetus has an acceptably low risk of acidemia and evidence of impending fetal asphyxia. What is the next best step for the nurse?
Prepare for urgent delivery
As a result of the previously mentioned research study, the nurses in a postpartum facility will implement which evidence-based change?
Promote strategies to decrease fatigue during both prenatal and postnatal periods.
A patient just learns that her unborn fetus has a life-threatening condition and is not expected to survive long term. Which does the nurse include in a plan of care to meet psychological needs of the patient and her partner? Select all that apply.
Provide time for the patient to talk about her feelings. Facilitate referrals related to the fetal condition. Ascertain if the patient and partner have previous crisis skills.
The nurse is monitoring a patient who has been in prolonged labor. Which assessment finding will result in the nurse notifying the health care provider about the development of an emergent situation requiring a cesarean delivery?
Recognition of a Category II fetal heart rate pattern
The nurse is collecting health information from a patient who is early in the first trimester of pregnancy. Which topic is most important for the nurse to discuss with the patient after learning that the patient works for a commercial cleaning company?
Risk related to exposure to environmental toxins
The nurse uses research from Greenberg and Morris (1974) as a guideline for identifying the presence of engrossment in a new baby by the father. Which behaviors exhibit paternal-infant bonding related to engrossment? Select all that apply.
Seeing the baby as attractive Correct! Perceiving the baby as being perfect Correct! Having a desire to touch the baby Correct Answer Indicating an increasing sense of self-esteem Correct Answer Positively commenting about the baby's features
The nurse is providing care to a postpartum patient after an emergency cesarean due to eclampsia. The patient received spinal anesthesia prior to delivery. Magnesium sulfate is infusing 2 g/hr in 100 mL of IV fluid. Which assessment finding will cause the nurse to administer calcium gluconate to the patient via IV push?
Serum magnesium level is 10 mg/dL.
The nurse at a prenatal clinic is aware of the important tasks that each expectant mother will need to address. When an expectant mother states, "I will give up everything I have to make sure this baby is safe and well-cared for," which task is the mother addressing?
Stating a willingness to give of oneself
The nurse is providing care for a patient who is at 42 weeks gestation. The patient's primary care provider is suggesting induction, but the patient is resistant. Which facts can the nurse provide if the patient asks about allowing labor to start spontaneously? Select all that apply.
Stillbirth or newborn death increases in pregnancies beyond 42 weeks. Correct! There is a greater chance of developing complications because of larger fetal size. Postmature fetuses have decreased subcutaneous fat and lack vernix and lanugo.
False labor is characterized by irregular contractions with little or no cervical change.
TRUE
Molding is the ability of the fetal head to change shape to accommodate/fit through the maternal pelvis.
TRUE
The Third stage begins after delivery of the baby and ends with delivery of the placenta.
TRUE
The nurse is caring for a baby who is experiencing fetal tachycardia. Which action should the nurse take next?
Check maternal allergies in the patient chart.
A patient who is expecting her first baby tells the nurse, "I am afraid of the whole birth experience and plan to ask the doctor for a cesarean delivery." Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?
"Cesarean will cause you issues with additional pregnancies."
The nurse is providing care for a patient who is 42 years of age and in the first trimester of her pregnancy. For which possible complication will the nurse closely monitor the patient and fetus?
Alterations in fetal chromosomal studies
The nurse is explaining telemetry to the patient, who has just begun active labor. The patient would like to have a labor in which she is mobile, able to change positions, and use hydrotherapy. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?
"We can start using telemetry now, and if there are no problems with the signal, we can continue it throughout your labor until delivery."
The nursing is caring for a patient in active labor with significant back pain. The patient has requested nonpharmacologic methods of pain relief. The nurse thinks that sterile water injections may help with her pain management. Which of the following explanations should the nurse explain to the patient?
"We will inject 0.5 mL of sterile water subcutaneously, and it will last for an hour to 90 minutes."
The nurse is observing a new mother interact with her baby and notices the mother holding the baby close to her body. However, the nurse also notices that the mother does not hold the baby in an enface position. Which question is most appropriate for the nurse to ask?
"What can you tell me about your family's beliefs with new babies?"
A patient is scheduled for transvaginal ultrasound testing. Which preparation by the nurse is appropriate?
Ascertain whether the patient has a latex or banana allergy.
A postpartum patient calls the OB office 8 days following a vaginal delivery. The patient reports concern regarding vaginal bleeding. Which patient-reported symptom causes the nurse concern?
A description of the lochia as being red in color
The patient is having an unmedicated childbirth and has begun to bear down. She vocalizes, "The baby is coming!" Which action should the nurse take?
Have the patient assume a comfortable and upright position.
The nurse is performing a uterus assessment on a patient who is 20 hours postpartum. The nurse finds the fundus of the uterus to be soft and boggy. In addition, the uterus is displaced to the left and moderate bleeding is noted. If the uterus does not respond to uterine massage, which actions does the nurse implement? Select all that apply.
Assist the patient to the bathroom to void. Correct! Reassess to determine response to treatment. Correct! Administer oxytocin as prescribed. Make the patient NPO for surgery.
The nurse is providing care for a new mother during a follow-up visit 6 weeks after a vaginal delivery. The mother begins to cry and reports difficulty with eating and sleeping. The nurse identifies postpartum blues and cites which reason as the most likely cause?
Changes in hormonal levels
A patient at 34 weeks gestation is in labor with twins. The primary care provider decides the fetuses need to be delivered by cesarean. Which medical and nursing interventions will be in place for this delivery? Select all that apply.
Delivery is attended by two medical personnel. Correct! The placement of a large-bore IV access is ensured. A hospital with a Level II or III nursery is selected.
In a research study performed by Schneuder, L., Crenshaw, J., and Gilder, R. (2017), which action by the nurse will be implemented following a cesarean delivery?
Encourage skin-to-skin contact between the mother and neonate.
The nurse is reviewing the chart of a 35-year-old G4P2012 woman. The patient is at 38 weeks, 4 days and is in active labor with SROM clear fluid 2 hours ago. What action should the nurse take?
Help the patient change her position from side to side every 30 minutes.
While providing care for a patient, the nurse notices an erratic FHR recording. What action should the nurse take next?
Place the transducer in a different position.
When does a mother begin adjusting to hernew role?
Pregnancy
The nurse in labor and delivery is preparing to initiate labor induction with the administration of oxytocin. After research about oxytocin, the nurse is aware of which fact about the drug?
Synthetic oxytocin is identical to endogenous oxytocin.
A patient undergoes chorionic villa sampling to rule out the presence of a genetic disorder. Following the procedure, the patient experiences iatrogenic PPROM. Which explanation does the nurse provide to promote patient understanding?
The premature rupture of the membranes is a known risk to the test.
The nurse is aware that some parenting skills are acquired through the process of intentional learning. Which activity does the nurse associate with intentional learning?
The couple attends hospital classes addressing newborn and infant care.
What are the 5 P's of labor?
power, passage, passenger, psyche, position
Postpartum blues are caused by what?
All of the above
A patient who is at 30 weeks gestation is involved in a car crash. The nurse recognizes that which initial testing will be used to assess fetal well-being?
Nonstress testing
The nurse is providing care to a patient who is diagnosed with dystocia related to hypertonic uterine dysfunction. Which medical intervention does the nurse implement for this patient?
Administer morphine to decrease contractions and promote uterine rest.
The nurse is researching for evidence-based practice related to a mother's response during the postpartum period. Based on research by Rubin and Mercer, which finding will the nurse be able to easily implement to change the culture of the unit?
Alterations in terminology
The nurse is counseling a 15-year-old pregnant patient at her first prenatal appointment. Which patient teaching by the nurse is appropriate?
"Your response to pregnancy, labor, and delivery will differ from that of an adult because your cognitive development is not yet complete.
A nurse-preceptor is explaining to a new nurse about the tocodynamometer. The new nurse is looking at the EFM paper and sees that, of the two tracked heart rates, the one on the bottom is in the 80s; she is concerned that the fetal heart rate is bradycardic. Which of the following should the nurse do first?
Check to make sure that the maternal radial pulse is being recorded correctly.
A patient who is in the third trimester of pregnancy is informed that she will need a cesarean hysterectomy and bladder reconstruction due to a placenta defect. Which medical condition does the nurse explain to the patient?
Placenta percreta
The obstetric nurse is managing her patients while covering for another nurse who is on a break. Which patient is the lowest priority?
A patient with Category I FHR tracings
A patient who is 12 hours postpartum after a vaginal delivery continues to have difficulty in initiating urination. The nurse is aware that an integrative method used when a woman is unable to void is peppermint oil. In which manner will the peppermint oil be used?
A saturated cotton ball is placed in a "hat" on the toilet.
The nurse is palpating a patient's uterus 12 hours after a vaginal delivery. For which reason does the nurse place one hand just above the symphysis pubis?
To prevent uterine inversion
The nurse is providing care for a primip patient in active labor. Cervical dilation has progressed 0.5 cm in 2 hours. Intrauterine pressure catheter reading is 20 mm Hg. Which action does the nurse anticipate next?
Augmentation of labor with oxytocin per health care provider's order
A patient in the third trimester of pregnancy reports having heartburn nearly every day. Which recommendations does the nurse make to alleviate the problem? Select all that apply.
Avoid eating 3 hours prior to bedtime. Avoid consuming spicy, fatty, or fried food.
A patient expresses a desire to become pregnant for a second child. The nurse notes that the patient's first child was born with a serious neural tube defect (NTD) and died of complications at 18 months of age. Which recommendation does the nurse make to this client?
Folic acid 4 mg/day orally for 1 month prior to conception through first trimester of pregnancy
The nurse is monitoring the fetal heart rate (FHR) tracing and sees that her patient has a tracing with a baseline of 120, moderate variability, with absence of decelerations and accelerations. According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development tier system, what category tracing does the patient's fall into?
A Category I tracing
The nurse works in a prenatal clinic and interacts with multiple patients from various socioeconomic backgrounds. Which patient does the nurse assess most carefully for a mental health issue?
A military veteran who was deployed twice
A multiparous patient reports severe uterine cramps the first day after a vaginal delivery. The nurse is aware the patient is breastfeeding and associates the patient's pain primarily with which occurrence?
An increase in oxytocin release related to the newborn suckling
The nurse is providing postpartum care to a patient 24 hours after a vaginal delivery. Which action does the nurse perform prior to assessing the patient's uterus?
Ask the patient to void.
The nurse is caring for a 34-year-old woman who is G2P1001 at 39 weeks and 1 day. The patient is an observant Muslim and is in active labor. Which outcome would be the most effective form of applying culturally sensitive communication?
Assuring the patient that her baby is less than 9 lbs
A patient arrives for her fourth month prenatal visit and expresses concern because of a leakage of yellow fluid from her breasts. Which topic does the nurse discuss during this visit?
Breast changes
The nurse is monitoring a patient when the EFM strip conveys fetal bradycardia. Which action would be the most urgent for the nurse to take?`
Check the mother for vaginal bleeding and severe abdominal pain.
The nurse is caring for a 24-year-old woman who is G1P0 at 40 weeks, 1 day gestation and in active labor. She has just received an epidural and now complains of "an itchy feeling all over." Her vitals are as follows: HR 120, RR 12, BP 130/74, T 98.8, and O2 sat 98%. Which action should the nurse take first?
Call the health care provider regarding the patient's pruritus to order an antipruritic medication.
A patient who is pregnant expresses a desire to attempt a vaginal delivery after a cesarean birth 2 years before. The primary care provider initiates trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) and vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) screening. The nurse is aware that which patient information will likely disqualify the patient for VBAC?
Cesarean due to pelvic abnormalities
The nurse in a prenatal unit is providing care for a patient who experienced PPROM at 32 weeks gestation. Which assessment does the nurse consider unnecessary?
Check for cervical dilation
The nurse is caring for a 30-year-old woman who is G4P2012 at 38 weeks and 5 days gestation. The nurse is watching her EFM strip and notices that for the past 10 minutes the fetus has shown minimal variability. Which actions should the nurse perform? Select all that apply.
Check to see if the patients' membranes have been ruptured, as there could be potential cord compression. Correct! Look to see what the patient's position is and is she supine; change her to left side lying. Continue to watch the strip, but know that this could be due to fetal sleep.
The nurse educator is teaching the nursing student the basic principles of using analgesia by using a patient, Christa, as an example. Which of the following demonstrates the basic principles of analgesia during Christa's labor and delivery? Select all that apply.
Christa has been in labor for 4 hours. She has been having contractions every 3 minutes. Contractions last a minute and are intense. She has had cervical change from 3 to 5 cm over the past 4 hours. The medication Christa wants is an epidural. After she receives the epidural, the FHR tracing is within normal limits. Christa has a history of opiate abuse and therefore it was understood that she might require higher doses of medications to experience relief.
The nurse is counseling a lesbian couple who have decided to have a child. Which considerations does the nurse present with regard to which partner will become pregnant? Select all that apply.
Consider the age and health of each partner. Correct! Evaluate each partner's career goals. Correct! Decide which partner has better insurance. Identify which woman desires to be pregnant.
The nurse is discussing contraception with a couple before discharge following the birth of a first child. The couple are uncertain about the method but are certain about avoiding pregnancy for at least 2 years. Which method does the nurse recommend?
Depo-Provera
The nurse is providing care for a patient at 30 weeks gestation. Which topic related to patient concern or discomfort is most important for the nurse to address?
Dizziness when lying supine
The nurse educator is in a childbirth education class discussing nonpharmacological ways nurses can assist to enhance labor and spontaneous vaginal delivery. Which of the following facts regarding nonpharmacologic approaches will the nurse use to help illustrate its benefits?
Effleurage is performed in rhythm with breathing during a contraction.
The nurse on a postpartum unit focuses on how to assist the father in identifying his role with the neonate. Which intervention by the nurse is most helpful?
Encourage the couple to identify mutual expectations of the fathering role.
The Second stage begins with onset of labor and ends with complete cervical dilation.
FALSE
A patient is in her first trimester of her second pregnancy. The patient's first child was born with a trisomy 21 defect. The patient is requesting testing to determine whether the current fetus has the same defect. Which initial testing does the nurse expect the HCP to prescribe?
Fetal ultrasound
What is the time from the beginning of one contrations to the beginnning of another contraction called?
Frequency
A patient is confirmed to be pregnant. Obstetric history includes two sets of twins born at 30 and 32 weeks gestation, respectively, a singleton birth born at 39 weeks gestation, and two pregnancies lost in the first trimester. In which way will the nurse define the patient's obstetrical history?
G6, T1, P4, A2, L5
A patient who is pregnant does not remember the last date of her menstrual period. In which manner does the nurse expect the estimated date of delivery (EDD) to be determined for this patient?
Having an ultrasound examination
A pregnant patient and her spouse live in the same home as the spouse's family who is not supportive of the pregnancy. The patient feels the family is ruining the happiness about the pregnancy. Which is the most important determination for the nurse to make?
If threatened or actual abuse from household members occur toward the patient
An emergency cesarean is being implemented. The patient describes tingling in her ears and a metallic taste with the administration of regional anesthesia. The nurse is aware that which incidence has occurred?
Inadvertent injection of the anesthetic agent into the maternal bloodstream
A patient is being prepared for an unplanned cesarean section. Which pre-procedure information is most important for the nurse to report before the administration of regional anesthesia?
Laboratory value indicating a low platelet count
The nurse is helping the patient assume a position for placement of an epidural. Which of the following positions are appropriate for placing an epidural? Select all that apply.
Lateral position with head flexed toward chest Sitting position with elbows on knees
The nurse on a postpartum unit is focused on providing care that will assist the mother and father in making the transition to parenthood. For which reason does the nurse review the prenatal and labor records?
Pregnancy and birth experiences, which can either enhance or impede the process of becoming a mother.
The nurse is providing care in a school clinic established for the care of adolescent mothers. When assessing a patient who is 11 years of age and pregnant, which deduction regarding the patient's psychosocial development will the nurse recognize?
The adolescent is self-centered and oriented toward the present.
A new mother expresses frustration about how to know what her baby wants. The mother states, "I don't know what I expect, but then, the baby doesn't know either." Which situation does the nurse use as an example of neonate communication?
The baby roots for the breast when the cheek is stroked.
A patient who is at 39 weeks gestation is scheduled for amniotomy. The nurse is aware that which criteria must be met before the procedure?
The fetal head is currently engaged in the maternal pelvis.
The nurse in a postpartum unit evaluates new parents for risk factors that can indicate problems with bonding/attachment. Which situations does the nurse recognize as a cause for bonding/attachment problems? Select all that apply.
The mother experienced eclampsia in the third trimester of pregnancy. Correct! The neonate is being treated for meconium aspiration syndrome. Correct! The mother experienced dystocia in the second phase of labor.
The postpartum nurse is planning a home visit to a mother who delivered her baby 1 week ago. Which finding indicates to the nurse a possible problem with mother-infant bonding?
The mother focuses the visit on her physical recovery and concerns.
Which behavior does the nurse identify as a demonstration of unidirectional bonding between a parent and infant?
The parents call the baby by name.
The nurse notes that a patient in the third trimester of pregnancy feels unable to "mother" her unborn child. Which information about the patient helps the nurse identify the sources of the patient's ambivalence? Select all that apply.
The patient is estranged from her mother. The patient expresses a loss of independence. The patient expresses disgust about body changes.
The nurse in a prenatal clinic is reviewing the files of four patients scheduled for visits. Which patient does the nurse identify as having the highest-risk pregnancy?
The patient who is 37 years of age, obese, and experiencing pregnancy-induced hypertension
The nurse is interviewing a new patient who is in the first trimester of her second pregnancy. The patient shares that her first child was born at 36 weeks gestation. Which information does the patient share that places the patient at risk for a second premature birth?
The premature labor and birth was unexpected and followed a normal pregnancy.
The nurse-educator is instructing on the physiology of fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns. He is showing the students an EFM strip, and there is a tracing that is classified as baseline 140 bpm, moderate variability, accelerations, and 2 decelerations. A half hour later the baseline is 150 bpm, there is minimal variability, accelerations, and 3 decelerations. Which of these findings would the nurse attribute to the parasympathetic nervous system?
The presence of 2 and then 3 decelerations.
The nurse is reviewing the medical record for a patient who is postpartum. The nurse notices the patient is rubella-nonimmune. Which information does the nurse present to the patient? Select all that apply.
The risks to the fetuses of any future pregnancies. Correct! The patient will need to be immunized before discharge. Pregnancy should be avoided for 4 weeks
A 40-year-old G5P1031 is attending a childbirth education class. During the class, the woman says, "The worst part of contractions with my last labor was when they were at the peak of intensity." The nurse educator correctly explains that the woman is identifying which part of a contraction?
The shortest part of the contraction
The nurse is preparing a postpartum patient for discharge. Which patient teaching is most important for the nurse to provide?
The signs and symptoms of secondary hemorrhage
Prior to discharge from the birthing center, the nurse informs the patient that she will receive vaccines for rubella, hepatitis B, pertussis, and influenza. For which reason does the nurse explain the need for the vaccinations?
Vaccinating the mother will protect the neonate from serious illnesses.
The nurse is providing care to a patient who is postpartum. Using anatomy and physiology knowledge, which expectation does the nurse relate to the cardiovascular system?
WBC laboratory level of 30,000/mm a few hours after delivery
The nurse on a postpartum unit is acutely aware that cultural influences impact the patient's process of "becoming a mother." For which cultural influences does the nurse assess? Select all that apply.
What amount of time the mother spends in each phase Correct! Differences in the mother's expectation related to ability to rest Mother's involvement in decision making for the first few months Correct! Whether the mother seems interested in how to care for her baby
The nurse is reading the patient's chart, which indicates the patient has a "gynecoid pelvis." What finding is expected in this patient?
Wider outlet
The labor and delivery nursing staff is conducting research to determine the benefits of childbirth education (CBE). Which finding does evidence-based practice support?
Women who participated in CBE and/or had a birth plan had higher odds of a vaginal delivery.
