OCE 1001 Chapter 4, Test 1
Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Cosmogenous Sediment
Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements? Nodule and crust creation Deep-sea hotsprings Groundwater leaching Clathrate formation Sea floor methane seeps
Deep-sea hotsprings
Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? Ethane Propane Methane Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulfide
Methane
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Clay Volcanic ash Quartz sand Siliceous ooze Rock fragments
Siliceous ooze
Two common types of chemical compounds found in biogenous sediments are __________ and __________. silica; quartz calcium carbonate; quartz calcium carbonate; silica calcium carbonate; volcanic ash quartz; volcanic ash
calcium carbonate; silica
You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________. siliceous ooze clay calcareous ooze sand coral
clay
What have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores? climate change and past extinctions Highly-specialized marine life can exist at all depths in the ocean. how fast sediment is accumulating in the deep ocean how deep the ocean really is There is an abundance of human-produced trash on the deep ocean floor.
climate change and past extinctions
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? foraminiferans phosphorites glauconite diatoms radiolarians
foraminiferans
The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are: silt. oozes. tektites. clays. evaporites.
tektites.
The sediments that are produced in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s): 3. 2 & 3. 2. 3 & 4. 1.
2 & 3.
What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean? 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) 1.6 mile (2.5 kilometers) 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) 3 miles (4.5 kilometers) 4.3 miles (7 kilometers)
3 miles (4.5 kilometers)
The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge? Non-calcareous sediment on the mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would be found below the CCD. The mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.
Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.
Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following? The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor Earth's climate change patterns The mechanism that causes tsunamis Earthquake-generated heat from friction The properties of the deep crust
Earthquake-generated heat from friction
Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply Manganese nodules Gas hydrates Phosphorites Petroleum Halite
Gas hydrates. Petroleum
Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Hydrogenous Sediment
Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? Dinosaurs Peat and coal Fish and amphibians Microscopic organisms Land based plants
Microscopic organisms
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Oolites Radiolarians Foraminiferans Diatoms Coccolithophores
Oolites
Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? Rare-earth elements Manganese nodules and crusts Gas hydrates Petroleum Sand and gravel
Petroleum
Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? Marine sediments on land The deep-ocean floor Continental shelf Estuaries and lagoons
The deep-ocean floor
Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history. They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years.
They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the: crest of a mid-ocean ridge. continental rise. abyssal plain far from a continent. continental shelf. All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.
abyssal plain far from a continent.
Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. colder; lower warmer; higher colder; higher warmer; lower
colder; higher
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: cosmogenous. hydrogenous. biogenous. lithogenous. volcanogenic.
cosmogenous.
The two major types of microscopic, planktonic organisms that produce siliceous oozes are __________ and __________. diatoms; foraminifers coccolithophores; foraminifers radiolarians; coccolithophores diatoms; coccolithophores diatoms; radiolarians
diatoms; radiolarians
The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. destruction dilution productivity erosion ecology
dilution
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: wind. precipitation. carbonate dissolution. fecal pellets. deposit feeders.
fecal pellets
Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________. hydrogenous sediments neritic sediments biogenous sediments lithogenous sediments cosmogenous sediments
hydrogenous sediments
What sediment type(s) is/are included in the pink category labeled "Other" on the map? Choose all that apply. diatom ooze rock fragments hydrogenous sediments cosmogenous sediments sand
hydrogenous sediments cosmogenous sediments
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called hydrogenous. biogenous. volcanogenic. cosmogenous. lithogenous.
hydrogenous.
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: biogenous. hydrogenous. cosmogenous. lithogenous. volcanogenic.
lithogenous.
The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________. halite gypsum calcite quartz aragonite
quartz
In the demonstration, what does the apple represent? a weight suspended in water the deep sea floor a grain of sand on a beach the flying object on the end of a string a circular fish that isn't very streamlined
the deep sea floor
What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD? the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will deposit quickly the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly the ocean depth below which calcite is stable and will deposit quickly
the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly
Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? Dredge Seiche disk Rotary corer Gravity corer Long line
Dredge
China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? Sand and gravel Phosphorite Manganese nodules and crusts Rare-earth elements Gas hydrates
Rare-earth elements
Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? Seiche disk Gravity corer Long line Dredge Rotary corer
Rotary corer
What factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze? areas of warm surface water windy areas areas of high salinity areas of upwelling areas of low atmospheric pressure
areas of upwelling
Sediments derived from the remains of the hard parts of once-living organisms are called __________ sediments. lithogenous cosmogenous biogenous hydrogenous volcanogenic
biogenous
What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD? deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years
deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years
Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. do not dissolve; do not dissolve dissolve; do not dissolve do not dissolve; dissolve dissolve; dissolve
do not dissolve; dissolve
Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. does not dissolve; dissolves dissolves; does not dissolve dissolves; dissolves does not dissolve; does not dissolve
does not dissolve; does not dissolve
Siliceous ooze is particularly abundant on the seafloor at __________ and at __________. high latitudes; mid latitudes high latitudes; low latitudes high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones mid latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones
high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones
Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply. tests of foraminifers manganese nodules radiolarian ooze coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers abyssal clay black volcanic beach sand
manganese nodules coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers
What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling? an apple corer a can of soda a candle Silly Putty oil and vinegar salad dressing
an apple corer
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. wind power coal gas hydrates ethanol rare-earth elements
gas hydrates
In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply. near a black smoker the abyssal plains at the base of the continental slope a coral reef along the mid-ocean ridge a sandy beach
the abyssal plains at the base of the continental slope along the mid-ocean ridge a sandy beach
Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling? Because a high-powered rotary engine drives the drilling process. Because the ship spins around in a circle to power the drilling process. Because the drill bit turns around in a circle. Because the constant pounding on the drill string causes a rotary motion.
Because the drill bit turns around in a circle.
In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. shell fragments than in temperate waters silt and sand than in tropical waters gravel than in tropical waters clay than in temperate waters coral debris than in tropical waters
gravel than in tropical waters
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? low salinity high carbon dioxide concentration low carbon dioxide concentration high oxygen concentration low oxygen concentration
low salinity
Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD? The higher salinity at depth reacts with calcareous material and causes it to dissolve. The lack of light in the deep ocean causes chemical reactions to occur that dissolve calcareous material. Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material. Deep-ocean marine organisms exude chemicals that cause calcareous material to dissolve.
Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.
Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock? Sediments rich in tin Manganese nodules Phosphorite Sand and gravel Evaporative salts
Evaporative salts
Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply. the climate on Earth millions of years ago previous ocean circulation patterns past catastrophes, such as major extinction events movement of the ocean floor the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins
all of them
Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. halite, gypsum, and anhydrite sand, silt, and gravel basalt fragments and metallic sulfides red clay biogenic ooze
sand, silt, and gravel
What factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze? nutrient availability proximity to land water depth water salinity water temperature
water depth
What mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins? Choose all that apply. wind slow-moving ocean currents ice rafting rivers underwater landslides
wind slow-moving ocean currents
How does siliceous ooze accumulate on the seafloor if silica-based residues are dissolved slowly at all depths? Silica-based residues do not accumulate on the seafloor. Silica tests sink slower than seawater can dissolve them. Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them. Low primary productivity in surface waters results in siliceous ooze accumulation.
Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them.
What is calcareous ooze? a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a fine-grained, shallow-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes
a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes
Which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment? fine lithogenous sediment, such as clay biogenous sediment, such as diatom tests cosmogenous sediments, such as space dust coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks hydrogenous sediments, such as manganese nodules
coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks
