Oce1001 Chapter 13

Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae? (3)

Dinoflagellates Coccolithophores Diatoms

Photosynthetic productivity is the result of action by herbivores. true false

False

The clear indigo blue color of tropical waters is due to high biologic productivity. true false

False

Of the following statements about marine fisheries, which is/are true? (3)

Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species. In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. A recent study indicates that if fishing practices continue, marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048.

Except for Trophic Level 1, on average about _____% of the mass that is taken in at one trophic level is passed on to the next.

10

Of the following statements about feeding strategies, which is/are true? (5)

All

Which of the following are examples of consumers that exist in marine ecosystems? (4)

Carnivores Omnivores Herbivores Bacteriovores

It might seem a bit unusual that the richest concentration of marine life is (1) in the very margins of the oceans, where conditions are the least stable; and (2) in colder water, which seems less conducive to a good life. What factor(s) provide an explanation of these observations?

Cold water holds more dissolved carbon dioxide than warm water, and nutrient availability is greater in the margins of the oceans.

Of the following statements about oceanic productivity, which is/are true? (3)

In middle-latitude oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In middle-latitude oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients.

Of the following locations, where would you expect to find the HIGHEST annual oceanic productivity? A) In midlatitude waters in the open ocean. B) In low-latitude waters in the open ocean. C) In midlatitude waters along a continental margin. D) In low-latitude waters along a continental margin. E) In high-latitude waters along a continental margin.

In midlatitude waters along a continental margin.

Of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions, which is/are true? (3)

In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime. In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do NOT limit productivity.

Why do the majority of the ocean's organisms live within the ocean's surface waters?

Phytoplankton need to be in the sunlit zone, and they are the base of the entire food web.

The most abundant marine algae are members of the Division: A) Chrysophyta. B) Bacillariophyta. C) Chlorophyta. D) Rhodophyta. E) Phaeophyta.

Rhodophyta.

Of the following nutrients, which is/are used in photosynthetic primary productivity by phytoplankton? (4)

Silica Phosphates Iron Nitrates

The productivity values of algae beds and coral reefs average about the same as those of tropical rainforests on land. true false

True

When a population of organisms at a low trophic (feeding) level becomes depleted, organisms that are at the top of a food chain are more vulnerable to ecological collapse than those that are at the top of a food web.

True

Of the following statements about photosynthesis, which one is true? A) Photosynthesis can occur in the absence of sunlight. B) All animals photosynthesize. C) Photosynthesis is another term for respiration. D) Water and carbon dioxide are converted to sugar and oxygen gas. E) Nitrogen and sulfuric acid are converted to water and sulfur dioxide.

Water and carbon dioxide are converted to sugar and oxygen gas.

Photosynthesis in tropical waters is limited by which of the following factors? A) presence of reef predators B) color of the water C) lack of a prominent thermocline (and associated pycnocline) in this region D) amount of solar radiation E) availability of nutrients

availability of nutrients

Of the following locations, which is/are exceptions to the general rule that productivity is steady and low in tropical regions? (3)

coral reefs equatorial upwelling coastal upwelling

In middle-latitude waters, nutrients __________ during the spring because _____________________.

decrease; they are getting used up by phytoplankton

Late one night as you are flipping channels on TV, you come across the Alfred Hitchcock thriller The Birds. You know that this movie showing unusual bird behavior was inspired by an actual event involving birds that pecked people because the birds were affected by ________________.

domoic acid

Late one night as you are flipping channels on TV, you come across the Alfred Hitchcock thriller, The Birds. You know that this movie showing unusual bird behavior was inspired by an actual event involving birds that pecked people because the birds were affected by A) western intensification. B) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). C) denitrifying bacteria. D) symbiosis. E) domoic acid.

domoic acid.

Overproduction of organic matter resulting in anoxic conditions is attributed to: A) eutrophication. B) photoperiodicity. C) autotrophication. D) net primary productivity. E) phototropism.

eutrophication.

Chlorophyll is ______ in color; a group of marine organisms that contains chlorophyll are called _____________.

green; phytoplankton

Of the following locations, where would you expect to find the HIGHEST annual oceanic productivity? Select only one answer.

in middle-latitude waters along a continental margin

In midlatitude waters, productivity of marine algae ___________ during the spring because _______________________. A) remains constant; the conditions are the same as in the fall B) decreases; the nights are getting longer C) increases; there is an abundance of grazers at that time D) decreases; a strong thermocline develops E) increases; sunlight is getting better

increases; sunlight is getting better

In middle-latitude waters, productivity of marine algae ___________ during the spring because _______________________.

increases; the amount of sunlight is increasing

In marine food webs, individual members of a feeding population are generally _________ in size and ______ numerous than their prey. A) smaller; more B) larger; less C) smaller; less D) larger; more

larger; less

Kelp belongs to which of the following types of organisms?

macroscopic algae

In middle-latitude waters during the winter, the supply of sunlight is ___________, and the supply of nutrients is _____________. A) minimized; maximized B) minimized; minimized C) maximized; maximized D) maximized; minimized

minimized; maximized

Of the following ocean locations, where would the level of nutrients be highest?

near continents

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include: A) carbon dioxide. B) nitrogen. C) nitrogen and phosphorus are correct. D) phosphorus. E) carbon dioxide and nitrogen are correct.

nitrogen and phosphorus are correct.

Which ecosystem produces the largest percentage of the world's marine fishery?

non-tropical shelves

The ecosystem that produces the largest percentage of the world's marine fishery is A) upwellings. B) tropical shelves. C) non-tropical shelves. D) coastal waters and coral. E) the open ocean.

non-tropical shelves.

In temperate oceans during the winter months: A) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures increase. B) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease. C) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease. D) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease. E) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease.

nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease.

In temperate oceans during the summer months: A) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and oxygen solubility decreases. B) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and oxygen solubility increases. C) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and oxygen solubility increases. D) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and oxygen solubility decreases. E) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and oxygen solubility decreases.

nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and oxygen solubility decreases.

An area of the open ocean where the rate of primary productivity is very low is referred to as a(n): A) atrophic zone. B) oligotrophic area. C) polytrophic area. D) photic zone. E) eutrophic area.

oligotrophic area.

Of the following types of organisms, which one is considered to be LOWEST in a marine food web? Select only one answer.

photosynthetic bacteria

The reason that the majority of the ocean's organisms live within the ocean's surface waters is because A) the water is clear enough for sunlight to penetrate and thus food items are more easily seen. B) there is a lack of predators in the surface waters. C) most organisms cannot withstand the cold ocean temperatures that exist below this depth. D) phytoplankton need to be in the sunlit zone and they are the base of the entire food web. E) they will be crushed by high pressures at depth in the ocean.

phytoplankton need to be in the sunlit zone and they are the base of the entire food web

Dinoflagellates are important examples of _____________ that are often associated with ________________. A) krill; neap tides B) nekton; grunion runs C) phytoplankton; red tides D) zooplankton; tidal bores E) benthos organisms; spring tides

phytoplankton; red tides

Purse seines are nets that: A) float at the surface. B) are dragged along the bottom or through the water column. C) surround and trap fishes. D) placed along the bottom to trap passing fishes. E) are allowed to drift at the surface.

surround and trap fishes.

A fishery's maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is defined as _____________ A) the maximum size that fish reach before being removed (yielded) from the ocean by eating (food webs) or harvesting (by humans in fisheries) B) none of the above. C) the maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by the fishery ecosystem. D) the maximum yield of fish produced in an ecosystem that sustains it E) the maximum amount of fish that can be caught during a sustainable season (it's yield)

the maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by the fishery ecosystem

An organism that feeds at the top of a food chain is more vulnerable to ecological collapse because of the depletion of a particular feeding population than one that feeds at the top of a food web. A) True B) False

true