OCE 1001 Chapter 5, Test 2

What happened when a new (green) water mass was introduced into the system? It came to equilibrium in the middle of the tank. It mixed evenly through the entire tank. It came to equilibrium at the bottom of the tank. It came to equilibrium at the top of the tank.

It came to equilibrium in the middle of the tank.

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent? When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules. Water molecules makes it much easier for ions to separate. Water molecules reduce the attraction between ions of opposite charges. Water molecules stick to other polar chemical compounds. Water molecules interact with other water molecules and other polar molecules.

When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: chlorinity. temperature. density. pH. salinity.

temperature.

The average salinity of typical seawater is: 10%. 3.5%. 2.0%. 25%. 0.35%

3.5%

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.

Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest? Ice caps, glaciers, and snow Streams and lakes Atmospheric water vapor World ocean Groundwater and soil moisture

Atmospheric water vapor

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater? Potassium Calcium Sodium Chloride Magnesium

Chloride

Which of the following properties of pure water is different depending on the amount of water present? Odor Color pH Taste Density

Color

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern? The low temperature and high pressure at depth both work to lower the pH. The lack of marine life in deep water means that a smaller amount of organic acids is released into the water by biological activity. Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower. The water is more saline with depth, and higher salinity means greater acidity. The carbonate buffering effect makes the water more basic or alkaline.

Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.

Select the three statements below that apply. The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. Isopycnal means the samples of the water column have constant temperature throughout its depth. The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present.

EVERYTHING BUT Isopycnal means the samples of the water column have constant temperature throughout its depth.

Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water? Precipitation Icebergs melting Evaporation Sea ice melting Runoff

Evaporation

Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn? Freezing Condensation Evaporation Polarization Melting

Evaporation

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point? Lagrangian point Condensation point Polarization point Freezing point Boiling point

Freezing point

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Choose all that apply: Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Melt recently frozen seawater. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor.

Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor.

Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 20°N Longitude: 180°W High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation High surface seawater salinity due to precipitation Low surface seawater salinity due to evaporation Low surface seawater salinity due to precipitation

High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation

Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct? Decreasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals that can be created. Adding dissolved substances increases the temperature of maximum density for water because the formation of less-dense ice crystals is suppressed. Decreasing amounts of dissolved substances inhibits the formation of hydrogen bonds, which restricts the number of ice crystals that can form. Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited.

Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited.

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. It immediately begins to rise slowly. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. It rises rapidly as the ice melts.

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply. Measure the chlorinity of the water. Pass electrical current through the water. Record the temperature of the water. Observe the clarity of the water. Determine very exactly the amount of light that can pass through the water. Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out.

Measure the chlorinity of the water. Pass electrical current through the water. Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out.

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest? Continent to atmosphere Atmosphere to continent Continent to ocean Atmosphere to ocean Ocean to atmosphere

Ocean to atmosphere

Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water? Distillation Freeze separation Electrolysis Reverse osmosis Osmosis

Osmosis

The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes? Dissolution Photosynthesis Buffering Respiration Oxidation

Respiration

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.

Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater? Calcium Chloride Magnesium Sodium Sulfate

Sodium

Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater? Calcium Chloride Magnesium Sodium Sulfate

Sulfate

What happened when the two slats were pulled out? All three colors mixed together evenly. The room temperature water rose to the surface. The blue water sank to the bottom and the red water rose to the top. The red water sank to the bottom and the blue water rose to the top. They did not move and stayed separated in three vertical bands, showing that the slats had no effect.

The blue water sank to the bottom and the red water rose to the top.

Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions? Calcium carbonate dissolves at an increasing rate with increasing depth until the calcite compensation depth is reached. The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample. Increasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals. Siliceous ooze accumulates on the ocean floor as it is being dissolved because it accumulates siliceous tests faster than seawater can dissolve them.

The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Seawater salinity does not vary from place to place in the ocean. The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity.

The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. Seawater salinity averages 3.5%.

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: halocline. barocline. thermocline. isocline. pycnocline.

Thermocline

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Choose all that apply. Water molecules have polarity. Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Water density is greatest when solid.

Water molecules have polarity. Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds.

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly __________. neutral acidic alkaline

alkaline

The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the __________. thermocline halocline calcite compensation depth or CCD pycnocline lysocline

calcite compensation depth or CCD

The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth. decreased, increased increased, increased decreased, decreased increased, decreased

decreased, increased

As the salinity of seawater increases, its: residence time increases. residence time changes. density decreases. residence time decreases. density increases.

density increases.

A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________. halocline lysocline pycnocline syncline thermocline

halocline

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? low viscosity low heat capacity high viscosity high salinity high heat capacity

high heat capacity

The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. increased, increased decreased, decreased decreased, increased increased, decreased

increased, decreased

Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________. protons ions electrons molecules neutrons

ions

The surface tension of water: is very similar in other liquids. is relatively high. increases as density decreases. is related to salinity. is relatively low.

is relatively high.

A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________. neutrons electrons molecules ions protons

molecules

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________. off the coast of Washington and Oregon in the Mediterranean Sea in the trade wind belt of the North Pacific Ocean in the mid latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Persian Gulf

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a: pycnocline. halocline. isocline. thermocline. barocline.

pycnocline

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate how the ocean is layered based on density? What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate how the ocean is layered based on density? Silly Putty a balloon tap water, with a small amount of food coloring a can of soda a kitchen utensil

tap water, with a small amount of food coloring

What are the two controlling factors that affect water density? temperature and salinity top and bottom depth and pressure red and blue sunlight and darkness

temperature and salinity

Of the three different colored waters separated by slats, which one has the highest density? the warm (red) water, which has the highest temperature the cold (blue) water, which has the lowest temperature the room temperature (clear) water, which has an intermediate temperature None of the above; all three of the colored waters separated by slats have about the same density.

the cold (blue) water, which has the lowest temperature

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of: surface tension. electron transfer. electron sharing. the viscosity of water. the polarity of water molecules.

the polarity of water molecules

Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes? 45 degrees 5 degrees 85 degrees 65 degrees 25 degrees

25 degrees

Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? 250 meters 5 meters 550 meters 190 meters

550 meters

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in salinity increases seawater density. An increase in temperature increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, it releases heat to the environment. In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds. In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat.

EVERYTHING BUT In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds.

Which of the following best defines heat? The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules. The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place. The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature. Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together.

The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form __________. carbonate ions (CO3 −2) carbonic acid (H2CO3) calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bicarbonate ions (HCO3 −) hydrogen ions (H−)

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs. coccolithophores; foraminifers diatoms; foraminifers diatoms; radiolarians coccolithophores; radiolarians

coccolithophores; foraminifers

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________. both precipitation and evaporation rates are high precipitation occurs only as snowfall evaporation is much greater than precipitation evaporation is much less than precipitation both precipitation and evaporation rates are low

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except : iceberg melting. sea ice melting. precipitation. river runoff. evaporation.

evaporation.

The pH scale is a measure of the __________ ion concentration of a solution. carbonic acid hydroxide bicarbonate hydrogen carbonate

hydrogen

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: ocean salinity varies as a function of season. the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change. the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. ocean salinity varies with geographical location. the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth.

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

Which of the following statements regarding pH is true? Buffers accelerate large changes in the pH of a solution. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. pH will change in deeper water when organisms with calcite shells sink. A pH of 10 is acidic, and a pH of 3 is alkaline. As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.

pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________. the high cost of energy involved poor quality of water produced by the plants environmental damage from the brine effluent the destruction of marine life by the process high maintenance costs for the plants

the high cost of energy involved

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is: Cl-. CO2. HCO3-. Ca+2. Na+.

HCO3-