OCE1001 CH 2

What is the relationship between the crust and lithosphere? The lithosphere is a special type of crust. The crust is part of the lithosphere. The lithosphere is part of the crust. The crust is a special type of lithosphere.

The crust is part of the lithosphere.

In general, what are the Himalayan mountains composed of? faulted and broken rock extrusive volcanic rock folded and faulted rock folded and bent rock

folded and faulted rock

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries? mid-ocean hot spots and ocean trenches mid-ocean ridges and ocean trenches mid-ocean hot spots and continental rift valleys mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries? mid-ocean ridges and ocean trenches mid-ocean hot spots and continental rift valleys mid-ocean hot spots and ocean trenches mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries? mid-ocean ridges and volcanoes ocean trenches and continental rift valleys ocean trenches and volcanoes mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

ocean trenches and volcanoes

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the: -plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. -plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets. -plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions. -entire earth had warm, humid conditions at the time the plants were living. -poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past.

plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

When was the Precambrian eon? prior to 300 million years ago prior to 600 million years ago prior to 400 million years ago prior to 100 million years ago

prior to 400 million years ago

Where would the north end of a magnet point during a time of reverse polarity? toward the geographic South Pole toward the magnetic north pole toward the magnetic south pole toward the geographic North Pole

toward the magnetic south pole

Tectonic plates move about as fast as ________. your fingernails grow a child crawls a snail crawls a river flows grass grows in the summer

your fingernails grow

Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental divergent plate boundary? Himalaya Mountains Red Sea San Andreas Fault Andes Mountains Mendocino Fault

Red Sea

What prompted the first widespread mapping of the ocean floor? -The importance of submarine warfare during World War II -The creation of NASA -The sinking of the Titanic -Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s -The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

Evidence shows that periodic reversals of Earth's magnetic field have resulted in __________. -interruption of Earth's gravitational field -mass extinction of life-forms -seafloor spreading -a symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crustal rocks -apparent polar wandering

a symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crustal rocks

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? hot spots andesitic volcanoes volcanic island arcs fracture zones mid-ocean ridges

andesitic volcanoes

Where do magnetic field lines exit the Earth today? at the North Pole at the South Pole at the equator

at the South Pole

Deep ocean trenches are associated with: the mid-ocean ridge. submarine canyons. subduction zones. transform faults. rift valleys.

subduction zones

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called: sedimentology. paleomagnetism. paleoclimatology. paleogeography.

paleogeography.

In general, how do magnetic objects align relative to Earth's magnetic field? antiparallel perpendicular at an angle parallel

parallel

Sea floor spreading along the axis of an oceanic ridge results in symmetrical patterns of all of the following EXCEPT ______________. the flow of heat through the crust the location of subduction zones the age of the sea floor the paleomagnetic record the depth of the sea floor

the location of subduction zones

Earth's magnetic field is similar to which of the following? the magnetic field of a horseshoe magnet the magnetic field of Mars the gravitational field of Earth the magnetic field of a bar magnet

the magnetic field of a bar magnet

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries? volcanic island arcs uplifted mountain ranges hot spots mid-ocean ridges

uplifted mountain ranges

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries? mid-ocean ridges volcanic island arcs hot spots fracture zones

volcanic island arcs

To find the largest area of the ocean with the oldest ocean crust, you should go to the ________. northern Atlantic southern Ocean near Australia eastern Pacific western Pacific

western Pacific

Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents? -High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge. -Low-density oceanic crust subducts beneath high-density continental crust where plates converge. -Low-density continental crust subducts beneath high-density oceanic crust where plates converge. -Low-density continental crust is created where plates rift and diverge. -High-density continental crust subducts beneath low-density oceanic crust where plates converge.

High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge.

Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental convergent plate boundary? Aleutian Islands San Andreas Fault Mendocino Fault Himalaya Mountains Andes Mountains

Himalaya Mountains

Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere? -The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. -The lithosphere is composed of igneous rock. -The lithosphere is composed of outer mantle material. -The lithosphere is composed of metamorphic rock. -The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core.

The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

As Heezen and Tharp interpreted the ocean depth data, they identified what unusual feature that hinted at continental drift? -The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top. -They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface. -Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more. -The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak. -Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

Of the following statements about sea floor magnetic anomalies, which is true? Select only one answer. They are oriented parallel to all mountain ranges. They are oriented perpendicular to all mountain ranges. They are oriented perpendicular to the mid-ocean ridge. They are oriented perpendicular to deep sea trenches. They are oriented parallel to the mid-ocean ridge.

They are oriented parallel to the mid-ocean ridge.

What is a volcanic arc? -a row of volcanoes that forms on the subducting plate near a subduction zone -a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a hot spot -a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone -a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a mid-ocean ridge

a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

On average, how long do periods of reverse and normal polarity last? about 50,000 years about 100,000 years about 500,000 years about 1 million years

about 500,000 years

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a: convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic). divergent plate boundary. convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic). transform fault boundary. convergent plate boundary (continent-continent).

divergent plate boundary.

Which mountain belt lies to the north of India? the Alps the Andes the Rockies the Himalayas the Cascades

the Himalayas

Based on paleogeographic records, _____________. -the North Atlantic opened before India separated from Antarctica -India separated from Antarctica before the continents came together as Pangaea -India separated from Antarctica before North America was located at the equator -the North Atlantic opened before North America was located at the equator -the continents came together as Pangaea before North America was located at the equator

the North Atlantic opened before India separated from Antarctica

Which geographic examples below result(s) from ocean-ocean convergence? Choose all that apply. -Marianas Trench -Andes Mountains -The Himalayas -Aleutian Islands -Japan

-Marianas Trench -Aleutian Islands -Japan

Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply. -Polar reversals cause existing ocean crust to remagnetize. -The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals. -The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. -The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming. -Marine organisms that live on the sea floor have caused this pattern.

-The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals. -The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. -The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming.

Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents? Choose all that apply. -the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents -evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical -the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle -the distribution of species of fossils -the composition of meteors from outer space

-the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents -evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical -the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle

When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form? 600 million years ago 450 million years ago 250 million years ago 150 million years ago 300 million years ago

450 million years ago

When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form? 600 million years ago 300 million years ago 50 million years ago 450 million years ago

50 million years ago

Which of the following statements is most accurate? -A moving India collided with a stationary Asia about 71 million years ago. -A moving Asia collided with a stationary India about 30 million years ago. -A moving India collided with a stationary Asia about 30 million years ago. -A moving Asia collided with a stationary India about 71 million years ago.

A moving India collided with a stationary Asia about 30 million years ago.

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary? Mendocino Fault San Andreas Fault East Pacific Rise Aleutian Islands Red Sea

Aleutian Islands

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary? Aleutian Islands San Andreas Fault Himalaya Mountains Andes Mountains Mendocino Fault

Andes Mountains

Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs? -East African Rift and Cascades -Andes and Cascades -East African Rift and Hawaii -Andes and Hawaii

Andes and Cascades

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries? Earth would increase in volume. Earth would increase in mass. Earth would decrease in mass. Earth would decrease in volume.

Earth would increase in volume.

How are Earth's geographic and magnetic axes oriented relative to each other? -Earth's geographic and magnetic poles are oriented in opposite directions. -Earth's geographic and magnetic poles are nearly perpendicular. -Earth's geographic and magnetic axes are oriented identically. -Earth's geographic and magnetic axes are oriented at a slight angle to each other.

Earth's geographic and magnetic axes are oriented at a slight angle to each other.

Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is most accurate? -Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with plate boundaries. -Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with hot spots. -Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries. -Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with hot spots.

Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary? Red Sea San Andreas Fault Aleutian Islands East Pacific Rise Mendocino Fault

East Pacific Rise

Seafloor depth was first determined by what remote sensing technology? Aerial photography Echo sounder Radar Satellites Lidar

Echo Sounder

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic transform plate boundary? San Andreas Fault East Pacific Rise Mendocino Fault Aleutian Islands Red Sea

Mendocino Fault

What piece of evidence supports Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift? -Records of glacial masses in the tropics indicate a worldwide ice age. -Coal deposits that form in tropical swamps are absent from continents near the poles.. -Modern-day species that evolved in isolation share a common ancestor. -Rocks of varying ages found in mountain chains separated by the Atlantic Ocean indicate that they formed at different times in history.. -Calculations of tidal forces show that this mechanism is sufficient to cause landmasses to move.

Modern-day species that evolved in isolation share a common ancestor.

Which of the following tectonic plates are oceanic? Choose all that apply. North American Plate Nazca Plate African Plate Pacific Plate Eurasian Plate

Nazca Plate Pacific Plate

Which of the following statements is most accurate? -Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much thicker landmass than it is today. -Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much thinner landmass than it is today. -Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much denser landmass than it is today. -Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much less dense landmass than it is today.

Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much thinner landmass than it is today.

Which of the following is an example of a continental transform plate boundary? Aleutian Islands Andes Mountains Mendocino Fault Himalaya Mountains San Andreas Fault

San Andreas Fault

Which of the following statements is true regarding tectonic plates? -Tectonic plates may include both oceanic and continental crust. -All tectonic plates are about the same size and shape. -Tectonic plate are composed of the crust and aesthenosphere. -All plate boundaries trace the edges of the continents. -All of these statements are correct.

Tectonic plates may include both oceanic and continental crust.

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries? The Earth would decrease in mass. The Earth would increase in mass. The Earth would decrease in volume. The Earth would increase in volume.

The Earth would increase in volume

Of the following statements about the age of the ocean crust, which one is true? Select only one answer. -The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench. -The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near the mid-ocean ridge. -The oldest ocean crust is about 2 million years old and is located near an ocean trench. -The oldest ocean crust is about 2 million years old and is located near the mid-ocean ridge. -The oldest ocean crust is about 4.5 billion years old and is located near the edge of a continent.

The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench.

Why didn't India subduct under Asia? The two continents have different densities. The two continents have different mass. The two continents have similar mass. The two continents have similar densities.

The two continents have similar densities.

Why did Heezen and Tharp have to do "inspired guessing" when creating their maps of the ocean floor? -There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced. -They were limited by the mapping technology of the time. -Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep. -They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified. -The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer. -They occur entirely within the middle of continents. -They are all associated with an abundance of volcanic activity. -They occur only on the ocean floor. -They are all associated with zones of earthquakes. -They are all located along the edges of continents.

They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

Did any subduction occur during the collision of India and Asia? -Yes; a continent between these two continents subducted under India. -Yes; another continent between these two continents subducted under Asia. -Yes; ocean basin between these two continents subducted under India. -Yes; ocean basin between these two continents subducted under Asia.

Yes; ocean basin between these two continents subducted under Asia.

Which type of plate boundary exists between India and Asia today? a divergent zone a convergent boundary a transform boundary a subduction zone

a convergent boundary

What is a volcanic arc? -a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a hot spot -a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a mid-ocean ridge -a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone -a row of volcanoes that forms on the downgoing plate near a subduction zone

a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

Where is the youngest ocean floor found? along the crest of mid-ocean ridges along chains of hot spot volcanoes along the axis of ocean trenches along the edges of continents

along the crest of mid-ocean ridges

Where is the youngest ocean floor found? along the crest of mid-ocean ridges along the edges of continents along the axis of ocean trenches along chains of hot-spot volcanoes

along the crest of mid-ocean ridges

Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean? earthquakes divergence hot spots subduction transform motion

hot spots

Coral reefs ________. -form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event -include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs -are most common in deep and cold sub-tropical basins -were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to Hispaniola -can be found at latitudes above 60°

include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by: longitude. plants and animals that live in an area. Earth's geologic history. latitude. presence or absence of glacial debris.

lattitude

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. crust; lithosphere mantle; crust asthenosphere; lithosphere lithosphere; mesosphere lithosphere; asthenosphere

lithosphere; asthenosphere

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is: diving under Japan. being subducted beneath the North American plate. being thrust over the North American plate. being subducted beneath Japan. moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries? mid-ocean ridges and volcanoes ocean trenches and continental rift valleys mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys ocean trenches and volcanoes

ocean trenches and volcanoes

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as: -parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. -perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. -not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges. -perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. -parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________. -mantle plumes do not occur at divergent plate boundaries, and Africa has no divergent plate boundaries -the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket" -Africa is just very large -a large portion of Africa is located near the equator -the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket" and a large portion of Africa is located near the equator

the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"