OBGYN- Chapter 25: The Fetal Face and Neck

facial anomalies, when discovered, should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for sign of: a) Holoprosencephaly b) Dandy-Walker syndrome c) Schizencephaly d) Hydranencephaly

a) Holoprosencephaly

Epignathus

an oral teratoma

An abnormal division in the lip is referred to as: a) Micrognathia b) Cleft lip c) Anophthalmia d) Cebocephaly

b) Cleft lip

Fusion of the orbits is termed: a) Microglossia b) Cebocephaly c) Cyclopia d) Ethmocephaly

c) Cyclopia

Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with: a) Patau syndrome b) Hydranencephaly c) Down syndrome d) Cebocephaly

c) Down syndrome

Which of the following conditions does not affect the orbits? a) Cebocephaly b) Cyclopia c) Ethmocephaly d) Epignathus

d) Epignathus

All of the following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly except: a) Cystic hygroma b) Proboscis with cyclopia c) Fused thalamus d) Monoventricle

a) Cystic hygroma

The condition in which there is no nose and a proboscis separating two close-set orbits is: a) Ethmocephaly b) Epihnathus c) Micrognathia d) Cebocephaly

a) Ethmocephaly

The isolated enlargement of the fetal thyroid is referred to as: a) Fetal goiter b) Cystic hygroma c) Lymphangioma d) Cervical teratoma

a) Fetal goiter

The fetal lip typically closes by: a) 18 weeks b) 8 weeks c) 13 weeks d) 6 weeks

b) 8 weeks

The measurement obtained between the lateral walls of the orbits is referred to as the: a) Interocular diameter b) Binocular diameter c) Ocular diameter d) Biparietal diameter

b) Binocular diameter

Which of the following is a benign congenital neck cysts found most often near the angle of the mandible? a) Epignathus b) Branchial cleft cyst c) Thyroglossal duct cyst d) Fetal goiter

b) Branchial cleft cyst

A large, mostly cystic mass containing a thick, midline septation is noted in the cervical spine region of a fetus. This most likely represents a(n): a) Sacrococcygeal teratoma b) Cystic hygroma c) Cephalocele d) Anopthalmia

b) Cystic hygroma

An increase distance between the orbits is referred to as: a) Hypotelorism b) Hypertelorism c) Anophthalmia d) Micrognathia

b) Hypertelorism

An increased nuchal fold is most likely associated with: a) Dandy-Walker syndrome b) Trisomy 21 c) Trisomy 3 d) Nuchal cord

b) Trisomy 21

The most common cause of hypertelorism is: a) Dandy-Walker syndrome b) Anencephaly c) Anterior cephalocele d) Holoprosencephaly

c) Anterior cephalocele

Macroglossia is most commonly found with: a) Anencephaly b) Holoprosencephaly c) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome d) Cystic hygroma

c) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

The nuchal fold measurement us typically obtained: a) Before 12 weeks 6 days b) Between 11 weeks and 13 weeks 6 days c) Between 15 weeks and 21 weeks d) After 24 weeks

c) Between 15 weeks and 21 weeks

Which of the following would most likely involve the development of a cystic hygroma? a) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome b) Hydranencephaly c) Turner syndrome d) Klinefelter syndrome

c) Turner syndrome

A group of abnormalities associated with the entrapment of fetal parts and fetal amputations is: a) Cystic hygroma b) Edwards syndrome c) Ethmocephaly d) Amniotic band syndrome

d) Amniotic band syndrome

A cystic hygroma is the result of: a) Alcohol consumption in the first trimester b) An abnormal development of the roof of the fourth ventricle c) Occlusion of the internal carotid arteries d) An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue

d) An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue

The growth disorder syndrome synonymous with organ, skull, and tongue enlargement is: a) Klinefelter syndrome b) Apert syndrome c) Meckel-Gruber syndrome d) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

d) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Which of the following is also referred to as trisomy 21? a) Edwards syndrome b) Patau syndrome c) Meckel-Gruber syndrome d) Down syndrome

d) Down syndrome

A reduction in the distance between the orbits is referred to as: a) Anopthalmia b) Micrognathia c) Hypertelorism d) Hypotelorism

d) Hypotelorism

An unusual protuberance of the tongue is termed: a) Epignathus b) Macronagthia c) Pharyngoglossia d) Macroglossia

d) Macroglassia

Which of the following may also be referred to as Turner syndrome? a) Down syndrome b) Trisomy 15 c) Trisomy 13 d) Monosomy X

d) Monosomy X

The most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly is: a) Triploidy b) Trisomy 21 c) Trisomy 18 d) Trisomy 13

d) Trisomy 13

Hypertelorism

increased distance between the orbits; widely spaced orbits

Nuchal translucency

the anechoic space along the posterior aspect of the fetal neck

Interocular diameter

the length between the orbits; measured from the medial margin of one orbit to the medial margin of the other orbit

Ocular diameter

the measurement from the lateral margin of the orbit to the medial margin of the same orbit

At what level is the nuchal fold measurement obtained? a) Cavum septum pellucidum b) Occipital horns of the lateral ventricle c) Brain stem d) Foramen magna

a) Cavum septum pellucidum

Close-set eyes and a nose with a single nostril is termed: a) Cebocephaly b) Cyclopia c) Ethmocephaly d) Epignathus

a) Cebocephaly

Fetal hydrops

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal body cavities

An oral teratoma is referred to as: a) Macroglossia b) Epignathus c) Micrognathia d) Ethmocephaly

b) Epignathus

The most common location of a cystic hygroma is within the: a) Axilla b) Neck c) Chest d) Groin

b) Neck

There is a definite link between microtia and what syndrome? a) Rays syndrome b) VACTERL syndrome c) Down syndrome d) Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

c) Down syndrome

Which of the following would be most difficult to detect sonographically? a) Cleft lip and cleft palate b) Isolated cleft lip c) Isolated cleft palate d) isolated median cleft

c) Isolated cleft palate

A small mandible is termed: a) Macroglossia b) Epignathus c) Micrognathia d) Ethmocephaly

c) Micrognathia

What is the term for a smaller than normal ear? a) Microphthalmia b) Micronatia c) Microtia d) Micrognathia

c) Microtia

The absence of the eyes is termed: a) Agyria b) Epignathus c) Hypotelorism d) Anopthalmia

d) Anopthalmia

Binocular diameter

measurement from the lateral margin of one orbit to the lateral margin of the other orbit

Ethmocephaly

a condition in which there is no nose and a proboscis separating two close-set orbits; associated with holoprosencephaly

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs, including the skull, tongue, and liver

An absent or hypoplastic nasal bone is most likely associated with: a) Trisomy 21 b) Trisomy 15 c) Trisomy 18 d) Turner syndrome

a) Trisomy 21

Which of the following is also referred to as Patau syndrome? a) Trisomy 18 b) Trisomy 21 c) Trisomy 12 d) Trisomy 13

d) Trisomy 13

Micrognathia is a condition found in: a) Dandy-Walker syndrome b) Hydranencephaly c) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome d) Trisomy 18

d) Trisomy 18

Aneuploidy

a condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes

The thickness of the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed: a) 3 mm b) 6 mm c) 10 mm d) 12 mm

b) 6 mm

The optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia is: a) Transverse b) Axial c) Sagittal d) Coronal

c) Sagittal

Turner syndrome

a chromosomal aberration where one sex chromosome is absent; may also be referred to as monosomy X

Nuchal fold

a collection of solid tissue on the posterior aspect of the fetal neck

Microtia

small ear(s)