OCE 1001 Chapter 3, Test 1

Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following? Sparse earthquake activity Shallow coastal waters Broad continental shelves No sediment accumulation Deep-sea trenches

Deep-sea trenches

What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction? Guyots Fracture zone Transform fault Seaknolls Nemataths

Fracture zone

Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges? Fracture zone Continental slope Continental rise Submarine canyon Continental shelf

Fracture zone

The distinctive type of sedimentary layering that has largest particles on the bottom and smallest particles on the top, with intermediate sized particles in the middle, is called which of the following? Turbidity Currents Sandstone Layering Suspension Deposits Nonconformities Graded Bedding

Graded Bedding

Why is the average depth of the ocean much greater than the average height of land?

Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust.

Why is the average depth of the ocean much greater than the average height of land? Continental crust is less buoyant than oceanic crust. Oceanic crust is cooler than continental crust. Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust. More erosion happens on land than in the ocean. Continental crust is thinner than oceanic crust.

Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust.

Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans? Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Southern Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Pillow basalts Trenches Metal sulfide deposits Rift valley Seamounts

Trenches

What common item is used in this video to demonstrate a turbidity current? Silly Putty a large jar filled with water and sediment a candle a balloon a can of soda

a large jar filled with water and sediment

The average slope of the continental shelf is approximately ________. greater than five degrees one-half to one degree one to two degrees two to five degrees a tenth of a degree

a tenth of a degree

Of the following items, which is/are associated with a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply. volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas a wide continental shelf a deep-ocean trench a continental rise an abundance of earthquake activity

a wide continental shelf a continental rise

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called: seamounts. abyssal hills or seaknolls. tablemounts. oceanic ridges. oceanic trenches.

abyssal hills or seaknolls.

Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called: abyssal hills. abyssal plains. continental slopes. continental shelves. tablemounts

abyssal plains.

The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called __________. tomography hydrology bathymetry navigation cartography

bathymetry

Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four ________. decimeters centimeters meters kilometers millimeters

centimeters

What features are associated with a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply. ridge narrow continental shelf continental rise trench Flat coastal terrain

continental rise Flat coastal terrain

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with: spreading centers. hydrothermal vents. fracture zones. mid-ocean ridges. deep-sea trenches.

deep-sea trenches.

What is the characteristic layering of an individual turbidity current deposit called? grand layering layered stratum rip current graded bedding velocity profile

graded bedding

Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a flattened top are called ________. guyots nemataths seaknolls seamounts islands

guyots

All true oceanic islands are ________ in origin. sedimentary volcanic collisional metamorphic erosional

volcanic

Seamounts and abyssal hills are ________ in origin. metamorphic seismic volcanic erosional sedimentary

volcanic

Which of the following is an example of an active continental margin? Choose all that apply. east coast of Brazil west coast of the United States west coast of Chile west coast of Africa east coast of the United States

west coast of the United States west coast of Chile

Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form: cold seeps. black smokers. turbidity currents. abyssal hills. white smokers.

white smokers.

The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/depth interval. 3,000 - 4,000 m below sea level 5,000 - 6,000 m below sea level 1,000 - 2,000 m above sea level 4,000 - 5,000 m below sea level 0 - 1,000 m above sea level

4,000 - 5,000 m below sea level

A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters? 5,550 meters 7,400 meters 11,100 meters 3,000 meters 4,550 meters

5,550 meters

What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor? 75% 80% 85% 65% 70%

85%

Refer to the figure above. Where would you expect to find a rift valley? A B C D E

B

In the figure above, which shows a portion of the hypsographic curve. Which area(s) represent(s) the middle of tectonic plates? Choose all that apply. A B C D E

B D

Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following? Broad continental shelves Chains of islands Thin sediment accumulation Volcanic and earthquake activity Deep-sea trenches

Broad continental shelves

Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following? Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

Where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin? Continental rise Abyssal plain Shoreline Continental slope Continental shelf

Continental slope

Which of the following is a difference between passive and active continental margins? Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not. Passive margins have narrower continental shelves. Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf. Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise. Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

In the figure above, darker blue areas indicate deep water, and lighter blue areas indicate shallow water. Land is shown in shades of brown and green. Which area in the figure is on a continental margin? A B C D E

D

In the figure above, which shows a portion of the hypsographic curve. Which area(s) represent(s) the abyssal plains? A B C D E

D

Rocks like the ones shown in the photo most likely formed at which of the following tectonic settings? Convergent plate boundary Divergent plate boundary Intraplate setting Transform plate boundary

Divergent plate boundary

Of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the sea floor? Choose all that apply. direct visitation of the sea floor measuring seawater clarity using satellites to measure the sea surface recording many depths using a long cable sending sound through water (sonar)

EVERYTHING BUT measuring seawater clarity

What processes influence the shape and features of continental shelves? Choose all that apply. tectonic activity produced by offshore faults large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time major climate changes, such as ice ages trench formation at convergent boundaries the creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

EVERYTHING BUT the creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________. Choose all that apply. volcanic arcs and active continental margins subduction zones and associated faults very deep ocean water depths the mid-ocean ridge narrow or no continental shelves the Pacific Ring of Fire

EVERYTHING BUT the mid-ocean ridge

To which planet is NASA sending the spacecraft InSight to study crustal movements similar to earthquakes? Mars Saturn Neptune Venus Europa

Mars

Of the following statements about mapping the ocean floor, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor. Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor. Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor. Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) the depth and height of Earth's surface as shown on the hypsographic curve? Choose all that apply. More people have been to the top of the tallest mountain on Earth than have been to the bottom of the deepest trench. The percentage of Earth's surface represented in the hypsographic curve is 70.8%. The percentage of Earth's surface above sea level is 29.2%. The average depth of the ocean is much greater than the average height of land. The tallest mountain on Earth is taller than the deepest trench is deep.

More people have been to the top of the tallest mountain on Earth than have been to the bottom of the deepest trench. The percentage of Earth's surface above sea level is 29.2%. The average depth of the ocean is much greater than the average height of land.

Which of the following techniques used to determine ocean bathymetry is illustrated in the image? Magnetometer Multibeam Sonar Seismic Reflection Side-scan Sonar Sounding

Multibeam Sonar

Which of the following techniques used to determine ocean bathymetry is illustrated in the image? Magnetometer Multibeam Sonar Seismic Reflection Side-scan Sonar Sounding

Side-scan Sonar

The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques? Multibeam Sonar Magnetometer Side-scan Sonar Sounding Seismic Reflection

Sounding

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor? Suspension settling Black smokers Melting icebergs Undersea streams Precipitation

Suspension settling

Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the mid-ocean ridges? The gentle slope above sea level The long and flat part below sea level The shallowest slope below sea level The steep deepest part below sea level The steep segment above sea level

The shallowest slope below sea level

What effect do turbidity currents have on the continental slope? Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope. Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep. Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons. Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope. Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

Which of the following best describes turbidity currents? Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

Which of the following feature(s) is/are associated with the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply. hydrothermal vents thick layers of sediment basalt volcanism and pillow lavas volcanoes a trench a central rift valley

hydrothermal vents basalt volcanism and pillow lavas volcanoes a central rift valley

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is: perpendicular to the direction of plate movement. in the same direction as the ridge offset. in the same direction as the plates are spreading. influenced by underwater boundary currents. associated with turbidity currents.

in the same direction as the plates are spreading

The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________. transform fault mid-ocean ridge hotspot island arc rift valley

island arc

New lithosphere is produced in association with: oceanic ridges. hydrothermal vents. transform faults. fracture zones. deep-sea trenches.

oceanic ridges.

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's: seamounts. oceanic trenches. abyssal hills or seaknolls. oceanic ridges. tablemounts.

oceanic trenches.

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are: perpendicular to the ridge axis. parallel to the rift valley. associated with hydrothermal vents. located in submarine canyons.

perpendicular to the ridge axis.

Most large ocean floor features owe their origins to _________. biological activity plate tectonic processes ocean current activity erosion and weathering extreme pressure at depth

plate tectonic processes

Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called: oceanic trenches. seamounts. tablemounts. submarine canyons. oceanic ridges.

seamounts.

In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that __________. the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

The reason the deposit on the bottom forms the way it does is a result of __________. density stratification shaking speed settling velocity wave size slosh speed

settling velocity

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is: abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise. abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf. shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain. rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf. slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is: direct observation. light waves. satellite observation. sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling). drilling.

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)

What is turbidity? microscopic floating marine life brown algae air bubbles water currents suspended sediment

suspended sediment

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because ________. they can only "see" small areas of the seafloor at one time the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor they can't cover areas where ships have not produced surveys they are inexpensive to build and launch they are affected by surface weather

the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor