Ocean Test III: Chapter 12

Following photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight ultimately rests in (a) Carbon dioxide molecules, (b) Carbohydrates, (c) Oxygen molecules, (d) Water molecules, (e) Hydrogen molecules

(b) Carbohydrates,

When a phytoplankton remains below its compensation depth, it: (a) Will survive but grow much more slowly, (b) Will eventually die, (c) Will die immediately, (d) Will reproduce, (e) The question is meaningless

(b) Will eventually die

Primary productivity can be estimated from satellites by sensors that detect (a) carbohydrates in seawater (b) chlorophyll concentrations, (c) sea surface temperature, (d). latitude and longitude

(b) chlorophyll concentrations,

What is PRODUCED in primary productivity? (a) Carbon dioxide, (b) Cold, blue light, (c) Carbohydrates, (d) Gametes, (e) Carbon atoms

(c) Carbohydrates,

Diatoms have an exoskeleton made of (a) Calcium carbonate, (b) Calcium phosphate, (c) Opal, (d) Strontium sulphate, (e) Cellulose

(c) Opal,

Large jellyfish are categorized as (a) Plankton, (b) Phytoplankton, (c) Meroplankton, (d) Holoplankton, (e) Zooplankton

(e) Zooplankton

1. At high latitudes the controlling factor for limiting primary production is: A) temperature. B) sunlight. C) nutrients. D) pressure. E) grazing.

. B) sunlight.

Can phytoplankton ever get too little light? Provide an example.

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Can phytoplankton ever get too little nutrients? Provide an example

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Can phytoplankton ever get too many nutrients? Provide an example

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Can phytoplankton ever get too much light? Provide an example.

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Definer NEUSTON.

...Neuston live right on top of the surface of the water or directly below the surface.

Define PLANKTON.

...Plankton is organism that live in the water column and cannot swim against the current.

Explain the difference between BIOMASS and PRODUCTIVITY.

...Productivity is the rate at which energy is stored by organisms, biomass is the total mass within a given environmental area

Which of the following is closest to the percentage of total incoming light energy that remains at a depth of 100 meters in clear ocean water? (a) 1%, (b) 10%, (c) 25%, (d) 50%, (e) 75%, (f) 99%

1%

What is the average percent transfer of energy between marine trophic levels?

10%

18. At the Equitorial upwelling: A) Mixes cold water from the depth of the ocean with the hot surface water. B) Phytoplankton cannot swim and are almost completely absent. C) Brings nutrient rich water to the surface. D) Allows the completion of the trade wind ce lls.

A) Mixes cold water from the depth of the ocean with the hot surface water C) Brings nutrient rich water to the surface.

3. Phytoplankton growth is nearly uniform: A) in the Tropics. B) at mid-latitudes. C) in polar regions. D) at about 45 degrees north and south. E) nowhere.

A) in the Tropics.

7. The total biomass under any area of sea surface at any instant in time is known as the ______. A) standing crop. B) gross primary production. C) net primary production. D) livestock, E) none of the above

A) standing crop.

10. Which of the following regions typically has the highest primary productivity per unit surface area of the ocean? A) zones of upwelling. B) coastal water. C) the centers of ocean gyres. D) tropical waters. E) temperate zones

A) zones of upwelling.

Photosynthesis in tropical waters is limited by which of the following factors? A. availability of nutrients, B. amount of solar radiation, C. presence of reef predators, D. color of the water, E. lack of a prominent thermocline (and associated pycnocline) in this region

A. availability of nutrients,

Bacteria that make their own carbohydrates by obtaining energy from chemical compounds and not directly from the sun are: A. chemoautotrophs, B. cyanobacteria, C. heterotrophs, D. phytoplankton, E. protists.

A. chemoautotrophs,

Kelp belong to which of the following types of organisms? A. macroscopic algae, B. diatoms, C. seed-bearing plants, D. eelgrass, E, surf grass

A. macroscopic algae,

Dinoflagellates are important examples of ______ that are often associated with ______. A. phytoplankton; red tides, B. zooplankton; tidal bores, C. nekton; grunion runs, D. benthos organisms; spring tides, E. krill; neap tides

A. phytoplankton; red tides

20. Are herbivores most abundant above or below the thermocline?

ABOVE

In general, why is productivity higher near the continents than it is farther offshore?

Agricultural run-off at the coasts from humans that provides nitrogen and phospohrus, limiting nutrients, that allow for higher productivity.

16. In deep-water communities along hydrothermal vent systems, primary production takes place by: A) photosynthesis. B) chemosynthesis. C) metalisynthesis. D) decomposition. E) none of the above

B) chemosynthesis

11. Organisms that eat both plant and animal material are called: A) herbivores. B) omnivores. C) carnivores. D) multivores. E) dualvores.

B) omnivores.

12. The first level of a trophic pyramid is always occupied by: A) primary producers. B) herbivores. C) primary consumers. D) carnivores. E) omnivores.

B) primary producers

32. Which one of the following statements is TRUE concerning photosynthesis? A. All animals photosynthesize, B. Water and carbon dioxide are converted to sugar and oxygen gas, C. Nitrogen and sulfuric acid are converted to water and sulfur dioxide, D. Photosynthesis is another term for respiration, E. Photosynthesis can occur in the absence of sunlight.

B. Water and carbon dioxide are converted to sugar and oxygen gas,

In mid-latitude waters, there is a(n) ____ of nutrients during the spring because ________. A. increase; the days are getting shorter, B. decrease; they are getting used up by phytoplankton, C. increase; that is when spring tides occur, D. decrease; the water is isothermal, E. constant supply; the water is isothermal

B. decrease; they are getting used up by phytoplankton,

Late one night as you are flipping channels on TV, you come across the Alfred Hitchcock thriller, The Birds. You know that this movie showing unusual bird behavior was inspired by an actual event involving birds that pecked people because the birds were affected by: A. denitrifying bacteria, B. domoic acid, C. paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), D. western intensification. E. symbiosis.

B. domoic acid,

In mid-latitude waters, productivity of marine algae _____ during the spring because _____. A. decreases; a strong thermocline develops, B. increases; sunlight is getting better, C. decreases; the nights are getting longer, D. increases; there is an abundance of grazers at that time, E. remains constant; the conditions are the same as in the fall

B. increases; sunlight is getting better,

15. How can primary productivity be measured? Which method is considered most accurate?

By collecting bottles at different depths and adding either carbon-14 or measuring the oxyen produced. Using Carbon 14 is more accurate.

15. The relative abundance of phytoplankton to zooplankton is about: A) 100:1. B) 50:1. C) 10:1. D) 5:1. E) 1:1.

C) 10:1

Which area has the highest average rate of primary productivity? A) Coastal Ocean. B) Estuaries. C) Upwelling Zones. D) Open Ocean, E) Mid-Ocean Gyres

C) Upwelling Zones.

Which spectrums of visible light are most readily absorbed by chlorophyll a? A) blue and green, B) green and red, C) blue and red, D) green and yellow

C) blue and red

8. At low latitudes the controlling factor for primary production is: A) temperature. B) sunlight. C) nutrients. D) pressure. E) grazing.

C) nutrients.

2. The net primary production is equal to the primary production minus the: A) gross primary production. B) biomass. C) part that is broken down during plant respiration. D) amount lost in decomposition. E) standing crop.

C) part that is broken down during plant respiration.

6. Primary production in the oceans is generated by: A) nekton. B) zooplankton. C) phytoplankton. D) fish. E) crustaceans.

C) phytoplankton.

Which season has the highest levels of primary productivity in the Arctic? A) winter. B) spring. C) summer. D) fall, E) productivity is similar year-round

C) summer.

D. compensation depthAn important marine autotroph that has SiO2 incorporated in the cell walls are: A. coccolithophorids, B. cyanobacteria, C. diatoms, D. dinoflagellates, E. radiolarians.

C. diatoms

17. The number of trophic levels in a trophic pyramid is generally greatest in this region of the ocean. A) estuaries, B) coastal areas, C) upwelling areas, D) open ocean, E) all areas are about the same.

D) open ocean

20. Which of the following is NOT a control on phytoplankton primary productivity? A) temperature. B) light. C) nutrient availability. D) zooplankton populations. E) all of the above control primary productivity.

D) zooplankton populations

Which of the following would be at the highest trophic level? A) sardines. B) phytoplankton. C) tuna. D) human.

D) human.

Which of the following forms of nitrogen is most easily absorbed by marine plants? A) nitrogen gas. B) nitrite. C) ammonia. D) nitrate. E) none of the above

D) nitrate.

35. Net primary productivity is: A. net gain in organic carbon, B. photosynthesis minus cellular respiration, C. total amount of photosynthesis, D. A and B are correct. E. A and C are correct.

D. A and B are correct.

The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynthetic rate is referred to as the: A. calcite compensation depth, B. epipelagic depth, C. euphotic zone, D. compensation depth, E. productive zone.

D. compensation depth

31. The ratio of energy passed on to the next higher trophic level divided by the energy received from the trophic level below it is called: A. the food web, B. the biomass pyramid, C. net primary production, D. gross ecological efficiency, E. biogeochemical cycling of matter.

D. gross ecological efficiency,

In mid-latitude waters during the winter, the supply of sunlight is ________ and the supply of nutrients is ________. A. maximized; maximized, B. maximized; minimized, C. minimized; maximized, D. minimized; minimized

D. minimized; minimized

13. Overall efficiency of energy transfer up each layer of an open-ocean trophic pyramid is about: A) 50%. B) 40%. C) 30%. D) 20%. E) 10%.

E) 10%.

9. Which of the following are decomposers in the marine environment? A) fungi. B) zooplankton. C) bacteria. D) All of the above are correct. E) Both A and C are correct.

E) Both A and C are correct.

14. Energy loss at each level of a trophic pyramid goes to support the organism's: A) reproduction. B) breathing. C) feeding. D) moving. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

4. The standing crop is a function of: A) growth. B) reproduction. C) death. D) grazing.E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include: A. carbon dioxide, B. nitrogen, C. phosphorus, D. A and B are correct, E. B and C are correct.

E. B and C are correct

n primary production: A. carbon dioxide is released into the water, B. oxygen is utilized by plants, C. oxygen utilized by animals is less than the oxygen consumed by autotrophs, D. proteins are made by animals, E. there is a net gain in organic carbon.

E. there is a net gain in organic carbon.

The by-products of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

FALSE

What's the difference between a FOOD WEB and a FOOD CHAIN?

Food Chain show one specific path of an organism consuming another one, where as food webs show all feeding relationships for organisms. Food Webs display more information.

All of the following are lifestyles of marine animals except: (a) Grazers, (b) Producers, (c) Scavengers, (d) Predators, (e) Deposit feeders

Grazers

How are ocean currents important to Meroplankton?

Meroplankton are only plankton for a portion of their life, usually larva. The currents move the larva around, helping with overcrowding and giving a population a chance for more food.

Yes or No. Do zooplankton have a compensation depth?

NO

What do Primary Producers produce?

Photo primary producers produce sugar and oxygen. Chemo primary producers produce sugar and sulfuric acid.

"Red tide" is caused by (a) Water mass sinking, (b) Rising sea level, (c) Downwelling, (d) Planktonic organisms, (e) Pollutants.

Planktonic organisms

25. Red tide is produced by ________.

Red algal blooms

Although not actually a universal nutrient in the strict sense, a lack of ______ can limit the productivity of diatoms because it is needed to construct frustules.

Silica

Bacteria that manufacture carbohydrates in the absence of solar energy from inorganic carbon are autotrophs.

TRUE

Tropical marine waters have the highest rate of primary productivity in the world's ocean

TRUE

23. What does the term Odontocetes mean?

Toothed Whales

Is Primary Productivity generally greater associated with upwelling or downwelling?

Upwelling

Yes or No. Do phytoplankton have a compensation depth?

Yes

Probably the most abundant zooplankton (by biomass) in the ocean are (a) Diatoms, (b) Dinoflagellates, (c) Shrimp, (d) Euphausiids, (e) Copepods

d) Euphausiids,

45. Which of the following is NOT a planktonic organism? (a) Copepod, (b) Diatom, (c) Radiolarian, (d) Sea cucumber, (e) Coccolithophore

d) Sea cucumber,

Probably the most abundant zooplankton (by number) in the ocean are (a) Diatoms, (b) Dinoflagellates, (c) Shrimp, (d) Euphausiids, (e) Copepods

e) Copepods

Why is productivity high near the equator in the deep topical Pacific ocean?

nutrient upwelling @ equator.