Oceanography Chapter 15
The subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by ________.
kelp
Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts?
sea anemones
Symbiotic archaea that live inside tubeworms can use two different methods to metabolize ________ and can switch back and forth to accommodate fast-changing environmental conditions.
carbon dioxide
Planktonic larval forms are an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky
lack of space or attachment sites
The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the ________.
length of its siphon
Which of the following do not eat oysters?
lobsters
The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of ________.
loss of zoocanthellae
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields builds chimneys of calcium carbonate, instead of the metal sulfides found at typical black smokers?
lost city
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers?
lost city
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at much greater pH compared to typical black smokers?
lost city
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields is thought to be driven by serpentinization?
lost city
The distribution of benthic biomass is related to ________
primary productivity
Under ideal conditions, the giant brown bladder kelp can grow up to two ________ per day.
feet
Corals need water where the average monthly temperature exceeds ________ Celsius throughout the year.
18
Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins.
western
Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species.
0.5%; 25%
The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level.
100-300
The water pressure in the deepest trenches exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level.
1000
The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level.
200
Of the 230,000 known species that inhabit the marine environment, about how many live in or on the ocean floor?
225,000
Corals cannot survive for long when the water temperature exceeds ________ Celsius.
30
Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae.
90%
Which of the following lobsters exhibits a behavior of migrating single file across the sea floor in lines that are several kilometers long?
Panulirus Argus
In the deep ocean, mud like clay deposits are found on the ________.
abyssal plains and in deep trenches
Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons?
acidification
The giant brown bladder kelp the fastest-growing ________ in the world.
algae
The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________. 81) _____ A) Archaea B) Zooxanthellae C) Eukarya D) Ediacaria E) Bacteria
archaea
Which of the following oceans has the least diversity of reef-building corals?
atlantic ocean
Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival?
boating, fishing, scuba, snorkeling, and suspended sediment might contribute to the decline of a coral community
Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are ________.
buckshot barnacles and limpets
The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is ________.
burrowing into the sediment
The distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of ________ in surface waters.
chlorophyll
In hydrothermal vent ecosystems, tubeworms and giant ________ depend entirely on sulfur-oxidizing archaea that live symbiotically within their tissues.
clams
Chemosynthetic bacteria do not form the base of the food web at which of the following biocommunities?
cold water reefs
In the deep ocean, coarse sediments from nearby land sources are found on the ________.
continental rise
Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?
coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product
Which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent biocommunities?
corals
Release of large numbers of eggs into the water column is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
difficulty finding mates
The zooxanthellae that live within the coral's tissues is a type of ________.
dinoflagellate
Zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some simple marine invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Zooxanthellae are ________.
dinoflagellates
The crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ________.
eating the coral polyps
Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.
elevated temperatures
In the deep ocean, oozes made of dead planktonic organisms are found on the ________.
flanks of oceanic ridges and rises
Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 20% of the surface intensity?
from 20 meters to 50 meters
Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 4% of the surface intensity?
from 50 meters to 150 meters
Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 60% of the surface intensity?
from a few centimeters to a few meters
The coral in the Florida Keys is currently not suffering from which of the following?
gas bubble
Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are ________.
goose-necked barnacles and mussels
Which of the following factors does not limit coral growth?
high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water
The so-called true lobsters belong to which genus?
homarus
The most serious threat to coral reefs are ________.
humans
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields releases methane and hydrogen into the surrounding water instead of hydrogen sulfide and dissolved metals from typical black smokers?
lost city
The common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the ________.
lugworm
Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called ________.
meiofauna
Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?
mud flats
Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment?
mudflats
A pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable features of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts?
mussels
The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an
mutualistic symbols
Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs?
overfishing
Giant tubeworms dominate at hydrothermal vents in which of the following oceans?
pacific
A common inhabitant of the supratidal zone on the rocky shores of the Pacific Northwest is the ________.
peiwinkle snail
Ability to break off body parts and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
predators
Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
predators
The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by ________.
red and brown algae and surf grasses
Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore?
rock weed
Which of the following human threats to the ocean may wreak havoc on corals by reducing the amount of sunlight they receive?
sea level rise
Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell?
sea stars
Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp?
sea urchins
Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea?
sepentinization
Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers.
sewage
The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is ________.
space
The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________-sand beach.
steeply; coarse
Strong attachment threads, biological adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
strong wave activity
21) The three varieties of seeps on the seafloor include hypersaline, hydrocarbon, and ________.
subduction zone seeps
Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are ________.
sulfur-oxidizing archea
Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have.
symbiotic zooxanthellae algae
Which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin?
temperature
The diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following?
the past positions of the continents
) Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect? .
the temperature rarely exceeds 0 degrees celcius at the deep-ocean floor
Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deepocean floor.
thousand
Coral reefs contain about ________ as much algal biomass as animal biomass.
three times
Water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ________ regions of the oceans.
tropical
The greatest diversity of reef-building corals is found on the ________ side of ocean basins.
western