OBHR 330 Exam 1 Purdue

What are the 3 types of organizational commitment?

-Affective Commitment -Continuance Commitment -Normative Commitment

What is Citizenship Behavior?

Voluntary activities that may or may not be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the quality of the setting where work occurs

What are the four main types of work stressors?

WORK HINDRANCE: Role conflict, Role overload WORK CHALLENGE: Time pressure, Work responsibility NONWORK HINDRANCE: Financial instability NONWORK CHALLENGE: Positive life events

In what three sources can trust be rooted?

disposition based, cognition based, affect based

What does it mean for rewards to be "Equittable"?

(Your outcomes/Your inputs)=(Other's Outcomes/ Other's Inputs) This is the desirable state

Why does OB matter?

- Improved product quality - Increased customer satisfaction - Increased employee satisfaction - Increased employee retention - Higher profitability

How does the Type A Behavior Pattern influence the stress process?

-Have a strong sense of time urgency and tend to be impatient, hard-driving, competitive, controlling, aggressive, and even hostile Stressors -Hard-driving and have a strong desire to achieve - more workload -Aggressive and competitive - more prone to interpersonal conflict Stressors - Stress -Hypersensitive to demands that could potentially affect goal attainment Strain -Directly linked to coronary heart disease and other strains

What is OB not?

-Human Resource Management: This takes the theories of OB and applies them in organizational settings -Strategic Management: This focuses on product choices and industry characteristics that affect profits

What are the dimensions of citizenship behavior? (Provide Examples)

-Interpersonal: Helping, Courtesy, Sportsmanship -Organizational: Voice, Civic Virtue, Boosterism **The correlation between citizenship behavior and supervisors' overall rating on employee performance is strong and robust!**

What are the two primary outcomes of studies in organizational behavior?

-Job Performance -Organizational Commitment

How do organizations identify the behaviors that underlie task performance?

-Job analysis ....Generate a list of general job dimensions ....Come up with specific tasks within those general dimensions ...Rate tasks on frequency and importance ...Use most critical tasks to define "task performance"

What factors affect the two primary OB outcomes?

-Job satisfaction -Stress -Motivation -Trust, Justice, and Ethics -Learning and Decision Making

What decision-making problems can prevent employees from translating their learning into accurate decisions?

-Limited Information -Faulty Perceptions -Faulty Attributions -Escalation of Commitment

What facets do people use to evaluate their job satisfaction?

-Pay satisfaction -Promotion satisfaction -Supervision Satisfaction -Coworker Satisfaction -Work Satisfaction

What are the three dimensions of task performance?

-Routine Task Performance -Adaptive Task Performance: Reactive -Creative Task Performance: Proactive

What are the three dimensions of job performance?

-task performance -citizenship behavior -counterproductive behavior

What is the four-component model of ethical decision making?

1. Moral Awareness 2. Moral Judgement 3. Moral Intent 4. Ethical Behavior

What is the rule of 1/8?

1/2-Half the organizations don't believe there is a connection between people and profits 1/2-Half of those who see the connection try to make a single change, rather than attempting to make comprehensive changes 1/2-Half of the firms that make comprehensive changes persist long enough for those changes to make a difference 1/2x1/2x1/2=1/8th

What is organizational commitment?

A desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of an organization

What is Normative Commitment?

A desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of an organization because of a feeling of obligation -You stay because you OUGHT to -Two ways to build a sense of obligation-based commitment among employees: ....Create a feeling that the employee is in the ....organization's debt Become a charitable organization

What is Continuance Commitment?

A desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of an organization because of an awareness of the costs associated with leaving. -You stay because you NEED to -You stay because you are invested and there could also be a lack of alternative employment opportunities

What is Affective Commitment?

A desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of an organization because of an emotional attachment to, or involvement in, that organization -You stay because you WANT to -Employees who are affectively committed engage in more citizenship behaviors

Correlation

A measure of the relationship between two variables 0= no correlation -1= perfect negative relationship 1= perfect positive relationship .1=small .3=medium .5=large

What is the resource-based view?

A model that argues that rare and inimitable resources help firms maintain competitive advantage

What is motivation?

A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee that initiates work-related effort and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence

What dimensions can be used to describe the trustworthiness of an authority?

Ability: The skills, competences, and areas of expertise that enable an authority to be successful in some specific area Benevolence: The belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives Integrity: The perception that the authority adheres to a set of values and principals that the trustor finds acceptable

What is psychological empowerment?

An intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one's work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose

What is conditional reinforcement?

Conditioned reinforcement occurs when a stimulus reinforces, or strengthens, set behaviors through its association with a primary reinforcer.

What are some examples of psychological withdrawal?

Daydreaming Looking busy Cyber loafing Socializing

What is bounded rationality?

Decision makers do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision

What dimensions can be used to describe the fairness of an authority's decision making?

Distributive justice Procedural justice Interpersonal justice Informational justice

What are the four primary responses to negative events at work?

Exit: Active, Destructive (Lone Wolves) Voice: Active, Constructive Loyalty: Passive, Constructive Neglect: Passive, Destructive

What are the three beliefs that help determine how work effort is directed?

Expectancy: effort will result in performance Instrumentality: performance will result in outcomes Value/Valence: those outcomes will be valuable

What is the transactional theory of stress?

Explains how stressors are perceived and appraised, as well as how people respond to those perceptions and appraisals

How do interpersonal relationships and embeddedness affect organizational commitment?

If you have good interpersonal relationships you are more likely to have a stronger sense of commitment to that organization. (Affective)

How do the 2 different forms of withdrawal relate to each other?

Independent forms model -Various withdrawal behaviors are uncorrelated with one another, occur for different reasons, and fulfill different needs on the part of employees Compensatory forms model -The various withdrawal behaviors negatively correlated with one another—that doing one means you are less likely to do another Progression model -The various withdrawal behaviors are positively correlated

What is the job characteristics theory?

Jobs are more intrinsically enjoyable when work tasks are challenging and fulfilling. Meaningfulness of work: reflects the degree to which work tasks are viewed as something that "counts" in the employee's system of philosophies and beliefs Responsibility for outcomes: the degree to which employees feel that they're the key drivers of the quality of the unit's work Knowledge of results: the extent to which employees know how well or how badly they're doing

How does learning affect job performance and organizational commitment?

Learning has a moderate correlation to job performance and a poor correlation to organizational commitment

What are the three kinds of goal orientations?

Learning orientation -Building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence Performance-prove/approach orientation -Focus on demonstrating their competence so that others think favorably of them Performance-avoid orientation -Focus on demonstrating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them

What steps can organizations take to manage employee stress?

MANAGING STRESSORS Training (to increase job competencies/skills or stress-management skills) Supportive practices (e.g., flexible work schedules or telecommuting to reduce work-family conflict) REDUCING STRAINS Training in relaxation techniques (e.g., progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, other physical techniques) Cognitive-behavioral techniques (to help employees change their cognitive appraisals of stressors) Employee assistance programs (e.g., health and wellness programs)

What are mood and emotions, and what specific forms do they take?

MOODS -States of feeling that are often mild in intensity, last for an extended period of time, and are not explicitly directed at or caused by anything EMOTIONS -States of feeling that are often intense, last for only a few minutes, and are clearly directed at (and caused by) someone or some circumstance

What two qualities make goals strong predictors of task performance?

Main idea: Motivation is fostered when employees are given specific and difficult goals

What four beliefs help create a sense of empowerment among employees?

Meaningfulness: Value of a work goal or purpose relative to own ideals/passions Self-Determination: Sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks Competence: Belief in his/her capability to perform tasks successfully Impact: Sense that actions "make a difference"

What are some examples of physical withdrawal?

Missed meetings Tardiness Long breaks Quitting

How does motivation affect job performance and organizational commitment?

Motivation has a strong positive correlation with job performance Motivation has a moderate positive correlation with organizational commitment

How can organizations use job performance information to manage employee performance?

Organizations use different grading techniques when evaluating job performance. Some of these techniques praise employees for doing one thing while asking them to do another more productive thing.

How are organizational commitment and withdrawal behavior related?

People who don't have organizational commitment have higher levels of withdrawal behavior

What is learning?

Permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience

What are the three types of strain?

Physiological Psychological Behavioral

What are the specific strains that fall under each type of strain?

Physiological: -Immune system -Cardiovascular system -Musculoskeletal system -Gastrointestinal system Psychological: -Emotional (e.g., depressed and anxious) and cognitive disorder (e.g., rumination) -Burnout Behavioral: -Aggressive behaviors -Compulsive behaviors -Substance misuse

What are the types of contingencies and the different types of timing options in implementing reinforcement for learning?

Positive Reinforcement -Positive outcome follows a desired behavior Negative Reinforcement -Unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior Punishment -Unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior Extinction -The removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior

What is goal orientation?

Predispositions or attitudes toward learning and performance that influence how you learn

What are the dimensions of counterproductive behavior?

Production Deviance: Wasting resources, Substance Abuse Property Deviance: Sabotage, Theft Political Deviance: Gossiping, Rudeness Personal Aggression: Harassment, Abuse

What two methods can employees use to make decisions?

Programmed Decisions: Intuition Non-Programmed Decisions: Rational Decision Making Model

What are the methods by which employees learn in organizations?

Reinforcement Observation

What are stressor, stress, and strain? How are they different from each other?

Stress-A psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes for the person and that tax or exceed the person's capacity or resources Stressor-The demands that cause someone to feel stressed Strain-The negative consequences

What types of knowledge can employees gain as they learn and build expertise?

Tacit: Gained with experience, difficult to teach Explicit: Easy to communicate and teach

Validity

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

What is task performance?

The behaviors directly involved in transforming organizational resources into the goods or services an organization produces

What is the expectancy theory?

The theory that motivation will be high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes.

What is the definition of Job Performance?

The value of the set of employee behaviors that contribute, either positively or negatively, to organizational goal accomplishment.

Causality vs. Correlation

To prove causation, correlation and time order are established and alternative explanations are ruled out.

How does trust affect job performance and organizational commitment?

Trust has a moderate positive correlation to job performance Trust has a strong positive correlation to Organizational Commitment

What is trust, justice, and ethics?

Trust: The willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions Justice: the perceived fairness of an authority's decision making Ethics: The degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms

How do employees feel and respond when they feel a sense of inequity?

Your outcomes/Your inputs are greater than the others you will feel guilty and anxious Your outcomes/your inputs are less than the others, you will feel angry and envious

meta-analysis

a "study of studies" that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion

What is "Organizational Behavior"?

a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations -Leading individuals, teams, and organizations

inter-item reliability

a measure of whether the individual questions in a question set are consistent in their results

What is job satisfaction?

a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences

What is withdrawal behavior?

a set of actions that employees perform to avoid the work situation

What is counterproductive behavior?

employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment

What is the value-precept theory?

job satisfaction depends on whether you perceive that your job supplies the things that you value Dissatisfaction = (Vwant-Vhave) x (VImportance) Job satisfaction depends on individuals' subjective evaluation of the job People evaluate job satisfaction according to specific facets of the job

What is extrinsic motivation?

motivation by external factors or rewards

What is intrinsic motivation?

motivation by internal factors/desires

Distributive Justice

the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated When distributive justice is low, the correlation with procedural justice is way stronger

Procedural Justice

the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions

Social Learning Theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

What is goal setting theory?

views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort